Koshi River basin, which lies in the Central Himalayas with an area of 71,500 km2, is an important trans-boundary river basin shared by China, Nepal and India. Yet, landslide-prone areas are all located in China and N...Koshi River basin, which lies in the Central Himalayas with an area of 71,500 km2, is an important trans-boundary river basin shared by China, Nepal and India. Yet, landslide-prone areas are all located in China and Nepal, imposing alarming risks of widespread damages to property and loss of human life in both countries. Against this backdrop, this research, by utilizing remote sensing images and topographic maps, has identified a total number of 6877 landslides for the past 23 years and further examined their distribution, characteristics and causes. Analysis shows that the two-step topography in the Himalayan region has a considerable effect on the distribution of landslides in this area. Dense distribution of landslides falls into two regions: the Lesser Himalaya(mostly small and medium size landslides in east-west direction) and the TransitionBelt(mostly large and medium size landslides along the river in north-south direction). Landslides decrease against the elevation while the southern slopes of the Himalayas have more landslides than its northern side. Change analysis was carried out by comparing landslide distribution data of 1992, 2010 and 2015 in the Koshi River basin. The rainfallinduced landslides, usually small and shallow and occurring more frequently in regions with an elevation lower than 1000 m, are common in the south and south-east slopes due to heavy precipitation in the region, and are more prone to the slope gradient of 20°~30°. Most of them are distributed in Proterozoic stratum(Pt3ε, Pt3 and Pt2-3) and Quaternary stratum. While for earthquake-induced landslides, they are more prone to higher elevations(2000~3000 m) and steeper slopes(40°~50°).展开更多
Land change is a cause and consequence of global environmental change.Land use and land cover have changed considerably due to increasing human activities and climate change,which has become the core issue of major in...Land change is a cause and consequence of global environmental change.Land use and land cover have changed considerably due to increasing human activities and climate change,which has become the core issue of major international research projects.This study interprets land use and land cover status and the changes within the Koshi River Basin(KRB)using Landsat remote sensing(RS)image data,and employs logistic regression model to analyze the influence of natural and socioeconomic driving forces on major land cover changes.The results showed that the areas of built-up land,bare land and forest in KRB increased from 1990 to 2015,including the largest increases in forest and the highest growth rate in construction land.Areas of glacier,grassland,sparse vegetation,shrub land,cropland,and wetland all decreased over the study period.From the perspective of driving analysis,the role of human activities in land use and land cover change is significant than climate factors.Cropland expansion is the reclamation of cropland by farmers,mainly from early deforestation.However,labor force separation,geological disasters and drought are the main factors of cropland shrinkage.The increase of forest area in India and Nepal was attributed to the government’s forest protection policies,such as Nepal’s community forestry has achieved remarkable results.The expansion and contraction of grassland were both dominated by climatic factors.The probability of grassland expansion increases with temperature and precipitation,while the probability of grassland contraction decreases with temperature and precipitation.展开更多
The high-resolution climate model Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies (PRECIS) was used to project the changes in futureextreme precipitation and temperature over the Koshi River Basin for use in impact as...The high-resolution climate model Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies (PRECIS) was used to project the changes in futureextreme precipitation and temperature over the Koshi River Basin for use in impact assessments. Three outputs of the Quantifying Uncertaintiesin Model Prediction (QUMP) simulations using the Hadley Centre Couple Model (HadCM3) based on the IPCC SRES A1B emission scenario were used to project the future climate. The projections were analysed for three time slices, 2011e2040 (near future), 2041e2070 (mid-century), and 2071e2098 (distant future). The results show an increase in the future frequency and intensity of climate extremes events such as dry days, consecutive dry days, and very wet days (95th percentile), with greater increases over the southern plains than in the mountainous area to the north. A significant decrease in moderate rainfall days (75th percentile) is projected over the middle (high) mountain and trans-Himalaya areas. Increases are projected in both the extreme maximum and extreme minimum temperature, with a slightly higher rate in minimum temperature. The number of warm days is projected to increase throughout the basin, with more rapid rates in the trans-Himalayan and middle mountain areas than in the plains. Warm nights are also projected to increase, especially in the southern plains. A decrease is projected in cold days and cold nights indicating overall warming throughout the basin.展开更多
