Long-term changes in radial growth of seven tree species in the mixed broadleaf-Korean pine forest in Northeast China:Are deciduous trees favored by climate change?

The role of the temperate mixed broadleaf-Korean pine forest(BKF)in global biogeochemical cycles will depend on how the tree species community responds to climate;however,species-specific responses and vulner-abilities of common trees in BKF to extreme climates are poorly understood.Here we used dendrochronological meth-ods to assess radial growth of seven main tree species(Pinus koraiensis,Picea jezoensis,Abies nephrolepis,Fraxinus mandshurica,Phellodendron amurense,Quercus mongolica,and Ulmus davidiana)in an old-growth BKF in response to climate changes in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains and to improve predictions of changes in the tree species compo-sition.Temperature in most months and winter precipita-tion significantly negatively affected growth of P.jezoensis and A.nephrolepis,but positively impacted growth of P.koraiensis and the broadleaf species,especially F.mandshu-rica and U.davidiana.Precipitation and relative humidity in June significantly positively impacted the growth of most tree species.The positive effect of the temperature during the previous non-growing season(PNG)on growth of F.mandshurica and Q.mongolica strengthened significantly with rapid warming around 1981,while the impact of PNG temperature on the growth of P.jezoensis and A.nephrolepis changed from significantly negative to weakly negative or positive at this time.The negative response of radial growth of P.jezoensis and A.nephrolepis to precipitation during the growing season gradually weakened,and the negative response to PNG precipitation was enhanced.Among the studied species,P.koraiensis was the most resistant to drought,and U.davidiana recovered the best after extreme drought.Ulmus davidiana,P.jezoensis and A.nephrolepis were more resistant to extreme cold than the other species.Climate warming generally exacerbated the opposite growth patterns of conifer(decline)and broadleaf(increase)spe-cies.Deciduous broadleaf tree species in the old-growth BKF probably will gradually become dominant as warming continues.Species-specific growth-climate relationships should be considered in future models of biogeochemical cycles and in forestry management practices.

Group Images of Korean Women on Douyin:Representation,Generation,and Identification

Since 2023,the slogan“Question Korean women,understand Korean women,learn Korean women”has become popular in Chinese social networks.Previously,Chinese netizens have not paid such attention to women from other countries.In response to this phenomenon,this paper combines neoliberal feminist theories with thematic analysis to obtain a total of 80 valid samples from the Douyin platform to analyze the image of Korean women disseminated on the Douyin platform.Finally,it is concluded that the image of Korean women’s strict self-discipline,internal and external cultivation,sobriety of thought,and the spirit of courageous struggle have to a certain extent promoted the awakening of self-consciousness of female netizens in China;on the other hand,it is also necessary to realize that the image of Korean women disseminated in Douyin is not completely true,and it is also necessary to be alert to the phenomenon that the gender dichotomy has been reduced to the attraction of network traffic and capital as a sharp weapon.

Application of Color Psychology in Korean Brand Identity Design-Etude House

The purpose of this analysis is to delve into the application of color psychology in the logo design of Korean cosmetic brands,using Etude House as an example for an exhaustive analysis.By examining the history of the Etude House brand,the evolution of the logo design,and the changes in color choices,we analyze the traditional concepts of color symbolism in Korean culture and the culture of color in contemporary society in order to reveal the important role of color in cosmetic brand image.Through an in-depth analysis of the use of color in Etude House’s brand identity,we further analyze the impact of color on consumer emotions and purchasing behavior,as well as the potential impact of brand identity changes on market performance.Finally,the conclusions of the analysis summarize the practical application of color psychology in Etude House’s brand logo design,suggest recommendations for other Korean cosmetic brands to draw upon in their logo design,and discuss future directions.

