Korean ginseng is a medicinal herb, naturally exists in only three regions: 'Korea'(33.7-43.1), 'Man-churia'(43-47), and the Littoral province of Siberia. The Korean peninsula is the best place to grow...Korean ginseng is a medicinal herb, naturally exists in only three regions: 'Korea'(33.7-43.1), 'Man-churia'(43-47), and the Littoral province of Siberia. The Korean peninsula is the best place to grow ginseng, because ginseng has stringent requirements for the plant's growth, and Korea has the ideal temperature zone, plenty of rain in the summer, proper coldness in the winter, etc. The value of Korean ginseng has been known in the world since the 4th century B. C. Books written in this era documented gi...展开更多
Korean ginseng is a medicinal herb, naturally exists in only three regions:“Korea”(33.7-43.1),“Manchuria”(43-47),and the Littoral province of Siberia. The Korean peninsula is the best place to grow ginseng,because...Korean ginseng is a medicinal herb, naturally exists in only three regions:“Korea”(33.7-43.1),“Manchuria”(43-47),and the Littoral province of Siberia. The Korean peninsula is the best place to grow ginseng,because ginseng has strin- gent requirements for the plant's growth, and Korea has the ideal temperature zone, plenty of rain in the summer,proper cold- ness in the winter,etc.The value of Korean ginseng has been known in the world since the 4th century B.C.Books written in this era documented ginseng ...展开更多
The efficacy and applications of ginseng are also described in many other journals of Oriental medicine,which rate ginseng as a master medicine that plays a major role in prescriptions. Dr.I.I.Brekhmann.a Russian
Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus plays a major role in cognitive ability of animals including learning and memory.Korean red ginseng (KRG) has long been known as a medicinal herb with the potential to improve lea...Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus plays a major role in cognitive ability of animals including learning and memory.Korean red ginseng (KRG) has long been known as a medicinal herb with the potential to improve learning and memory;however,the mechanisms are still elusive.Therefore,we evaluated whether KRG can promote cognitive function and enhance neurogenesis in the hippocampus.Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice received 50 mg/kg of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) intraperitoneally and 100 mg/kg of KRG or vehicle orally once a day for 14 days.Pole,Rotarod and Morris water maze tests were performed and the brains were collected after the last behavioral test.Changes in the numbers of BrdU- and BrdU/ doublecortin (DCX;a marker for neuronal precursor cells and immature neurons)-positive cells in the dentate gyrus and the gene expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (a marker for cell differentiation),cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus were then investigated.KRG-treated mice came down the pole significantly faster and stood on the rotarod longer than vehicle-treated mice.The Morris water maze test showed that KRG administration enhanced the learning and memory abilities significantly.KRG also significantly increased BrdU- and BrdU/DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus as well as the proliferating cell nuclear antigen,cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor mRNA expression levels in the hippocampus compared to vehicle.Administration of KRG promotes learning and memory abilities,possibly by enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis.This study was approved by the Pusan National University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (approval No.PNU-2016-1071) on January 19,2016.展开更多
