Korean red ginseng, a best gift for you

Korean ginseng is a medicinal herb, naturally exists in only three regions: 'Korea'(33.7-43.1), 'Man-churia'(43-47), and the Littoral province of Siberia. The Korean peninsula is the best place to grow ginseng, because ginseng has stringent requirements for the plant's growth, and Korea has the ideal temperature zone, plenty of rain in the summer, proper coldness in the winter, etc. The value of Korean ginseng has been known in the world since the 4th century B. C. Books written in this era documented gi...

Korean red ginseng,a best gift for you

Korean ginseng is a medicinal herb, naturally exists in only three regions:“Korea”(33.7-43.1),“Manchuria”(43-47),and the Littoral province of Siberia. The Korean peninsula is the best place to grow ginseng,because ginseng has strin- gent requirements for the plant's growth, and Korea has the ideal temperature zone, plenty of rain in the summer,proper cold- ness in the winter,etc.The value of Korean ginseng has been known in the world since the 4th century B.C.Books written in this era documented ginseng ...

Korean red ginseng,a well-known medicine

The efficacy and applications of ginseng are also described in many other journals of Oriental medicine,which rate ginseng as a master medicine that plays a major role in prescriptions． Dr.I.I.Brekhmann.a Russian

Korean red ginseng promotes hippocampal neurogenesis in mice

Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus plays a major role in cognitive ability of animals including learning and memory.Korean red ginseng (KRG) has long been known as a medicinal herb with the potential to improve learning and memory;however,the mechanisms are still elusive.Therefore,we evaluated whether KRG can promote cognitive function and enhance neurogenesis in the hippocampus.Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice received 50 mg/kg of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) intraperitoneally and 100 mg/kg of KRG or vehicle orally once a day for 14 days.Pole,Rotarod and Morris water maze tests were performed and the brains were collected after the last behavioral test.Changes in the numbers of BrdU- and BrdU/ doublecortin (DCX;a marker for neuronal precursor cells and immature neurons)-positive cells in the dentate gyrus and the gene expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (a marker for cell differentiation),cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus were then investigated.KRG-treated mice came down the pole significantly faster and stood on the rotarod longer than vehicle-treated mice.The Morris water maze test showed that KRG administration enhanced the learning and memory abilities significantly.KRG also significantly increased BrdU- and BrdU/DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus as well as the proliferating cell nuclear antigen,cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor mRNA expression levels in the hippocampus compared to vehicle.Administration of KRG promotes learning and memory abilities,possibly by enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis.This study was approved by the Pusan National University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (approval No.PNU-2016-1071) on January 19,2016.

Korean red ginseng decreases 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced mitophagy in SH-SY5Y cells

Objective:Mitophagy is known to contribute towards progression of Parkinson’s disease.Korean red ginseng(KRG)is a widely used medicinal herb in East Asia,and recent studies have reported that KRG prevents 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion(MPP^(+))-induced cell death.This study was undertaken to investigate whether KRG suppresses MPP^(+)-induced apoptosis and mitophagy.Methods:SH-SY5 Y cells were incubated with KRG for 24 h,and subsequently exposed to MPP^(+).The MPP^(+)-induced cell death was confirmed with the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay,and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated d UTP nick end-labeling assay.Changes in the structure and function of mitochondria were confirmed using mitotracker,Mito SOX red mitochondrial superoxide indicator,parkin,and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten-induced putative kinase 1(PINK1)immunofluorescent staining.Western blotting was performed to evaluate the expression of apoptosis-related factors in whole cells,including Bax,Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3,and mitophagy-related factors in the mitochondrial fraction,including cytochrome c,parkin,PINK1,translocase of the outer membrane 20(TOM20),p62 and Beclin 1.Results:MPP^(+)induced cell death by cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation;however,this effect was suppressed by KRG’s regulation of the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax.Moreover,MPP^(+)exposure increased the mitochondrial expressions of parkin,PINK1,Beclin 1 and p62,and decreased TOM20,cytochrome c and Bcl-2 expressions.These MPP^(+)-induced changes in the mitochondrial fraction were attenuated by treatment with KRG.Conclusion:KRG effectively prevents MPP^(+)-induced SH-SY5 Y cell death by regulating cytochrome c release from mitochondria and PINK1/parkin-mediated mitophagy,through regulation of the Bcl-2 family.