Analyzing the Essay Writing Patterns of Iranian Intermediate-Level Korean Language Learners: A Study Based on the TOPIK Exam

This study examines the writing abilities of Iranian intermediate Korean learners,specifically their performance in the compositional writing section of the Test of Proficiency in Korean(TOPIK).By utilizing the many FACETS-Rasch Model,we meticulously analyzed nine writing samples from the 52nd TOPIK.These samples were evaluated using a modified rubric ranging from 0 to 3 based on predefined criteria for written composition.The results underscored that the sections on“appropriateness of spacing and spelling,”“relevance of vocabulary,”and“content diversity”presented the most significant challenges for the learners.On the other hand,“the quantity of writing”emerged as the least challenging aspect.These findings reveal substantial disparities in various aspects of writing proficiency among learners.The study not only pinpoints issue areas in writing skills,but also underscores the necessity of customized teaching strategies within the TOPIK framework to address these weaknesses.Consequently,it offers valuable insights that could bolster the effectiveness of teaching writing to Korean language learners.The findings of this study are not only significant for the field of language education,but also contribute to a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by intermediate learners and provide a roadmap for improving language instruction.

PP-GAN:Style Transfer from Korean Portraits to ID Photos Using Landmark Extractor with GAN

The objective of style transfer is to maintain the content of an image while transferring the style of another image.However,conventional methods face challenges in preserving facial features,especially in Korean portraits where elements like the“Gat”(a traditional Korean hat)are prevalent.This paper proposes a deep learning network designed to perform style transfer that includes the“Gat”while preserving the identity of the face.Unlike traditional style transfer techniques,the proposed method aims to preserve the texture,attire,and the“Gat”in the style image by employing image sharpening and face landmark,with the GAN.The color,texture,and intensity were extracted differently based on the characteristics of each block and layer of the pre-trained VGG-16,and only the necessary elements during training were preserved using a facial landmark mask.The head area was presented using the eyebrow area to transfer the“Gat”.Furthermore,the identity of the face was retained,and style correlation was considered based on the Gram matrix.To evaluate performance,we introduced a metric using PSNR and SSIM,with an emphasis on median values through new weightings for style transfer in Korean portraits.Additionally,we have conducted a survey that evaluated the content,style,and naturalness of the transferred results,and based on the assessment,we can confidently conclude that our method to maintain the integrity of content surpasses the previous research.Our approach,enriched by landmarks preservation and diverse loss functions,including those related to“Gat”,outperformed previous researches in facial identity preservation.

Information Extraction Based on Multi-turn Question Answering for Analyzing Korean Research Trends

Analyzing Research and Development(R&D)trends is important because it can influence future decisions regarding R&D direction.In typical trend analysis,topic or technology taxonomies are employed to compute the popularities of the topics or codes over time.Although it is simple and effective,the taxonomies are difficult to manage because new technologies are introduced rapidly.Therefore,recent studies exploit deep learning to extract pre-defined targets such as problems and solutions.Based on the recent advances in question answering(QA)using deep learning,we adopt a multi-turn QA model to extract problems and solutions from Korean R&D reports.With the previous research,we use the reports directly and analyze the difficulties in handling them using QA style on Information Extraction(IE)for sentence-level benchmark dataset.After investigating the characteristics of Korean R&D,we propose a model to deal with multiple and repeated appearances of targets in the reports.Accordingly,we propose a model that includes an algorithm with two novel modules and a prompt.A newly proposed methodology focuses on reformulating a question without a static template or pre-defined knowledge.We show the effectiveness of the proposed model using a Korean R&D report dataset that we constructed and presented an in-depth analysis of the benefits of the multi-turn QA model.

Extension of Goal-Directed Behavior Model for Post-Pandemic Korean Travel Intentions to Alternative Local Destinations: Perceived Risk and Knowledge

Since the outbreak of COVID-19,tourists have been increasingly concerned over various risks of international travel,while knowledge of the pandemic appears to vary significantly.In addition,as travel restrictions continue to impact adversely on international tourism,tourism efforts should be placed more on the domestic markets.Via structural equation modeling,this study unearthed different risk factors impacting Korean travelers’choices of alternative local destinations in the post-pandemic era.In addition,this study extended the goal-directed behavior framework with the acquisition of perceived risk and knowledge of COVID-19,which was proven to hold a sig-nificantly superior explanatory power of tourists’decisions of local alternatives over foreign countries during the COVID-19 pandemic.Furthermore,desire was found to play an imminent mediating role in the conceptual mod-el,maximizing the impact of perceived risk on travel intentions.Henceforth,this research offers meaningful the-oretical implication as thefirst empirical study to deepen the goal-directed behaviour framework with perceived risk and knowledge in the context of post-COVID-19 era.It also serves as insightful knowledge for Korean tour-ism authorities and practitioners to understand local tourists’decision-making processes and tailor effective recovery strategy for domestic tourism.