Objective:Mitophagy is known to contribute towards progression of Parkinson’s disease.Korean red ginseng(KRG)is a widely used medicinal herb in East Asia,and recent studies have reported that KRG prevents 1-methyl-4-...Objective:Mitophagy is known to contribute towards progression of Parkinson’s disease.Korean red ginseng(KRG)is a widely used medicinal herb in East Asia,and recent studies have reported that KRG prevents 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion(MPP^(+))-induced cell death.This study was undertaken to investigate whether KRG suppresses MPP^(+)-induced apoptosis and mitophagy.Methods:SH-SY5 Y cells were incubated with KRG for 24 h,and subsequently exposed to MPP^(+).The MPP^(+)-induced cell death was confirmed with the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay,and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated d UTP nick end-labeling assay.Changes in the structure and function of mitochondria were confirmed using mitotracker,Mito SOX red mitochondrial superoxide indicator,parkin,and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten-induced putative kinase 1(PINK1)immunofluorescent staining.Western blotting was performed to evaluate the expression of apoptosis-related factors in whole cells,including Bax,Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3,and mitophagy-related factors in the mitochondrial fraction,including cytochrome c,parkin,PINK1,translocase of the outer membrane 20(TOM20),p62 and Beclin 1.Results:MPP^(+)induced cell death by cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation;however,this effect was suppressed by KRG’s regulation of the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax.Moreover,MPP^(+)exposure increased the mitochondrial expressions of parkin,PINK1,Beclin 1 and p62,and decreased TOM20,cytochrome c and Bcl-2 expressions.These MPP^(+)-induced changes in the mitochondrial fraction were attenuated by treatment with KRG.Conclusion:KRG effectively prevents MPP^(+)-induced SH-SY5 Y cell death by regulating cytochrome c release from mitochondria and PINK1/parkin-mediated mitophagy,through regulation of the Bcl-2 family.展开更多
Panax ginseng(C.A.Mey.)has been traditionally employed in Korea and China to alleviate fatigue and digestive disorders.In particular,Korean red ginseng(KRG),derived from streamed and dried P.ginseng,is known for its a...Panax ginseng(C.A.Mey.)has been traditionally employed in Korea and China to alleviate fatigue and digestive disorders.In particular,Korean red ginseng(KRG),derived from streamed and dried P.ginseng,is known for its anti-aging and anti-inflammatory properties.However,its effects on benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH),a representative aging-related disease,and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.This study aims to elucidate the therapeutic effects of KRG on BPH,with a particular focus on mitochondrial dynamics,including fission and fusion processes.The effects of KRG on cell proliferation,apoptosis,and mitochondrial dynamics and morphology were evaluated in a rat model of testosterone propionate(TP)-induced BPH and TP-treated LNCaP cells,with mdivi-1 as a control.The results revealed that KRG treatment reduced the levels of androgen receptors(AR)and prostate-specific antigens in the BPH group.KRG inhibited cell proliferation by downregulating cyclin D and proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)levels,and it promoted apoptosis by increasing the ratio of B-cell lymphoma protein 2(Bcl-2)-associated X protein(Bax)to Bcl-2 expression.Notably,KRG treatment enhanced the phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein 1(DRP-1,serine 637)compared with that in the BPH group,which inhibited mitochondrial fission and led to mitochondrial elongation.This modulation of mitochondrial dynamics was associated with decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis.By dysregulating AR signaling and inhibiting mitochondrial fission through enhanced DRP-1(ser637)phosphorylation,KRG effectively reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis.These findings suggest that KRG’s regulation of mitochondrial dynamics offers a promising clinical approach for the treatment of BPH.展开更多