韩国红参药理作用研究述评

红参为珍贵的药材,已有1000多年的历史,遍及中国、韩国、日本等亚洲国家。韩国红参(korean red ginseng,KRG)不仅是滋补品,也是用于治疗免疫疾病、肝病、癌症等疾病的传统药材。KRG含有多种人参皂苷、糖类、微量元素等成分,具有较高的药用价值,韩国各机构对其进行了较深入的研究,近5年在美国《科学引文索引》上发表文章数百篇。目前实验研究主要集中在红参有效成分的筛选及其药理作用,临床研究以单方制剂为主。笔者通过查阅KRG相关文献,从增强免疫、抗疲劳、抗衰老、抗氧化、调节糖脂代谢、抗炎、抗肿瘤以及在多个系统疾病中的运用等多方面对其药理作用进行了概述,为KRG的进一步研究与临床应用提供依据。

人参属植物中色氨酸及某些特殊氨基酸的组成与含量分析

采用多种方法及两种型号氨基酸自动分析仪对吉林参、高丽红参及广西田七等人参属植物的色氨酸及天门冬酰胺、谷氨酰胺、非蛋白氨基酸进行了组成及含量的对比研究。结果表明，吉林参中游离态及结合态色氨酸的含量高于高丽红参，广西田七含量最少。同时还报道了３种参属植物中游离谷氨酰胺、天门冬酰胺、瓜氨酸、鸟氨酸、乙醇胺及α－氨基己二酸等的含量。

高丽参提取液对大鼠自身免疫性脑脊髓膜炎的保护作用

目的:探讨高丽参提取液(Korean red ginseng extract,KRG)对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓膜炎(EAE)的治疗作用及相关免疫调节机制。方法:取SD大鼠30只,随机分为空白对照组、模型组(实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎模型)和实验组(高丽参提取液治疗),每组10只,对EAE大鼠进行神经功能评分及体重测量,通过病理学HE染色和免疫组化观察25 d脑和脊髓炎症浸润,流式细胞术检测大鼠脊髓和淋巴结CD4^+、CD4^+/IFN-γ^+(Th1)、CD4^+/IL-17^+(Th17)和CD4^+/Foxp3^+T细胞数量,实时荧光定量q-PCR检测大鼠脊髓和淋巴结IFN-γ、IL-17、IL-23和Foxp3 m RNA水平的表达。结果:治疗组大鼠神经功能评分明显改善,体重明显增加;与模型组比较,实验组神经症状和病理改变减轻;与模型组相比,治疗组中大鼠脊髓和淋巴结CD4^+、CD4^+/IFN-γ^+、CD4^+/IL-17^+T细胞数量减少,而CD4^+/Foxp3^+T细胞数量增多(P<0.05);大鼠脊髓和淋巴结IFN-γ、IL-17、IL-23 m RNA表达下降,而Foxp3 m RNA表达增加(P<0.05)。结论:高丽参提取液通过调节免疫系统的CD4^+、CD4^+/IFN-γ^+、CD4^+/IL-17^+和CD4^+/Foxp3^+T细胞数量和CD4~^+T细胞分泌细胞因子的水平对EAE起保护作用。

Adjuvant Effects of Fermented Red Ginseng Extract on Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Chemotherapy

Objective： To investigate the adjuvant therapeutic effects of fermented red ginseng（FRG） extract on non-small cell lung cancer（NSCLC） patients treated with chemotherapy. Methods： A total of 60 patients with advanced NSCLC were assigned to two groups using a random number table, i.e., the gemcitabine plus cisplatin（GP） chemotherapy alone group（26 patients） and the FRG ＋ GP chemotherapy group（34 patients）, for 60-day treatment. Patients were then assessed according to the Fatigue Symptom Inventory, Chinese medicine symptoms score, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Self-Rating Depression Scale, Karnofsky Performance Status Scale, and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung. In addition, chemotherapy toxicity and tumor biomarkers were measured. Results： For NSCLC patients after chemotherapy, FRG extract significantly improved the FSI score, CM symptoms score, psychological status, physical conditions, and quality of life and reduced chemotherapy toxicity（P〈0.01）, but the expression levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, cytokeratin-19 fragments, and neuron-specific enolase were not significantly different between the chemotherapy alone and the FRG ＋ chemotherapy groups or between pre-and post-treatments（P〉0.05）. Conclusions： This study demonstrated that FRG extract had an adjuvant effect on advanced NSCLC patients treated with chemotherapy. Further studies with a larger sample size will verify the current findings.