New Year,New Insights:Interpreting the Cultural Nuances of Nowruz and Seollal for Iranian Students Learning Korean

With proper education,students would be better equipped for life in a more diverse and globally integrated world.To foster intercultural conversation and global citizenship among students,various cultural practices should be brought to their attention,and they should be encouraged to develop respect for these traditions.This study compares the cultural significance,rites,and customs,traditional meals,social interactions,and symbolism of the Iranian New Year(Nowruz;نوروز)with those of the Korean New Year(Seollal;설날)to determine whether or not Iranian students could benefit from learning Korean in terms of language acquisition,cultural understanding,and celebratory behavior.The findings shed light on the importance of instituting policies that foster intercultural conversation and including cross-cultural studies in educational programs.Some recommendations include increasing access to multicultural education,teaching languages,sponsoring international and intercultural activities,developing an appreciation of diverse cultures,and educating instructors.

From People as Foundation(Minbon)to Concept of a Republic(Minkuk):Tracing Neo-Confucianism in Korean History

This article is the memoirs of the author’s long-time research on the Neo-Confucian history of the Chosun dynasty Korea.The author recalled his academic achievement of the several stages of the historical changes of Korean society with the Neo-Confucianism.The time range covered from the late 14th century to the nineteenth century.The research position was adhered to the view of the positive function of Confucianism which aimed to overcome the negative understanding highly influenced by the Japanese colonialism.He examined the socio-economic development accompanied with the Neo-Confucianism at the first stage.In the part of the sixteenth century the formation of Sarim group was interpreted as critical forces and the prevailed factionalism as the principle of politics rather than the chronic political strife.The author introduced his unique achievement that the ideology of the Neo-Confucianism had been strongly intensified with the response to the long term natural catastrophes of the Little Ice Age(c.1490-1760).The republican concept of 18th-century impartial rulers,the most important achievement of Korean Neo-Confucianism,was viewed as the result of effort to overcome the natural disasters.This topic was connected to the concept of republic which shows in a diagram of the Korean national flag.

Reform of the Teaching Model of Korean Intensive Reading Courses in Vocational High Schools in the Era of All-Media

The use of multimedia technology in the teaching process is the current mainstream trend in teaching development.The arrival of the all-media era is not only a huge challenge to the traditional teaching model,but also a huge opportunity for the reform of the teaching model.Combining traditional education models with modern scientific and technological means,and learning from each other’s strengths can stimulate students’subjective initiative in learning.On the other hand,it is also an important way for teachers to improve their teaching abilities.This article analyzes the opportunities brought by the all-media era to the reform of education models based on the teaching status and teaching difficulties of Korean intensive reading courses in vocational high schools,and proposes a teaching model reform strategy for Korean intensive reading courses in vocational high schools in the all-media era.

The Reform Process of English Medium Instruction in Korean Higher Education

In the context of the internationalization of higher education,many non-English speaking countries,from Europe to Asia,are promoting English as a medium of instruction(EMI).The EMI in South Korea started earlier and developed rapidly under the promotion.From the initial“Study Abroad in Korea Plan”to the World Class University(WCU)and Brain Korea 21st century(BK21)PLUS programs,with the support and guidance of the government,South Korea’s higher education has made significant progress,with the global top 100 universities in QS increasing from 1 to 6 in South Korea.