红参为珍贵的药材,已有1000多年的历史,遍及中国、韩国、日本等亚洲国家。韩国红参(korean red ginseng,KRG)不仅是滋补品,也是用于治疗免疫疾病、肝病、癌症等疾病的传统药材。KRG含有多种人参皂苷、糖类、微量元素等成分,具有较高的...红参为珍贵的药材,已有1000多年的历史,遍及中国、韩国、日本等亚洲国家。韩国红参(korean red ginseng,KRG)不仅是滋补品,也是用于治疗免疫疾病、肝病、癌症等疾病的传统药材。KRG含有多种人参皂苷、糖类、微量元素等成分,具有较高的药用价值,韩国各机构对其进行了较深入的研究,近5年在美国《科学引文索引》上发表文章数百篇。目前实验研究主要集中在红参有效成分的筛选及其药理作用,临床研究以单方制剂为主。笔者通过查阅KRG相关文献,从增强免疫、抗疲劳、抗衰老、抗氧化、调节糖脂代谢、抗炎、抗肿瘤以及在多个系统疾病中的运用等多方面对其药理作用进行了概述,为KRG的进一步研究与临床应用提供依据。展开更多
目的:探讨高丽参提取液(Korean red ginseng extract,KRG)对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓膜炎(EAE)的治疗作用及相关免疫调节机制。方法:取SD大鼠30只,随机分为空白对照组、模型组(实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎模型)和实验组(高丽参提取液治疗)...目的:探讨高丽参提取液(Korean red ginseng extract,KRG)对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓膜炎(EAE)的治疗作用及相关免疫调节机制。方法:取SD大鼠30只,随机分为空白对照组、模型组(实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎模型)和实验组(高丽参提取液治疗),每组10只,对EAE大鼠进行神经功能评分及体重测量,通过病理学HE染色和免疫组化观察25 d脑和脊髓炎症浸润,流式细胞术检测大鼠脊髓和淋巴结CD4^+、CD4^+/IFN-γ^+(Th1)、CD4^+/IL-17^+(Th17)和CD4^+/Foxp3^+T细胞数量,实时荧光定量q-PCR检测大鼠脊髓和淋巴结IFN-γ、IL-17、IL-23和Foxp3 m RNA水平的表达。结果:治疗组大鼠神经功能评分明显改善,体重明显增加;与模型组比较,实验组神经症状和病理改变减轻;与模型组相比,治疗组中大鼠脊髓和淋巴结CD4^+、CD4^+/IFN-γ^+、CD4^+/IL-17^+T细胞数量减少,而CD4^+/Foxp3^+T细胞数量增多(P<0.05);大鼠脊髓和淋巴结IFN-γ、IL-17、IL-23 m RNA表达下降,而Foxp3 m RNA表达增加(P<0.05)。结论:高丽参提取液通过调节免疫系统的CD4^+、CD4^+/IFN-γ^+、CD4^+/IL-17^+和CD4^+/Foxp3^+T细胞数量和CD4~^+T细胞分泌细胞因子的水平对EAE起保护作用。展开更多
Objective: To investigate the adjuvant therapeutic effects of fermented red ginseng(FRG) extract on non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) patients treated with chemotherapy. Methods: A total of 60 patients with adva...Objective: To investigate the adjuvant therapeutic effects of fermented red ginseng(FRG) extract on non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) patients treated with chemotherapy. Methods: A total of 60 patients with advanced NSCLC were assigned to two groups using a random number table, i.e., the gemcitabine plus cisplatin(GP) chemotherapy alone group(26 patients) and the FRG + GP chemotherapy group(34 patients), for 60-day treatment. Patients were then assessed according to the Fatigue Symptom Inventory, Chinese medicine symptoms score, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Self-Rating Depression Scale, Karnofsky Performance Status Scale, and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung. In addition, chemotherapy toxicity and tumor biomarkers were measured. Results: For NSCLC patients after chemotherapy, FRG extract significantly improved the FSI score, CM symptoms score, psychological status, physical conditions, and quality of life and reduced chemotherapy toxicity(P〈0.01), but the expression levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, cytokeratin-19 fragments, and neuron-specific enolase were not significantly different between the chemotherapy alone and the FRG + chemotherapy groups or between pre-and post-treatments(P〉0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that FRG extract had an adjuvant effect on advanced NSCLC patients treated with chemotherapy. Further studies with a larger sample size will verify the current findings.展开更多
It has been recognized that ginseng has anti-diabetic effects in skeletal muscle,but the mechanism has not been intensively investigated.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Korean red ginseng(Panax...It has been recognized that ginseng has anti-diabetic effects in skeletal muscle,but the mechanism has not been intensively investigated.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Korean red ginseng(Panax ginseng) supplementation on muscle glucose uptake in high-fat fed rats.Sixteen rats were randomly divided into two groups: a control group(CON,n=8) and a Korean red ginseng group(KRG,n=8).The KRG group ingested RG extract(1 g·kg 1,6 days/week) mixed in water for two weeks.After the two-week treatment,plasma lipid profiles,and glucose and insulin concentrations were measured.The triglyceride(TG) and glucose transporter 4(GLUT-4) contents were measured in the skeletal muscle and liver.The rate of glucose transport was determined under a submaximal insulin concentration