The Kohistan Terrane in N. Pakistan occupies the suture zone between the collided Indian and Asian plates [1] . It formed primarily as an intra\|oceanic island\|arc crust between 125 and 90Ma prior to its accretion wi...The Kohistan Terrane in N. Pakistan occupies the suture zone between the collided Indian and Asian plates [1] . It formed primarily as an intra\|oceanic island\|arc crust between 125 and 90Ma prior to its accretion with the Asian plate along the Shyok suture. The final obduction of Kohistan onto the Indian plate in Early Eocene ensued the principal phase of the Himalayan orogeny.A two\|fold subdivision of the rocks forming the Kohistan crust is now well established [2] . Much of the ultramafic\|mafic component of the arc crust developed in the intraoceanic setting prior to collision with Asia. Mafic\|ultramafic plutonic complexes (Jijal and Sapat), together with gabbroic\|basaltic amphibolites (Kamila belt), at the base of the arc crust, and basaltic\|boninitic volcanics (the Chalt Formation) and Jaglot\|Yasin metasediments, in the upper arc crust are representative lithologies of this tectonic setting. Post Shyok suture lithologies include ca.80～45Ma Kohistan Batholith, Early Eocene Utror\|Shamaran volcanics and sedimentary rocks deposited in Early Eocene Dir and Drosh basins in Andean\|type setting. The Chilas gabbronorite\|ultramafic complex was magmatically emplaced in the waning stages of the intraoceanic phase but preceded the onset of the Andean\|type magmatism.展开更多
The Kohistan Terrane in N. Pakistan straddles the suture zone between the collided Indian and Eurasian plates in the NW Himalayas of N. Pakistan. Initiated as an intra\|oceanic island\|arc crust in Neotethys, the terr...The Kohistan Terrane in N. Pakistan straddles the suture zone between the collided Indian and Eurasian plates in the NW Himalayas of N. Pakistan. Initiated as an intra\|oceanic island\|arc crust in Neotethys, the terrane accreted with the southern margin of the Karakoram Plate in the Late Cretaceous (about 90Ma). Continued subduction at its southern margin resulted in Andean\|type magmatism and tectonics, until collision with the Indian Plat in the Early Eocene.Whereas much of the central and eastern Kohistan expose Cretaceous volcanic and sedimentary rocks of intra\|oceanic island arc setting, the western Kohistan in Swat, Dir, Chitral and upper Ghizer valleys preserves remnants of the Late Paleocene—Early Eocene volcanism and sedimentation of Andean\|type setting. These volcano\|sedimentary lithologies in western Kohistan are geographically divisible into two, separated by the Lowari Pluton; (1) Dir\|Swat Belt, (2) Drosh\|Shamran Belt. Late Paleocene\|Early Eocene siliceous volcanics termed Utror Volcanics and Shamran Volcanics are common in the two belts and so are the plutons intrusive into these volcanics (Late Stage\|II of the Kohistan Batholith). The difference is in the sedimentary successions presented in the two belts. Whereas in the Dir\|Swat belt, the sedimentary succession comprises Baraul Banda Slate Formation, deposited in deep\|water fore\|arc setting and contemporaneous in age with that of the nearby Utror Volcanic Formation (about 55～60Ma), the sediments in the Drosh\|Shamran belt are distinctly red beds of fluvial origin (the Purit Formation) those overlie unconformably on top of the Shamran Volcanics and their equivalents.展开更多
Environmental variables play a crucial role in shaping vegetation structure,mainly in mountainous ecosystems.Different studies have attempted to identify the environment-vegetation relationship of Conifer Dominating F...Environmental variables play a crucial role in shaping vegetation structure,mainly in mountainous ecosystems.Different studies have attempted to identify the environment-vegetation relationship of Conifer Dominating Forests(CDF)worldwide.However,due to differences in local climate and soil composition,different environmental drivers can be found.By applying multivariate analysis techniques,this study investigated the vegetation-environment relationship of CDF of Indus Kohistan in northern Pakistan.Our results showed that CDF of Indus Kohistan are distributed in five distinct ecological groups,which are dominated by different trees and understory species.A total of 7 trees and 71 understory species were recorded from the sampling sites.Cedrus deodara was the leading species among four groups,having the highest importance value(IV),density and basal area.Group I was dominated by Pinus wallichiana with the second highest importance value,density and basal area.In addition,elevation,slope,maximum water holding capacity(MWHC),soil moisture(SM),total organic matter(TOM),sodium,phosphorus and nickel showed highly significant influence on composition and distribution pattern of Indus Kohistan vegetation.Therefore,this study shows a new evidence of vegetation-environment relationship,pointing out specific drivers of vegetation structure in CDF of Indus Kohistan region in northern Pakistan.展开更多