This paper analyses the climate projections over the Koshi river basin obtained by applying the delta method to eight CMIP5 GCMs for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The GCMs were selected to cover the full envelope o...This paper analyses the climate projections over the Koshi river basin obtained by applying the delta method to eight CMIP5 GCMs for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The GCMs were selected to cover the full envelope of possible future ranges from dry and cold to wet and warm projections. The selected coarse resolution GCM outputs were statistically downscaled to the resolution of the historical climate datasets. The scenarios were developed based on the anomaly between the present reference period (1961-1990) and the future period (2021-2050) to generate transient climate change scenarios for the eight GCMs. The analyses were carried out for the whole basin and three physiographic zones: the trans-Himalaya, high-Himalaya and middle mountains, and southern plains. Future projections show a 14% increase in rainfall during the summer monsoon season by 2050. The increase in rainfall is higher over the mountains than the plains. The meagre amount of rainfall in the winter season is projected to further decrease over both the mountain and southern plains areas of the basin for both RCPs. The basin is likely to experience warming throughout the year, although the increase in winter is likely to be higher. The highest increase in temperature is projected to be over the high Himalayan and middle mountain area, with lower increases over the trans-Himalayan and southern plains areas.展开更多
The Koshi river basin sustains the livelihoods of millions of people in the upstream and downstream areas of the basin. People rely on monsoon rainfall for agricultural production, hydropower generation and other live...The Koshi river basin sustains the livelihoods of millions of people in the upstream and downstream areas of the basin. People rely on monsoon rainfall for agricultural production, hydropower generation and other livelihood activities. Climate change is expected to have serious implication on its environment. To reduce the adverse impacts of disasters and to better understand the implication of climate change for the sustainable development, initiative in this regard is necessary. Analysis of past meteorological trends and future climate projections can give us a sense of what to expect and how to prepare ourselves and manage available resources. In this paper, we have used a high-resolution climate model, viz., Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies (PRECIS), to project future climate scenario over the Koshi river basin for impact assessment. Three outputs of the Quantifying Uncertainties in Model Prediction (QUMP) simulations have been used to project the future climate. These simulations were selected from the 17-member Perturbed Physics Ensemble (PPE) using Hadley Centre Couple Model (HadCM3) based on the IPCC SRES A1B emission scenario. The future projections are analysed for three time slices 2011-2040 (near future), 2041-2070 (middle of the century) and 2071-2098 (distant future). Despite quantitative wet and cold bias, the model was able to resolve the seasonal pattern reasonably well. The model projects a decrease in rainfall in the near future and a progressive increase towards the end of the century. The projected change in rainfall is non-uniform, with increase over the southern plains and the middle mountains and decrease over the trans-Himalayan region. Simulation suggests that rainy days will be less frequent but more intense over the southern plains towards the end of the century. Further, the model projections indicate significant warming towards the end of the century. The rate of warming is slightly higher over the trans-Himalayan region during summer and over the southern plains during winter.展开更多