during muscle incubation.Plasma FFA concentrations were significantly decreased in KRG(P<0.05).Liver and muscle triglyceride concentrations were also decreased in the KRG treatment group(P<0.05) compared to the CON group.In addition,resting plasma insulin and glucose levels were significantly lower after Korean red ginseng treatment(P<0.05).However,muscle glucose uptake was not affected by Korean red ginseng treatment,as evidenced by the rate of glucose transport in the epitorchealis muscle under submaximal insulin concentrations.These results suggest that while KRG supplementation could improve whole body insulin resistance and plasma lipid profiles,it is unlikely to have an effect on the insulin resistance of skeletal muscle,which is the major tissue responsible for plasma glucose handling.展开更多
文摘Korean ginseng is a medicinal herb, naturally exists in only three regions: 'Korea'(33.7-43.1), 'Man-churia'(43-47), and the Littoral province of Siberia. The Korean peninsula is the best place to grow ginseng, because ginseng has stringent requirements for the plant's growth, and Korea has the ideal temperature zone, plenty of rain in the summer, proper coldness in the winter, etc. The value of Korean ginseng has been known in the world since the 4th century B. C. Books written in this era documented gi...
文摘Korean ginseng is a medicinal herb, naturally exists in only three regions:“Korea”(33.7-43.1),“Manchuria”(43-47),and the Littoral province of Siberia. The Korean peninsula is the best place to grow ginseng,because ginseng has strin- gent requirements for the plant's growth, and Korea has the ideal temperature zone, plenty of rain in the summer,proper cold- ness in the winter,etc.The value of Korean ginseng has been known in the world since the 4th century B.C.Books written in this era documented ginseng ...
文摘The efficacy and applications of ginseng are also described in many other journals of Oriental medicine,which rate ginseng as a master medicine that plays a major role in prescriptions. Dr.I.I.Brekhmann.a Russian
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education(No.NRF-2016R1D1A3B03930920 to SK)the MSIP(No.NRF-2014R1A5A2009936 to SK)
文摘Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus plays a major role in cognitive ability of animals including learning and memory.Korean red ginseng (KRG) has long been known as a medicinal herb with the potential to improve learning and memory;however,the mechanisms are still elusive.Therefore,we evaluated whether KRG can promote cognitive function and enhance neurogenesis in the hippocampus.Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice received 50 mg/kg of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) intraperitoneally and 100 mg/kg of KRG or vehicle orally once a day for 14 days.Pole,Rotarod and Morris water maze tests were performed and the brains were collected after the last behavioral test.Changes in the numbers of BrdU- and BrdU/ doublecortin (DCX;a marker for neuronal precursor cells and immature neurons)-positive cells in the dentate gyrus and the gene expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (a marker for cell differentiation),cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus were then investigated.KRG-treated mice came down the pole significantly faster and stood on the rotarod longer than vehicle-treated mice.The Morris water maze test showed that KRG administration enhanced the learning and memory abilities significantly.KRG also significantly increased BrdU- and BrdU/DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus as well as the proliferating cell nuclear antigen,cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor mRNA expression levels in the hippocampus compared to vehicle.Administration of KRG promotes learning and memory abilities,possibly by enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis.This study was approved by the Pusan National University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (approval No.PNU-2016-1071) on January 19,2016.