吉林地区朝、满、汉3个民族KIR基因的分布频率研究

目的通过分析吉林地区汉族、满族及朝鲜族的杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(KIR)基因的频率与多态性,为探究KIR基因与疾病关联提供基础数据支持。方法采用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物(PCR-SSP)技术对吉林地区129名满族、198名朝鲜族及201名汉族人群的KIR基因进行分型。结果KIR3DL2、KIR3DL3、KIR3DP1及KIR2DL4在所有检测对象中均为100%检出。KIR2DL1、KIR2DL3、KIR2DS4、KIR3DL1及KIR2DP1等基因在这3个民族中的检出频率较高,介于93%~98%之间。相比之下,KIR2DL2、KIR2DL5、KIR3DS1、KIR2DS1、KIR2DS2、KIR2DS3及KIR2DS5的检出率较低,分布在13%~45%。特别是满族KIR2DL5(17.83%)与KIR2DS1(17.83%)的基因检出频率显著低于吉林地区朝鲜族(42.93%、47.47%)和汉族(33.83%、33.33%);吉林地区朝鲜族KIR2DL5(42.93%)与KIR2DS1(47.47%)的检出频率显著高于汉族(33.83%、33.33%)和满族(17.83%、17.83%);吉林地区汉族单体型KIRAA的频率在吉林3个受检民族中是最高的为61.19%,显著高于朝鲜族(42.93%),以上各组差异比较P<0.05,经Bonferroni校正后,Pc<0.05。结论吉林地区的朝鲜族、满族与汉族在KIR基因分布方面既体现了中国人群KIR基因多态性,又各自展示了独特的民族遗传特性和地域性。

长白山主要林分物种多度分布与性状分布的关系

【目的】探究长白山地区群落物种的多度分布格局及其驱动过程,以及多度分布与性状分布之间的关系,为当地森林经营与修复策略的制定提供理论依据。【方法】以长白山不同林分类型的3块5.2 hm2(次生山杨白桦林、次生针阔混交林、原始红松紫椴林)和1块5 hm2原始阔叶红松林固定监测样地为研究对象,通过采集样地内木本个体的6个关键功能性状(叶面积、比叶面积、叶片厚度、最大树高、叶片氮含量、叶片磷含量),分析样地的物种多度分布格局、功能性状分布格局以及二者之间的关系。【结果】不同林分类型中通过统计检验的模型种类各异,但所有最优模型均为统计模型。在性状分布格局中,最大树高、比叶面积和叶磷含量在4块样地均呈现正态分布。然而,功能性状分布格局转化得到的物种分布格局模型显示,尽管部分模型通过了统计检验,但与多度分布结果拟合度不高。【结论】在长白山地区,物种多样性的形成并非主要由随机过程驱动,而是受到竞争作用的显著影响,这决定了演替过程中群落物种组成的变化情况。虽然功能性状分布与物种多度分布之间存在一定的联系,但直接通过群落水平性状分布格局推断物种多度的方法尚不准确。

汉字词进入朝鲜语的适应性

朝鲜语在与汉语的长期接触中吸收了大量借词,形成了今日的汉字词。朝鲜语中,汉字词的使用十分常见,尤其是在一些专业领域。汉字词在朝鲜语中的适应性很强。汉字词之所以能够适应朝鲜语语言环境实现本语化,与其生存发展的生态环境及自身特性有密切关联。在朝鲜语的发展过程中,汉字词的使用有两次大爆发,第一次是约7~15世纪统一新罗时期至朝鲜王朝前期,第二次是1876~1910年开化时期,这两个时期为汉字词的快速发展提供了良好的生存土壤。汉字词的特性有四:一是表达精细、容易理解;二是构词能力强、能产性高;三是竞争力强;四是影响力大,甚至可以影响到语法体系。

韩国政治电影的生成演变、叙事主题与价值诉求

韩国政治电影在韩国电影史上是一个独特的存在,不仅得到韩国国内观众的喜爱,而且还博得世界观众的认可。韩国政治电影是受韩国的历史、军人执政、财阀政治和朝鲜半岛特殊的地理位置影响而逐渐形成的一种电影类型,这使得其叙事主题也体现为对国家政治的表达、对社会阶层的展现、对生存环境的反映三方面。这样的叙事主题背后则是透露了韩国国民反思历史、追寻民主道路和韩国民族意识的觉醒的价值诉求。

韩国语存续体标记的跨语言考察

存续体表示某一动作完成之后所造成的结果状态的继续存在。在对韩国语三种存续体标记搭配动词的句法、语义特征进行分析的基础上,通过跨语言的考察发现,很多语言的存续体标记均来自存在范畴或与存在范畴有关,借助空间概念表示时间概念不是韩国语所特有的,而是一种跨语言的普遍现象。然而,各语言中不同的存续体标记在语法化程度、显赫程度和分工上存在差异。