Changes in glacial lakes and the consequences of these changes, particularly on the development of water resources and management of glacial lake outburst flood(GLOF) risk, has become one of the challenges in the sust...Changes in glacial lakes and the consequences of these changes, particularly on the development of water resources and management of glacial lake outburst flood(GLOF) risk, has become one of the challenges in the sustainable development of high mountain areas in the context of global warming. This paper presents the findings of a study on the distribution of, and area changes in, glacial lakes in the Koshi basin in the central Himalayas.Data on the number of glacial lakes and their area was generated for the years 1977, 1990, 2000, and 2010 using Landsat satellite images. According to the glacial lake inventory in 2010, there were a total of 2168 glacial lakes with a total area of 127.61 km^2 and average size of 0.06 km^2 in the Koshi basin. Of these,47% were moraine dammed lakes, 34.8% bedrock dammed lakes and 17.7% ice dammed lakes. The number of glacial lakes increased consistently over the study period from 1160 in 1977 to 2168 in 2010, an overall growth rate of 86.9%. The area of glacial lakes also increased from 94.44 km^2 in 1977 to 127.61 km^2 in 2010, a growth rate of 35.1%. A large number of glacial lakes in the inventory are small in size(≤ 0.1km^2). End moraine dammed lakes with area greater than 0.1 km^2 were selected to analyze the change characteristics of glacial lakes in the basin. The results show that, in 2010, there were 129 lakes greater than 0.1 km^2 in area; these lakes had a total area of 42.92km^2 in 1997, increasing to 63.28 km^2 in 2010. The distribution of lakes on the north side of the Himalayas(in China) was three times higher than on the south side of the Himalayas(in Nepal).Comparing the mean growth rate in area for the 33 year study period(1977-2010), the growth rate on the north side was found to be a little slower than that on the south side. A total of 42 glacial lakes with an area greater than 0.2 km^2 are rapidly growing between 1977 and 2010 in the Koshi basin, which need to be paid more attention to monitoring in the future and to identify how critical they are in terms of GLOF.展开更多
How the dynamics in soil loss(SL) and sedimentation are affected by land use/cover change(LULCC) has long been one of the most important issues in watershed management worldwide, especially in fragile mountainous rive...How the dynamics in soil loss(SL) and sedimentation are affected by land use/cover change(LULCC) has long been one of the most important issues in watershed management worldwide, especially in fragile mountainous river basins. This study aimed to investigate the impact of LULCC on SL and sediment export(SE) in eastern regions of the Koshi River basin(KRB), Nepal, from 1990 to 2021. The Random Forest classifier in the Google Earth Engine platform was employed for land use/land cover(LULC) classification, and the Integrated Valuation Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST) Sediment Delivery Ratio model was used for SL and SE modeling. The results showed that there was a pronounced increase in forest land(4.12%), grassland(2.35%), and shrubland(3.68%) at the expense of agricultural land(10.32%) in KRB over the last three decades. Thus, the mean SL and SE rates decreased by 48% and 60%, respectively, from 1990 to 2021. The conversion of farmland to vegetated lands has greatly contributed to the decrease in SL and SE rates. Furthermore, the rates of SL and SE showed considerable spatiotemporal variations under different LULC types, topographic factors(slope aspect and gradient), and sub-watersheds. The higher rates of SL and SE in the study area were observed mostly in slope gradient classes between 8° and 35°(accounting for 83%–91%) and sunny and semi-sunny slope aspects(SE, S, E, and SW)(accounting for 57%–65%). Although the general mean rate of SL presented a decreasing trend in the study area, the current mean SL rate(23.33 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1)) in 2021 is still far beyond the tolerable SL rate of both the global(10 Mg ha^(-1)yr^(-1)) and the Himalayan region(15 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1)). Therefore, landscape restoration measures should be integrated with other watershed management strategies and upscaled to hotspot areas to regulate basin sediment flux and secure ecosystem service sustainability.展开更多
位于喜马拉雅中部的柯西河流域(Koshi River Basin,简称KRB),是恒河支流也是南亚极为重要的跨境流域。流域内海拔落差巨大、生境复杂、生态系统类型完整、土地覆被类型多样且区域差异明显,是全球气候变化的敏感区之一。本研究基于Landsa...位于喜马拉雅中部的柯西河流域(Koshi River Basin,简称KRB),是恒河支流也是南亚极为重要的跨境流域。流域内海拔落差巨大、生境复杂、生态系统类型完整、土地覆被类型多样且区域差异明显,是全球气候变化的敏感区之一。本研究基于Landsat TM、野外考察及植被图等多源数据,运用3S技术,编制了高精度的柯西河流域土地覆被数据,分析了流域土地覆被现状特征。研究表明:(1)2010年KRB土地覆被从流域源头至下游由雪被和水体(冰川)、裸地、稀疏植被、草地、湿地、灌丛、森林、农田、水体(河流和湖泊)、建设用地等9类组成。其中,以草地、森林、裸地和农田为主,分别占流域面积的25.83%、21.19%、19.31%和15.09%。而对气候变化敏感的冰川面积仅占5.72%。(2)KRB南、北坡土地覆被类型组成与结构迥异。北坡以草地、裸地和冰川分布为主,南坡以森林、农田和裸地为主;草地在北坡的分布面积远高于南坡,二者比例是6.67:1,而森林面积的97.13%分布在南坡,这些森林大多分布在河谷中部和南部平原地区,且与农田交错分布。(3)与环境相适应,流域主要覆被类型的垂直分布也具有明显的地带性特征。土地覆被由低到高,依次为农田、森林、灌丛和农田混合型、草地、稀疏植被、裸地和水体(冰川)的分布。研究结果为土地利用和覆被变化研究、为高山地区尤其是跨境流域的生态系统保护与管理、土地资源利用和可持续发展提供科学依据。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41401007)the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.KZZD-EW-08-01)+1 种基金jointly supported by the Australian government funded Koshi Basin Programme at ICIMODICIMOD’s core funds contributed by the governments of Afghanistan,Australia,Austria,Bangladesh,Bhutan,China,India,Myanmar,Nepal,Norway,Pakistan,Switzerland,and theUnited Kingdom
