Calculation of Ecological Compensation Standards for the Kuancheng Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System

Kuancheng Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System is located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Water Containment Function Area.The Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System is characterized by agroforestry compound,and some studies have shown that the compound planting of chestnut has better ecological benefits than the single chestnut planting mode.However,most of the local farmers in Kuancheng are mainly engaged in single chestnut cultivation.Through ecological compensation,farmers are being encouraged to change their chestnut planting mode,which can achieve the purpose of inheriting China’s important agricultural heritage and improving the ecological benefits.This paper introduces preference coefficients to correct for opportunity costs,and through interviews and questionnaires,we obtained the input and output of the single chestnut cultivation,chestnut-maitake,chestnut-millet,and chestnut-chicken and the income of laborers working outside the home in the Kuancheng area.Through analysis and calculation,we obtained the following results:(1)Although the net income of the three chestnut composite modes is higher,their economic input is higher than that of a single chestnut planting mode,and the return on unit investment is lower.(2)The average income of young and middle-aged workers who work outside is higher than that of the local farming industry,so the local chestnut agroforestry plantation has a higher opportunity cost.(3)The final calculation shows that the chestnut-chicken agroforestry operation mode needs no compensation,the chestnut-maitake plantation mode is compensated at least 1608.5 USD ha^(-1) yr^(-1),and the minimum compensation for the chestnut-millet plantation mode is 198.3 USD ha^(-1) yr^(-1),which can guarantee that farmers receive the full value of their creations.Ultimately,farmers are incentivized to revive the traditional agroforestry production mode to achieve both economic and ecological benefits while inheriting agricultural heritage.

基于劳动投入回报率的重要农业文化遗产保护经济驱动分析——以河北宽城传统板栗栽培系统为例

城市化和工业化背景下,传统小规模农业一直被认为是经济效益较低的产业。重要农业文化遗产地的小规模农业已有上千年的历史,至今仍发挥生计功能,为何仍有大量农户在从事农业生产?为解释这个现象,本文选取中国重要农业文化遗产——河北宽城板栗栽培系统为例,以宽城板栗种植户为单位,采用随机抽样问卷调查法收集数据,构建劳动投入回报模型,计算农户板栗种植和外出务工的劳动投入回报率。研究结果表明:宽城板栗种植户使用化肥和农药比例不高,耕地面积小(0.57 hm2·户^-1),田间管理、采摘是板栗种植消耗劳动量较多的农事活动,年均只需要投入121.4人·d·户^-1的劳动量;外出务工劳动力约2人·户^-1,人均务工时间为8.9月·a-1,每年每户外出务工的总劳动量为537人·d·户^-1,是板栗种植劳动投入的4.4倍。板栗价格相对略高,每户种植板栗所获得的收入是15623.3元·户^-1;农民文化程度较低、技能不足,外出务工的月收入较低,每户劳动力外出务工所获得年收入为59243.7元·户^-1。但从农户劳动投入回报率的角度看,小规模板栗种植业较外出务工高约1.2倍。这一结果与人们对农业低效益的普遍印象存在较大差别,也从经济维度解释了多数农户不愿意放弃板栗种植的原因。板栗种植需要的劳动量较少,使得农户有大量的剩余劳动力从事非农产业,农户兼业化是充分利用剩余劳动力以适应社会转型的适应性现象。

河北宽城传统板栗(Castanea mollissima)栽培系统景观特征及演变

河北省宽城满族自治县板栗(Castanea mollissima)栽培历史悠久,2014年宽城传统板栗栽培系统入选中国重要农业文化遗产。农业遗产景观是农业文化遗产的重要组成部分,研究遗产地景观特征及其演变有助于认识景观格局的特征及变化,促进系统的保护、传承与发展。该文结合Landsat和MODIS卫星遥感及实地调研数据,研究宽城传统板栗栽培系统遗产地景观的分布、结构及森林景观的演变特征。结果表明:(1)遗产地内主要有板栗林、落叶林、常绿林、农田、建设用地和水域6类景观,森林覆盖率达84.72%,板栗林是仅次于落叶林的第2大优势景观类型,面积达151.60 km^(2)(27.70%);(2)遗产系统沿山顶到河谷形成了“林地-板栗林-农田-村落-水域”依次分布的山地景观空间结构,形成了平地、山地梯田板栗林景观及其与农作物、菌类、家禽和药材等多种林下复合间作景观;(3)遗产地整体景观分布较为破碎,各个景观类型内局部连通度较好;(4)2000年以来遗产地森林覆盖度以8.18 km^(2)·a^(-1)的速度在扩张,其中板栗林对森林面积增长贡献率可达83.28%,提升了区域植被绿度。河北宽城传统板栗栽培系统具有重要的经济、文化和生态价值,在当地政府政策扶持下板栗林景观优势度不断提升。