1936—1945年中共东北党组织与朝鲜革命关系

1936年初,中共东北党组织根据共产国际“七大”精神和中共驻共产国际代表团的指示,提出了更加符合东北朝鲜民族抗日革命特殊性的新的一系列方针政策。在党的正确领导下,东北朝鲜民族共产主义者肩负着“双重革命使命”,在东北抗战中积极发挥重要作用的同时,更加有力地推进了朝鲜国内反日民族独立解放斗争。中国共产党支援和推进朝鲜革命的方针政策主要是以东北党组织及其武装队伍中的朝鲜民族党员、团员和指战员贯彻执行的,在这一过程中形成了以金日成将军为首的朝鲜革命的坚强的领导核心群体。这一段历史是中共东北党组织正确执行无产阶级国际主义原则和抗日民族统一战线政策,树立东方反日民族解放斗争的光辉典范的历程,是东方各国人民并肩战斗、共同争取抗战胜利的伟大历史,也是以生命和鲜血坚实地奠定现代中朝友谊基础的宝贵的历史财富。

中美战略博弈视域下中国的东北亚地缘政治风险

当今世界局势动荡,中美战略博弈持续升级,呈现出复合、立体、全方位的对峙局面。美国企图将美中关系推向“新冷战”,此举无疑给全球稳定与发展带来不确定性。在东北亚地区,朝鲜半岛局势持续紧绷,韩国尹锡悦政府奉行“亲美媚日”政策使得中韩关系面临严峻考验。与此同时,美日同盟升级及日本参与奥库斯共同遏制中国的行动,加剧地区紧张局势。朝韩关系破裂及美日韩合作机制强化,对朝鲜形成巨大军事压力,迫使其加速核导开发,深化与俄罗斯的合作。面对复杂局面,中国需着力管控中美分歧,避免矛盾激化,加强中日韩合作,以遏制美日韩反华同盟,坚定维护中朝关系,推动半岛无核化进程,深化中韩政治互信,引导其回归“均衡外交”轨道。

韩国职业教育制度认同的主要举措与经验借鉴

制度认同是指公众基于理性判断对制度所持的承认、肯定与支持,是提升国家治理效率和推动社会稳定发展的理念支撑和内生力量。韩国职业教育制度认同表现为公众对国家职业教育制度的价值观、制定、实施与评估机制方面的认同,形成了以法治保障为认同的基本依循、以资历框架为认同的质量保证、以证书制度为认同的内在动力、以技能制度为认同的创新之举,体现了由宏观到中观、由抽象到具体、由分散到全面的有序结构。以韩国系统完整的职业教育制度认同综合分析框架为鉴,我国应以依法治教为保障,夯实职教法律法规的制度认同根基;以学习成果为导向,完善国家资历框架的制度认同基础;以运行规范为标准,维护证书权威公信的制度认同力度;以多元诉求为纽带,构建创新技能机制的制度认同保障,不断提升职业教育社会认同,从而促进职业教育高质量发展。

朝鲜战争时期美国对国民党“反攻大陆”议题的因应

国民党退台后,具体意义上的“反攻”军事行动精神化,成为更具政治内涵和心理激励作用的口号。美国在政府层面对国民党的“反攻”议题是审慎的,但在特殊时代背景下提高了对台湾地区防务的重视程度,且军政要员时而抛出主张助蒋“反攻”的言论。朝鲜战争爆发,中国人民志愿军抗美援朝的行动打击了美军的气焰。在麦卡锡主义横行的年代,选举政治催化下,部分美国政客主张协助国民党“打回大陆”,较大程度上这是右翼势力情绪宣泄的体现。理性分析之下,美国政府认为助蒋“反攻”几乎没有胜算,且可能引发大战。在英国等盟友推动下,美国准备谋求朝鲜半岛问题的政治解决。麦克阿瑟被免职成为美国狂热反共情绪回落的一个转折点。美方意识到,“反攻大陆”是蒋介石维持台湾地区军民士气的工具化口号,不能强行使其放弃梦想。但梦想与现实之间是有差距的,通过控制军援水平和方式以保持这个差距,是美国找到的有效方法。