文摘Koshi River basin, which lies in the Central Himalayas with an area of 71,500 km2, is an important trans-boundary river basin shared by China, Nepal and India. Yet, landslide-prone areas are all located in China and Nepal, imposing alarming risks of widespread damages to property and loss of human life in both countries. Against this backdrop, this research, by utilizing remote sensing images and topographic maps, has identified a total number of 6877 landslides for the past 23 years and further examined their distribution, characteristics and causes. Analysis shows that the two-step topography in the Himalayan region has a considerable effect on the distribution of landslides in this area. Dense distribution of landslides falls into two regions: the Lesser Himalaya(mostly small and medium size landslides in east-west direction) and the TransitionBelt(mostly large and medium size landslides along the river in north-south direction). Landslides decrease against the elevation while the southern slopes of the Himalayas have more landslides than its northern side. Change analysis was carried out by comparing landslide distribution data of 1992, 2010 and 2015 in the Koshi River basin. The rainfallinduced landslides, usually small and shallow and occurring more frequently in regions with an elevation lower than 1000 m, are common in the south and south-east slopes due to heavy precipitation in the region, and are more prone to the slope gradient of 20°~30°. Most of them are distributed in Proterozoic stratum(Pt3ε, Pt3 and Pt2-3) and Quaternary stratum. While for earthquake-induced landslides, they are more prone to higher elevations(2000~3000 m) and steeper slopes(40°~50°).
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41761144081)Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(Grant No.2019QZKK0603)Strategic Priority Research Program of the ChineseAcademyofSciences(GrantNo.XDA20040201)。
文摘Land change is a cause and consequence of global environmental change.Land use and land cover have changed considerably due to increasing human activities and climate change,which has become the core issue of major international research projects.This study interprets land use and land cover status and the changes within the Koshi River Basin(KRB)using Landsat remote sensing(RS)image data,and employs logistic regression model to analyze the influence of natural and socioeconomic driving forces on major land cover changes.The results showed that the areas of built-up land,bare land and forest in KRB increased from 1990 to 2015,including the largest increases in forest and the highest growth rate in construction land.Areas of glacier,grassland,sparse vegetation,shrub land,cropland,and wetland all decreased over the study period.From the perspective of driving analysis,the role of human activities in land use and land cover change is significant than climate factors.Cropland expansion is the reclamation of cropland by farmers,mainly from early deforestation.However,labor force separation,geological disasters and drought are the main factors of cropland shrinkage.The increase of forest area in India and Nepal was attributed to the government’s forest protection policies,such as Nepal’s community forestry has achieved remarkable results.The expansion and contraction of grassland were both dominated by climatic factors.The probability of grassland expansion increases with temperature and precipitation,while the probability of grassland contraction decreases with temperature and precipitation.
文摘The high-resolution climate model Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies (PRECIS) was used to project the changes in futureextreme precipitation and temperature over the Koshi River Basin for use in impact assessments. Three outputs of the Quantifying Uncertaintiesin Model Prediction (QUMP) simulations using the Hadley Centre Couple Model (HadCM3) based on the IPCC SRES A1B emission scenario were used to project the future climate. The projections were analysed for three time slices, 2011e2040 (near future), 2041e2070 (mid-century), and 2071e2098 (distant future). The results show an increase in the future frequency and intensity of climate extremes events such as dry days, consecutive dry days, and very wet days (95th percentile), with greater increases over the southern plains than in the mountainous area to the north. A significant decrease in moderate rainfall days (75th percentile) is projected over the middle (high) mountain and trans-Himalaya areas. Increases are projected in both the extreme maximum and extreme minimum temperature, with a slightly higher rate in minimum temperature. The number of warm days is projected to increase throughout the basin, with more rapid rates in the trans-Himalayan and middle mountain areas than in the plains. Warm nights are also projected to increase, especially in the southern plains. A decrease is projected in cold days and cold nights indicating overall warming throughout the basin.