Kohistan Sequence has been considered as island arc formed during the subduction of oceanic lithosphere at the leading edge of northward moving Indian continent.. Sedimentary sequences indicate that formation of the i...Kohistan Sequence has been considered as island arc formed during the subduction of oceanic lithosphere at the leading edge of northward moving Indian continent.. Sedimentary sequences indicate that formation of the intra\|oceanic Kohistan arc began in early Cretaceous time. The isotopic data demonstrate the involvement of enriched, DUPAL type mantle, suggesting that Kohistan arc was formed at or south of the present equator (Khan et al., 1997). The Intra oceanic phase of Kohistan lasted until sometime between 102 and 85 Ma, when Kohistan collided with Asia. From this time until collision with India about 50 Ma ago, Kohistan existed as Andean\|type margin. This paleomagnetic study is from the volcanic and plutonic rocks exposed in Gupis\|Shamran area (west of Gilgit) in northern part of the Kohistan arc. According to geochronological data these rocks were formed 61～55Ma ago (Treloar et al., 1989), when Kohistan was existing as Andean\|type margin. Seven to nine samples were collected from nine sites of Shamran volcanics (58±1)Ma and from five sites of Pingal, Gupis, and Yasin plutons (Ar\|Ar hornblende ages ranges from 61～52Ma). On the basis of one Rb\|Sr age of (59±2)Ma from these plutons, the above\|mentioned Ar/Ar ages may be regarded as reasonable intrusion ages of these plutons (Searle, 1991).展开更多
The Kohistan terrane in N.Pakistan is sandwiched between the Shyok Suture in the north and Indus Suture in the south.The SE base of the terrane is occupied by the stratiform Sapat mafic\|ultramafic complex,which overr...The Kohistan terrane in N.Pakistan is sandwiched between the Shyok Suture in the north and Indus Suture in the south.The SE base of the terrane is occupied by the stratiform Sapat mafic\|ultramafic complex,which overrides the crust of the Indian plate along the Indus Suture.The complex was intruded into the base of a thick pile of metavolcanics (now amphibolites) of different environments (the Kamila belt).The Kamila amphibolite belt has a vast distribution in southern part of Kohistan.Previously,it was considered that the belt occupies the entire southern part of the Kohistan terrane between the Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) or Indus Suture (IS) in the south and the Chilas Complex in the north.In the Indus Valley,the unit was considered to overlie the Jijal Complex which occupies the hanging wall of the MMT.Recent mapping during this study has revealed that the Kamila amphibolite belt is in direct contact with the MMT only in the extreme eastern (i.e..,Bunar valley) and western parts of the Kohistan terrane.In the area between t he Babusar Pass in the east and the Indus Valley in the west,the belt is separated from the MMT by a basal ultramafic\|mafic layered complex in the hanging wall of the MMT,termed the Sapat Complex.To the north,the belt is bounded by the Chilas Complex which occupies an axial position in the Kohistan terrane.The Kamila amphibolites do not occur as a single,extensive body in the studied area but they occur in three main linear belts (from south to north as Bausar,Jal\|Niat,and Sumal)with small patches and screens within or between plutons of different compositions from diorites to granodiorites,trondhjemites and granites.Sumal is a thin slice within the Jal\|Niat belt.Babusar and Jal\|Niat are tholeiitic while Sumal is calc\|alkaline in nature.The tholeiitic amphibolites are further divided into two:Babusar amphibolites contain low TiO\-2 and very low Zr as compared to the Jal\|Niat.The Jal\|Niat amphibolites show flat patterns with slight increase in slope towards HFS and are unaffected by subduction,this implies that these rocks are developed in mid\|ocean ridge setting from a more heterogeneous and enriched mantle source.The Babusar amphibolites are depleted in LILE,show spiked pattern and the involvement of subduction zone fluids which indicate their affinity with within\|plate oceanic or continental settings.Sumal amphibolites are developed in subduction related island\|arc setting and may be produced due to partial melting of the metasomatized mantle or from a hetrogeneous mantle source.展开更多