高丽红参干预虚证疲劳双盲、随机、安慰剂对照的临床研究

目的探讨高丽红参对虚证疲劳患者疲劳状态与免疫功能的影响及安全性分析。方法选取2017年3月至2018年2月就诊于上海中医药大学附属龙华医院的180例虚证疲劳患者,按照随机数字表法分为A、B及C组,各60例,研究期间共有6名患者因不同原因脱落,揭盲后发现A组脱落4人,C组脱落2人,最后有效病例共174例(A、B、C组分别56、60、58例)。所有患者均接受常规治疗(包括免疫抑制剂、安眠药、镇静剂等药物治疗及音乐疗法、运动疗法、心理疏导等非药物治疗),A组患者在常规治疗的基础上口服安慰剂胶囊(4粒/次,2次/d),B组患者在常规治疗的基础上口服红参参粉胶囊(2粒/次,高丽红参净含量为0.9 g,2次/d)和安慰剂胶囊(2粒/次,2次/d),C组患者在常规治疗的基础上口服红参参粉胶囊(4粒/次,高丽红参净含量为1.8 g,2次/d),3组患者用药疗程均为4周,用药后每周定期进行随访。比较3组患者治疗4周后的临床总有效率,各项主症疗效,治疗前与治疗2、3、4周后疲劳症状积分变化,治疗前与治疗4周后不同维度疲劳状态评分变化,治疗前与治疗4周后血清白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、可溶性白细胞介素2受体(sIL-2R)水平,以及治疗前和治疗2、3、4周后火(热)症状积分变化。结果治疗4周后B、C组患者的临床治疗总有效率均显著高于A组(均P<0.05);治疗4周后C组患者精神不振和疲乏无力主症的治疗总有效率均显著高于A组,且C组患者疲乏无力主症的治疗总有效率显著高于B组(均P<0.05);与治疗前比,治疗1、2、3、4周后B、C组患者疲劳自评量表(FSAS)评分均呈显著降低趋势,且治疗2周后C组及治疗3、4周后B、C组患者均显著低于A组(均P<0.05);与治疗前比,治疗4周后3组患者躯体疲劳评分,B、C组患者精神疲劳、疲劳后果、疲劳对睡眠的反应、疲劳的情境性及C组患者疲劳的时间模式评分均显著降低,且治疗4周后B、C组患者躯体疲劳、精神疲劳、疲劳后果、疲劳对睡眠的反应及C组患者疲劳的情境性、疲劳的时间模式评分均显著低于A组,且C组患者疲劳的时间模式评分显著低于B组(均P<0.05);与治疗前比,治疗4周后A组患者血清TNF-α、IL-2水平均显著降低,C组患者血清TNF-α、IL-2水平均显著升高,且治疗4周后C组患者血清TNF-α水平显著高于A、B组,B、C组患者血清IL-2水平均显著高于A组(均P<0.05),但3组患者治疗前与治疗4周后组内及组间血清sIL-2R水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);用药期间,3组患者火(热)证候积分均呈现下降趋势,但3组患者火(热)症状组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论中药高丽红参治疗虚证疲劳患者具有较好的治疗效果,有助于机体缓解躯体疲劳状态,同时可提高患者免疫功能,尤其是高剂量高丽红参治疗效果更为显著,且使用高丽红参治疗的安全性良好。

中国红参与高丽红参总皂甙对环磷酰胺抑制免疫功能作用的比较

中国红参总皂甙和高丽红参总皂甙对环磷酰胺所致巨噬细胞吞噬功能抑制、白细胞减少和迟发型超敏反应抑制均有对抗作用,在相同剂量下二者作用相近。两种红参总皂甙对环磷酰胺所致溶血素形成抑制亦有对抗作用,在相同剂量下中国红参总皂甙的此种作用强于高丽红参总皂(?)。

高丽红参对庆大霉素引起的耳毒性的保护作用及其机制

[目的]探讨高丽红参对庆大霉素引起的耳毒性的保护作用及其机制.[方法]取8周龄SD雄性大鼠分为对照组和实验组,对照组大鼠左耳鼓膜内注射给予庆大霉素(剂量20μL,质量浓度为0.5 mg/L,每2 d给药1次,共7次),实验组大鼠在注射给予庆大霉素7 d前开始灌胃给予高丽红参粉溶液(剂量为2 mL,质量浓度为500 mg/kg,每日给药),7 d后开始注射给予庆大霉素,方法与剂量与对照组相同.注射给予庆大霉素前和实验第1,8,15,22,30 d时分别行耳前庭功能和听力功能检查.第30 d检查结束后取大鼠耳蜗前庭器行固定,用扫描电子显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜观察耳蜗毛细胞、球囊斑和椭圆囊斑毛细胞的形态学变化并进行分析.[结果]实验组实验各时间点时的听力下降幅度均低于对照组,但两组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).前庭功能检查及头偏实验结果显示,对照组注射给予庆大霉素1 d后4只大鼠出现严重头偏(>40℃),3只出现中度头偏(10℃~40℃),而实验组均未出现(P<0.01);提尾实验结果显示,对照组注射给予庆大霉素后4只大鼠出现不能控制的头旋转,而实验组大鼠均未出现(P<0.05);游泳实验结果显示,对照组5只及实验组1只大鼠出现游泳时间延长,两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).扫描电子显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜检查结果显示,对照组与实验组耳蜗毛细胞和球囊斑/椭圆囊斑毛细胞计数间差异均有有统计学意义(P<0.01).[结论]高丽红参对庆大霉素引起的耳前庭功能损伤具有保护作用,其机制认为可能与保护毛细胞免受损伤和促进毛细胞增殖有关系.