文摘This paper analyses the climate projections over the Koshi river basin obtained by applying the delta method to eight CMIP5 GCMs for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The GCMs were selected to cover the full envelope of possible future ranges from dry and cold to wet and warm projections. The selected coarse resolution GCM outputs were statistically downscaled to the resolution of the historical climate datasets. The scenarios were developed based on the anomaly between the present reference period (1961-1990) and the future period (2021-2050) to generate transient climate change scenarios for the eight GCMs. The analyses were carried out for the whole basin and three physiographic zones: the trans-Himalaya, high-Himalaya and middle mountains, and southern plains. Future projections show a 14% increase in rainfall during the summer monsoon season by 2050. The increase in rainfall is higher over the mountains than the plains. The meagre amount of rainfall in the winter season is projected to further decrease over both the mountain and southern plains areas of the basin for both RCPs. The basin is likely to experience warming throughout the year, although the increase in winter is likely to be higher. The highest increase in temperature is projected to be over the high Himalayan and middle mountain area, with lower increases over the trans-Himalayan and southern plains areas.
文摘The Koshi river basin sustains the livelihoods of millions of people in the upstream and downstream areas of the basin. People rely on monsoon rainfall for agricultural production, hydropower generation and other livelihood activities. Climate change is expected to have serious implication on its environment. To reduce the adverse impacts of disasters and to better understand the implication of climate change for the sustainable development, initiative in this regard is necessary. Analysis of past meteorological trends and future climate projections can give us a sense of what to expect and how to prepare ourselves and manage available resources. In this paper, we have used a high-resolution climate model, viz., Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies (PRECIS), to project future climate scenario over the Koshi river basin for impact assessment. Three outputs of the Quantifying Uncertainties in Model Prediction (QUMP) simulations have been used to project the future climate. These simulations were selected from the 17-member Perturbed Physics Ensemble (PPE) using Hadley Centre Couple Model (HadCM3) based on the IPCC SRES A1B emission scenario. The future projections are analysed for three time slices 2011-2040 (near future), 2041-2070 (middle of the century) and 2071-2098 (distant future). Despite quantitative wet and cold bias, the model was able to resolve the seasonal pattern reasonably well. The model projects a decrease in rainfall in the near future and a progressive increase towards the end of the century. The projected change in rainfall is non-uniform, with increase over the southern plains and the middle mountains and decrease over the trans-Himalayan region. Simulation suggests that rainy days will be less frequent but more intense over the southern plains towards the end of the century. Further, the model projections indicate significant warming towards the end of the century. The rate of warming is slightly higher over the trans-Himalayan region during summer and over the southern plains during winter.
基金supported by the Cryosphere Monitoring Programme (CMP) of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairssupported by core funds of ICIMOD contributed by the Governments of Afghanistan, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Norway, Pakistan, Switzerland, and the United Kingdomthe Koshi Basin Programme at ICIMOD, which is supported by the Australian Government through the Sustainable Development Investment Portfolio for South Asia
文摘Changes in glacial lakes and the consequences of these changes, particularly on the development of water resources and management of glacial lake outburst flood(GLOF) risk, has become one of the challenges in the sustainable development of high mountain areas in the context of global warming. This paper presents the findings of a study on the distribution of, and area changes in, glacial lakes in the Koshi basin in the central Himalayas.Data on the number of glacial lakes and their area was generated for the years 1977, 1990, 2000, and 2010 using Landsat satellite images. According to the glacial lake inventory in 2010, there were a total of 2168 glacial lakes with a total area of 127.61 km^2 and average size of 0.06 km^2 in the Koshi basin. Of these,47% were moraine dammed lakes, 34.8% bedrock dammed lakes and 17.7% ice dammed lakes. The number of glacial lakes increased consistently over the study period from 1160 in 1977 to 2168 in 2010, an overall growth rate of 86.9%. The area of glacial lakes also increased from 94.44 km^2 in 1977 to 127.61 km^2 in 2010, a growth rate of 35.1%. A large number of glacial lakes in the inventory are small in size(≤ 0.1km^2). End moraine dammed lakes with area greater than 0.1 km^2 were selected to analyze the change characteristics of glacial lakes in the basin. The results show that, in 2010, there were 129 lakes greater than 0.1 km^2 in area; these lakes had a total area of 42.92km^2 in 1997, increasing to 63.28 km^2 in 2010. The distribution of lakes on the north side of the Himalayas(in China) was three times higher than on the south side of the Himalayas(in Nepal).Comparing the mean growth rate in area for the 33 year study period(1977-2010), the growth rate on the north side was found to be a little slower than that on the south side. A total of 42 glacial lakes with an area greater than 0.2 km^2 are rapidly growing between 1977 and 2010 in the Koshi basin, which need to be paid more attention to monitoring in the future and to identify how critical they are in terms of GLOF.