This paper is based on an ethnobotanical project carried out in the remote Hindukush mountain region of Swat Kohistan.Most of the local people still rely on medicinal plants for curing different diseases.However,the t...This paper is based on an ethnobotanical project carried out in the remote Hindukush mountain region of Swat Kohistan.Most of the local people still rely on medicinal plants for curing different diseases.However,the traditional use and pertinent knowledge of medicinal plants are on decline with the introduction of allopathic drugs in the study area.During present study,an effort was made to document the traditional knowledge of some important medicinal shrubs of Swat Kohistan.The traditional uses of 18 frequently used shrubs belonging to 12 different families were thus documented.The Kohistani people use these medicinal shrubs for curing multiple ailments and some of these are also exported to other parts of Pakistan.展开更多
文摘The Kohistan Terrane in N. Pakistan occupies the suture zone between the collided Indian and Asian plates [1] . It formed primarily as an intra\|oceanic island\|arc crust between 125 and 90Ma prior to its accretion with the Asian plate along the Shyok suture. The final obduction of Kohistan onto the Indian plate in Early Eocene ensued the principal phase of the Himalayan orogeny.A two\|fold subdivision of the rocks forming the Kohistan crust is now well established [2] . Much of the ultramafic\|mafic component of the arc crust developed in the intraoceanic setting prior to collision with Asia. Mafic\|ultramafic plutonic complexes (Jijal and Sapat), together with gabbroic\|basaltic amphibolites (Kamila belt), at the base of the arc crust, and basaltic\|boninitic volcanics (the Chalt Formation) and Jaglot\|Yasin metasediments, in the upper arc crust are representative lithologies of this tectonic setting. Post Shyok suture lithologies include ca.80～45Ma Kohistan Batholith, Early Eocene Utror\|Shamaran volcanics and sedimentary rocks deposited in Early Eocene Dir and Drosh basins in Andean\|type setting. The Chilas gabbronorite\|ultramafic complex was magmatically emplaced in the waning stages of the intraoceanic phase but preceded the onset of the Andean\|type magmatism.
文摘The Kohistan Terrane in N. Pakistan straddles the suture zone between the collided Indian and Eurasian plates in the NW Himalayas of N. Pakistan. Initiated as an intra\|oceanic island\|arc crust in Neotethys, the terrane accreted with the southern margin of the Karakoram Plate in the Late Cretaceous (about 90Ma). Continued subduction at its southern margin resulted in Andean\|type magmatism and tectonics, until collision with the Indian Plat in the Early Eocene.Whereas much of the central and eastern Kohistan expose Cretaceous volcanic and sedimentary rocks of intra\|oceanic island arc setting, the western Kohistan in Swat, Dir, Chitral and upper Ghizer valleys preserves remnants of the Late Paleocene—Early Eocene volcanism and sedimentation of Andean\|type setting. These volcano\|sedimentary lithologies in western Kohistan are geographically divisible into two, separated by the Lowari Pluton; (1) Dir\|Swat Belt, (2) Drosh\|Shamran Belt. Late Paleocene\|Early Eocene siliceous volcanics termed Utror Volcanics and Shamran Volcanics are common in the two belts and so are the plutons intrusive into these volcanics (Late Stage\|II of the Kohistan Batholith). The difference is in the sedimentary successions presented in the two belts. Whereas in the Dir\|Swat belt, the sedimentary succession comprises Baraul Banda Slate Formation, deposited in deep\|water fore\|arc setting and contemporaneous in age with that of the nearby Utror Volcanic Formation (about 55～60Ma), the sediments in the Drosh\|Shamran belt are distinctly red beds of fluvial origin (the Purit Formation) those overlie unconformably on top of the Shamran Volcanics and their equivalents.
文摘Environmental variables play a crucial role in shaping vegetation structure,mainly in mountainous ecosystems.Different studies have attempted to identify the environment-vegetation relationship of Conifer Dominating Forests(CDF)worldwide.However,due to differences in local climate and soil composition,different environmental drivers can be found.By applying multivariate analysis techniques,this study investigated the vegetation-environment relationship of CDF of Indus Kohistan in northern Pakistan.Our results showed that CDF of Indus Kohistan are distributed in five distinct ecological groups,which are dominated by different trees and understory species.A total of 7 trees and 71 understory species were recorded from the sampling sites.Cedrus deodara was the leading species among four groups,having the highest importance value(IV),density and basal area.Group I was dominated by Pinus wallichiana with the second highest importance value,density and basal area.In addition,elevation,slope,maximum water holding capacity(MWHC),soil moisture(SM),total organic matter(TOM),sodium,phosphorus and nickel showed highly significant influence on composition and distribution pattern of Indus Kohistan vegetation.Therefore,this study shows a new evidence of vegetation-environment relationship,pointing out specific drivers of vegetation structure in CDF of Indus Kohistan region in northern Pakistan.