中国红参与高丽红参药理作用的比较

中国红参提取物和高丽红参提取物均具有抗疲劳作用、抗常压缺氧作用和抗氧化作用,在相同剂量下二者作用基本相同。中国红参总皂甙和高丽红参总皂甙均具有抗利尿作用,在相同剂量下二者作用基本相同。

高丽红参毒理学研究

目的:观察高丽红参急性毒性、遗传毒性及长期毒性,评价其食用安全性。方法:急性毒性试验采用最大耐受量试验(MTD);遗传毒性试验采用Ames试验、小鼠精子畸形试验及小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验;长期毒性试验灌胃给予大鼠高、中、低(6.0,3.0,1.5g·kg-1)3个剂量高丽红参,每日2次,连续30d,可逆性观察2周。灌服30d及逆性观察2周后,进行血液学、血液生化、脏器系数、组织病理学检查。结果:急性毒性试验未见明显中毒症状,雌、雄大鼠经口最大耐受剂量(MTD)均>12.0g·kg-1。3项遗传毒性试验结果均为阴性。在大鼠30d喂养试验中,6.0,3.0,1.5g·kg-13个剂量组的实验动物均生长发育正常,体质量、进食量、饮水量、血液学、血液生化学、脏器系数及病理组织学相关指标均未见异常变化。结论:高丽红参属于实际无毒物,未见遗传毒性,长期服用是安全的。

韩国人参补充剂对高脂饲养大鼠肌肉中葡萄糖摄取的影响(英文)

It has been recognized that ginseng has anti-diabetic effects in skeletal muscle,but the mechanism has not been intensively investigated.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Korean red ginseng(Panax ginseng) supplementation on muscle glucose uptake in high-fat fed rats.Sixteen rats were randomly divided into two groups: a control group(CON,n=8) and a Korean red ginseng group(KRG,n=8).The KRG group ingested RG extract(1 g·kg 1,6 days/week) mixed in water for two weeks.After the two-week treatment,plasma lipid profiles,and glucose and insulin concentrations were measured.The triglyceride(TG) and glucose transporter 4(GLUT-4) contents were measured in the skeletal muscle and liver.The rate of glucose transport was determined under a submaximal insulin concentration during muscle incubation.Plasma FFA concentrations were significantly decreased in KRG(P<0.05).Liver and muscle triglyceride concentrations were also decreased in the KRG treatment group(P<0.05) compared to the CON group.In addition,resting plasma insulin and glucose levels were significantly lower after Korean red ginseng treatment(P<0.05).However,muscle glucose uptake was not affected by Korean red ginseng treatment,as evidenced by the rate of glucose transport in the epitorchealis muscle under submaximal insulin concentrations.These results suggest that while KRG supplementation could improve whole body insulin resistance and plasma lipid profiles,it is unlikely to have an effect on the insulin resistance of skeletal muscle,which is the major tissue responsible for plasma glucose handling.

高丽红参进口药材标准含量测定方法的改进

目的通过改进供试品溶液的制备过程,采用紫外检测器建立测定高丽红参含量的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法,以改进进口药材标准中的含量测定方法。方法色谱条件为Agilent poroshell C_(18)柱(4.6 mm×75 mm,5μm);以乙腈-水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为0.7 mL·min^(-1),检测波长为203 nm,柱温为25℃。供试品溶液采用水饱和正丁醇加热回流提取进行制备。结果改进方法的人参皂苷Rg_1在0.920 9~9.208 5μg、人参皂苷Re在0.928 0~9.279 8μg、人参皂苷Rb_1在0.955 2~9.551 8μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;人参皂苷Rg_1、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rb_1平均加样回收率分别为100.9%,102.5%,101.7%(n=6)。本方法结果比原标准方法的结果略高,相对偏差均小于5%。结论改进后的方法操作简单准确,重现性好,能提高检测效率。