基金Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Overseas Institution Platform Project,No.131C11KYSB20200033。
文摘How the dynamics in soil loss(SL) and sedimentation are affected by land use/cover change(LULCC) has long been one of the most important issues in watershed management worldwide, especially in fragile mountainous river basins. This study aimed to investigate the impact of LULCC on SL and sediment export(SE) in eastern regions of the Koshi River basin(KRB), Nepal, from 1990 to 2021. The Random Forest classifier in the Google Earth Engine platform was employed for land use/land cover(LULC) classification, and the Integrated Valuation Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST) Sediment Delivery Ratio model was used for SL and SE modeling. The results showed that there was a pronounced increase in forest land(4.12%), grassland(2.35%), and shrubland(3.68%) at the expense of agricultural land(10.32%) in KRB over the last three decades. Thus, the mean SL and SE rates decreased by 48% and 60%, respectively, from 1990 to 2021. The conversion of farmland to vegetated lands has greatly contributed to the decrease in SL and SE rates. Furthermore, the rates of SL and SE showed considerable spatiotemporal variations under different LULC types, topographic factors(slope aspect and gradient), and sub-watersheds. The higher rates of SL and SE in the study area were observed mostly in slope gradient classes between 8° and 35°(accounting for 83%–91%) and sunny and semi-sunny slope aspects(SE, S, E, and SW)(accounting for 57%–65%). Although the general mean rate of SL presented a decreasing trend in the study area, the current mean SL rate(23.33 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1)) in 2021 is still far beyond the tolerable SL rate of both the global(10 Mg ha^(-1)yr^(-1)) and the Himalayan region(15 t ha^(-1)yr^(-1)). Therefore, landscape restoration measures should be integrated with other watershed management strategies and upscaled to hotspot areas to regulate basin sediment flux and secure ecosystem service sustainability.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41371120)Australian Government-funded Koshi Basin Programme at the ICIMODInternational Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(131C11KYSB20160061)
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41371120)Australian Government-funded Koshi Basin Programme at the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development(ICIMOD)Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZDRW-ZS-2016-6)
文摘位于喜马拉雅中部的柯西河流域(Koshi River Basin,简称KRB),是恒河支流也是南亚极为重要的跨境流域。流域内海拔落差巨大、生境复杂、生态系统类型完整、土地覆被类型多样且区域差异明显,是全球气候变化的敏感区之一。本研究基于Landsat TM、野外考察及植被图等多源数据,运用3S技术,编制了高精度的柯西河流域土地覆被数据,分析了流域土地覆被现状特征。研究表明:(1)2010年KRB土地覆被从流域源头至下游由雪被和水体(冰川)、裸地、稀疏植被、草地、湿地、灌丛、森林、农田、水体(河流和湖泊)、建设用地等9类组成。其中,以草地、森林、裸地和农田为主,分别占流域面积的25.83%、21.19%、19.31%和15.09%。而对气候变化敏感的冰川面积仅占5.72%。(2)KRB南、北坡土地覆被类型组成与结构迥异。北坡以草地、裸地和冰川分布为主,南坡以森林、农田和裸地为主;草地在北坡的分布面积远高于南坡,二者比例是6.67:1,而森林面积的97.13%分布在南坡,这些森林大多分布在河谷中部和南部平原地区,且与农田交错分布。(3)与环境相适应,流域主要覆被类型的垂直分布也具有明显的地带性特征。土地覆被由低到高,依次为农田、森林、灌丛和农田混合型、草地、稀疏植被、裸地和水体(冰川)的分布。研究结果为土地利用和覆被变化研究、为高山地区尤其是跨境流域的生态系统保护与管理、土地资源利用和可持续发展提供科学依据。
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41371120)Tibet Key Science and Technology Program(2015XZ01G72)The Australian Government-funded Koshi Basin Programme at the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development(ICIMOD)