基金financially supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.NRF-2019R1A2C1085130)。
文摘Objective:Mitophagy is known to contribute towards progression of Parkinson’s disease.Korean red ginseng(KRG)is a widely used medicinal herb in East Asia,and recent studies have reported that KRG prevents 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion(MPP^(+))-induced cell death.This study was undertaken to investigate whether KRG suppresses MPP^(+)-induced apoptosis and mitophagy.Methods:SH-SY5 Y cells were incubated with KRG for 24 h,and subsequently exposed to MPP^(+).The MPP^(+)-induced cell death was confirmed with the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay,and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated d UTP nick end-labeling assay.Changes in the structure and function of mitochondria were confirmed using mitotracker,Mito SOX red mitochondrial superoxide indicator,parkin,and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten-induced putative kinase 1(PINK1)immunofluorescent staining.Western blotting was performed to evaluate the expression of apoptosis-related factors in whole cells,including Bax,Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3,and mitophagy-related factors in the mitochondrial fraction,including cytochrome c,parkin,PINK1,translocase of the outer membrane 20(TOM20),p62 and Beclin 1.Results:MPP^(+)induced cell death by cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation;however,this effect was suppressed by KRG’s regulation of the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax.Moreover,MPP^(+)exposure increased the mitochondrial expressions of parkin,PINK1,Beclin 1 and p62,and decreased TOM20,cytochrome c and Bcl-2 expressions.These MPP^(+)-induced changes in the mitochondrial fraction were attenuated by treatment with KRG.Conclusion:KRG effectively prevents MPP^(+)-induced SH-SY5 Y cell death by regulating cytochrome c release from mitochondria and PINK1/parkin-mediated mitophagy,through regulation of the Bcl-2 family.
基金supported by the 2021 Grant from the Korean Society of Ginseng。
文摘Panax ginseng(C.A.Mey.)has been traditionally employed in Korea and China to alleviate fatigue and digestive disorders.In particular,Korean red ginseng(KRG),derived from streamed and dried P.ginseng,is known for its anti-aging and anti-inflammatory properties.However,its effects on benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH),a representative aging-related disease,and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.This study aims to elucidate the therapeutic effects of KRG on BPH,with a particular focus on mitochondrial dynamics,including fission and fusion processes.The effects of KRG on cell proliferation,apoptosis,and mitochondrial dynamics and morphology were evaluated in a rat model of testosterone propionate(TP)-induced BPH and TP-treated LNCaP cells,with mdivi-1 as a control.The results revealed that KRG treatment reduced the levels of androgen receptors(AR)and prostate-specific antigens in the BPH group.KRG inhibited cell proliferation by downregulating cyclin D and proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)levels,and it promoted apoptosis by increasing the ratio of B-cell lymphoma protein 2(Bcl-2)-associated X protein(Bax)to Bcl-2 expression.Notably,KRG treatment enhanced the phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein 1(DRP-1,serine 637)compared with that in the BPH group,which inhibited mitochondrial fission and led to mitochondrial elongation.This modulation of mitochondrial dynamics was associated with decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis.By dysregulating AR signaling and inhibiting mitochondrial fission through enhanced DRP-1(ser637)phosphorylation,KRG effectively reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis.These findings suggest that KRG’s regulation of mitochondrial dynamics offers a promising clinical approach for the treatment of BPH.
文摘红参为珍贵的药材,已有1000多年的历史,遍及中国、韩国、日本等亚洲国家。韩国红参(korean red ginseng,KRG)不仅是滋补品,也是用于治疗免疫疾病、肝病、癌症等疾病的传统药材。KRG含有多种人参皂苷、糖类、微量元素等成分,具有较高的药用价值,韩国各机构对其进行了较深入的研究,近5年在美国《科学引文索引》上发表文章数百篇。目前实验研究主要集中在红参有效成分的筛选及其药理作用,临床研究以单方制剂为主。笔者通过查阅KRG相关文献,从增强免疫、抗疲劳、抗衰老、抗氧化、调节糖脂代谢、抗炎、抗肿瘤以及在多个系统疾病中的运用等多方面对其药理作用进行了概述,为KRG的进一步研究与临床应用提供依据。