文摘Kohistan Sequence has been considered as island arc formed during the subduction of oceanic lithosphere at the leading edge of northward moving Indian continent.. Sedimentary sequences indicate that formation of the intra\|oceanic Kohistan arc began in early Cretaceous time. The isotopic data demonstrate the involvement of enriched, DUPAL type mantle, suggesting that Kohistan arc was formed at or south of the present equator (Khan et al., 1997). The Intra oceanic phase of Kohistan lasted until sometime between 102 and 85 Ma, when Kohistan collided with Asia. From this time until collision with India about 50 Ma ago, Kohistan existed as Andean\|type margin. This paleomagnetic study is from the volcanic and plutonic rocks exposed in Gupis\|Shamran area (west of Gilgit) in northern part of the Kohistan arc. According to geochronological data these rocks were formed 61～55Ma ago (Treloar et al., 1989), when Kohistan was existing as Andean\|type margin. Seven to nine samples were collected from nine sites of Shamran volcanics (58±1)Ma and from five sites of Pingal, Gupis, and Yasin plutons (Ar\|Ar hornblende ages ranges from 61～52Ma). On the basis of one Rb\|Sr age of (59±2)Ma from these plutons, the above\|mentioned Ar/Ar ages may be regarded as reasonable intrusion ages of these plutons (Searle, 1991).
文摘The Kohistan terrane in N.Pakistan is sandwiched between the Shyok Suture in the north and Indus Suture in the south.The SE base of the terrane is occupied by the stratiform Sapat mafic\|ultramafic complex,which overrides the crust of the Indian plate along the Indus Suture.The complex was intruded into the base of a thick pile of metavolcanics (now amphibolites) of different environments (the Kamila belt).The Kamila amphibolite belt has a vast distribution in southern part of Kohistan.Previously,it was considered that the belt occupies the entire southern part of the Kohistan terrane between the Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) or Indus Suture (IS) in the south and the Chilas Complex in the north.In the Indus Valley,the unit was considered to overlie the Jijal Complex which occupies the hanging wall of the MMT.Recent mapping during this study has revealed that the Kamila amphibolite belt is in direct contact with the MMT only in the extreme eastern (i.e..,Bunar valley) and western parts of the Kohistan terrane.In the area between t he Babusar Pass in the east and the Indus Valley in the west,the belt is separated from the MMT by a basal ultramafic\|mafic layered complex in the hanging wall of the MMT,termed the Sapat Complex.To the north,the belt is bounded by the Chilas Complex which occupies an axial position in the Kohistan terrane.The Kamila amphibolites do not occur as a single,extensive body in the studied area but they occur in three main linear belts (from south to north as Bausar,Jal\|Niat,and Sumal)with small patches and screens within or between plutons of different compositions from diorites to granodiorites,trondhjemites and granites.Sumal is a thin slice within the Jal\|Niat belt.Babusar and Jal\|Niat are tholeiitic while Sumal is calc\|alkaline in nature.The tholeiitic amphibolites are further divided into two:Babusar amphibolites contain low TiO\-2 and very low Zr as compared to the Jal\|Niat.The Jal\|Niat amphibolites show flat patterns with slight increase in slope towards HFS and are unaffected by subduction,this implies that these rocks are developed in mid\|ocean ridge setting from a more heterogeneous and enriched mantle source.The Babusar amphibolites are depleted in LILE,show spiked pattern and the involvement of subduction zone fluids which indicate their affinity with within\|plate oceanic or continental settings.Sumal amphibolites are developed in subduction related island\|arc setting and may be produced due to partial melting of the metasomatized mantle or from a hetrogeneous mantle source.
文摘This paper is based on an ethnobotanical project carried out in the remote Hindukush mountain region of Swat Kohistan.Most of the local people still rely on medicinal plants for curing different diseases.However,the traditional use and pertinent knowledge of medicinal plants are on decline with the introduction of allopathic drugs in the study area.During present study,an effort was made to document the traditional knowledge of some important medicinal shrubs of Swat Kohistan.The traditional uses of 18 frequently used shrubs belonging to 12 different families were thus documented.The Kohistani people use these medicinal shrubs for curing multiple ailments and some of these are also exported to other parts of Pakistan.