文摘目的:探讨高丽参提取液(Korean red ginseng extract,KRG)对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓膜炎(EAE)的治疗作用及相关免疫调节机制。方法:取SD大鼠30只,随机分为空白对照组、模型组(实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎模型)和实验组(高丽参提取液治疗),每组10只,对EAE大鼠进行神经功能评分及体重测量,通过病理学HE染色和免疫组化观察25 d脑和脊髓炎症浸润,流式细胞术检测大鼠脊髓和淋巴结CD4^+、CD4^+/IFN-γ^+(Th1)、CD4^+/IL-17^+(Th17)和CD4^+/Foxp3^+T细胞数量,实时荧光定量q-PCR检测大鼠脊髓和淋巴结IFN-γ、IL-17、IL-23和Foxp3 m RNA水平的表达。结果:治疗组大鼠神经功能评分明显改善,体重明显增加;与模型组比较,实验组神经症状和病理改变减轻;与模型组相比,治疗组中大鼠脊髓和淋巴结CD4^+、CD4^+/IFN-γ^+、CD4^+/IL-17^+T细胞数量减少,而CD4^+/Foxp3^+T细胞数量增多(P<0.05);大鼠脊髓和淋巴结IFN-γ、IL-17、IL-23 m RNA表达下降,而Foxp3 m RNA表达增加(P<0.05)。结论:高丽参提取液通过调节免疫系统的CD4^+、CD4^+/IFN-γ^+、CD4^+/IL-17^+和CD4^+/Foxp3^+T细胞数量和CD4~^+T细胞分泌细胞因子的水平对EAE起保护作用。
基金Supported in part by a grant from the Major Projects for"Creation of Major New Drugs"of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2010ZX09102-216)the Korea Joongbu University Research Fund
文摘Objective: To investigate the adjuvant therapeutic effects of fermented red ginseng(FRG) extract on non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) patients treated with chemotherapy. Methods: A total of 60 patients with advanced NSCLC were assigned to two groups using a random number table, i.e., the gemcitabine plus cisplatin(GP) chemotherapy alone group(26 patients) and the FRG + GP chemotherapy group(34 patients), for 60-day treatment. Patients were then assessed according to the Fatigue Symptom Inventory, Chinese medicine symptoms score, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Self-Rating Depression Scale, Karnofsky Performance Status Scale, and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung. In addition, chemotherapy toxicity and tumor biomarkers were measured. Results: For NSCLC patients after chemotherapy, FRG extract significantly improved the FSI score, CM symptoms score, psychological status, physical conditions, and quality of life and reduced chemotherapy toxicity(P〈0.01), but the expression levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, cytokeratin-19 fragments, and neuron-specific enolase were not significantly different between the chemotherapy alone and the FRG + chemotherapy groups or between pre-and post-treatments(P〉0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that FRG extract had an adjuvant effect on advanced NSCLC patients treated with chemotherapy. Further studies with a larger sample size will verify the current findings.
基金supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government(No.NRF-2011-35C-G00274)
文摘It has been recognized that ginseng has anti-diabetic effects in skeletal muscle,but the mechanism has not been intensively investigated.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Korean red ginseng(Panax ginseng) supplementation on muscle glucose uptake in high-fat fed rats.Sixteen rats were randomly divided into two groups: a control group(CON,n=8) and a Korean red ginseng group(KRG,n=8).The KRG group ingested RG extract(1 g·kg 1,6 days/week) mixed in water for two weeks.After the two-week treatment,plasma lipid profiles,and glucose and insulin concentrations were measured.The triglyceride(TG) and glucose transporter 4(GLUT-4) contents were measured in the skeletal muscle and liver.The rate of glucose transport was determined under a submaximal insulin concentration during muscle incubation.Plasma FFA concentrations were significantly decreased in KRG(P<0.05).Liver and muscle triglyceride concentrations were also decreased in the KRG treatment group(P<0.05) compared to the CON group.In addition,resting plasma insulin and glucose levels were significantly lower after Korean red ginseng treatment(P<0.05).However,muscle glucose uptake was not affected by Korean red ginseng treatment,as evidenced by the rate of glucose transport in the epitorchealis muscle under submaximal insulin concentrations.These results suggest that while KRG supplementation could improve whole body insulin resistance and plasma lipid profiles,it is unlikely to have an effect on the insulin resistance of skeletal muscle,which is the major tissue responsible for plasma glucose handling.