Kudzu Forage Quality Evaluation as an Animal Feed Source

The nutritional value of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) was evaluated as a potential animal feed. Randomly selected samples from natural habitats with Jacksonville area (Alabama, USA) were utilized in the study. Kudzu leaves showed significantly higher dry matter and crude protein content than the stems;whereas, ADF fiber was significantly lower in the leaves. However, NDF and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were similar in the leaves and the stems. The leaf part of kudzu was especially rich in CP (24.46%) and met the requirements and recommendations for most ruminants. The TDN value for kudzu stem is 55.99%, which falls below but within the recommended range. Macronutrients concentration between the stem and leaf of kudzu, nitrogen, calcium, and magnesium showed a significantly higher in the leaf than the stem. However, phosphorous was similar in concentration in the stem and the leaf, and potassium was higher in the stem. In regard to the micronutrients, the only significant difference between the leaf and the stem was iron. However, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper were all above the recommended concentrations by the National Research Council. In general, kudzu can be considered a good source for animal feed, especially the leaf, which shows a higher value in most of the determined criteria in comparison to what was recommended by the National Research Council. This should provide a new outlook to kudzu, which has been considered a noxious weed and help in the utilization of kudzu in a positive way in the southern region of the US.

Effects of <i>Myrothecium verrucaria</i>on Ultrastructural Integrity of Kudzu (<i>Pueraria montana var. lobata</i>) and Phytotoxin Implications

The fungus Myrothecium verrucaria (Alb. & Schwein.) (MV), originally isolated from diseased sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia L.), has bioherbicial activity against kudzu and several other weeds when applied with low concentrations of the surfactant Silwet L-77. To more fully understand the initial events of MV infection or disease progression, and to improve knowledge related to its mechanism of action, the effects of MV and its product (roridin A) on kudzu seedlings were examined at the ultrastructural level. Ultrastructural analysis of MV effects on kudzu seedlings revealed a rapid (~1 h after treatment) detachment of the protoplast from the cell wall and plasmodesmata appeared to be broken off and retained in the wall. These symptoms occurred well in advance of the appearance of any fungal growth structures. Some fungal growth was observed after severe tissue degeneration (24 to 48 h after treatment), but this occurred primarily at the extra-cellular location with respect to the kudzu tissues. Kudzu seedlings treated with roridin A, a trichothecene produced by the fungus, exhibited some symptoms similar to those induced by the fungus applied in spore formulations with surfactant. The overall results are the first to report the ultrastructural effects of this bioherbicide on plants and suggest that penetration of a phytotoxic substance(s) in the fungal formulation was facilitated by the surfactant, and that roridin A exerts phytotoxicity toward kudzu.

Interaction of the Bioherbicide Myrothecium verrucaria and Glyphosate for Kudzu Control

Kudzu is an exotic invasive weed in the southeastern U.S. that is difficult to control with current commercial herbicides. Some success for its control has been achieved using a bioherbicidal agent, Myrothecium verrucaria (MV). Spore and mycelial formulations of MV were tested alone and in combination with glyphosate for control of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) under greenhouse and field conditions in naturally-infested areas. In greenhouse and field experiments, kudzu control increased as the concentration of spores or mycelia increased. Glyphosate alone provided 10%, 35%, 50% and 60% control in field experiments at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0X rates, respectively and MV alone spores provided 15%, 50%, 65% and 85% control at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0X rates, respectively. However, when MV spores were combined with glyphosate, significantly higher control occurred than that caused by either component alone. Similar levels of control were observed for MV mycelial formulations applied alone or with glyphosate at equivalent concentrations of the fungus. The rate of disease progression was more rapid and severe at all fungal spore or mycelial formulations and herbicide rates when these propagules were applied in combination with glyphosate. In field tests, 24 h after application, only 20% of kudzu plants were severely damaged by MV alone (0.25X), whereas 80% were severely diseased when MV spores and glyphosate were mixed and applied at 0.25X rates each. A similar trend occurred with the MV mycelial formulation applied at these rates. Synergist interactions on kudzu control were observed, especially when lower levels of MV (spores or mycelia) and glyphosate were combined and applied to kudzu in the greenhouse or in the field. These results suggest that it may be possible to incorporate glyphosate to improve the bioherbicidal control potential and reduce herbicide and inoculum requirements of M. verrucaria spores or mycelium for controlling kudzu.

Evaluation of the Estrogenic Activity of Pueraria (Kudzu) Flower Extract and Its Major Isoflavones Using ER-Binding and Uterotrophic Bioassays

Pueraria flower extract (PFE) is a hot water extract of the Kudzu flower (Pueraria thomsonii). Tea made from dried Kudzu flower is widely used inChina, and PFE is utilized as a nutritional supplement inJapan. PFE contains unique isoflavones such as 6-hydroxygenistein 6,7-di-O-glucoside (6HGDG), tectorigenin 7-O-xylosylglucoside (TGXG), and tectoridin. 6HGDG is known to be metabolized into 6-hydroxygenistein, and TGXG and tectoridin are known to be metabolized into tectorigenin in the digestive tract. Isoflavones typically mimic the effects β-estradiol has on estrogen receptors (ERs) and may influence the female genital system in the case of excessive intake. As a result, the upper limit of safe daily consumption of soy isoflavones has been enforced inJapan. In the present study, ER-binding assays were performed using the EnBio estrogen receptor/cofactor assay system to compare the estrogenic activity of 6-hydroxygenistein and tectorigenin to that of the soy isoflavone genistein. In addition, uterotrophic bioassays were performed to investigate the estrogenic effects of PFE in vivo. The ER-binding assays revealed that the ER-binding affinities of 6-hydroxygenistein and tectorigenin were approximately 0.01 - 0.04 that of genistein. Soy isoflavone products also induced an increase in uterine wet and blotted weight at doses of 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, whereas PFE did not cause adverse estrogenic effects, even at a dose of 1000 mg/kg. Based on these results, PFE does not appear to contain compounds with strong estrogenic activity or cause adverse estrogenic effects in vivo. Importantly, the results of this study confirm the safety of PFE as a food supplement.

Chemical Profiling and Quantification of Isoflavone Phytoestrogens in Kudzu Using LC/UV/MSD

Method development for determination of isoflavones in kudzu was achieved by HPLC/UV/ESI-MSD. Us- ing three kudzu species of Pueraria lobata, P. thomsonii and P. edulis, and analyzing the isoflavones sepa- rately by species and from different plant tissues (roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits) in each species, a total of 25 isoflavones were identified by their molecular ions and characteristic fragment ion peaks using LC/MSD under MS and MS/MS mode, and in comparison with standard isoflavones. Two main chemical groups were identified: 1) 8-C-glycosyl isoflavone of puerarin and the analogues of 5-OH puerarin, 3’-OH puerarin, 3’-OMe puerarin, and their glycosides;and 2) daidzein, genistein, glycitein and their glycosyl and malonyl derivatives, which are similar to those known in soy. To accurately quantitate total isoflavones, acidic hydrolysis during extraction of kudzu samples was applied to convert the oxygen glycosides into their respective isoflavone aglycones of daidzein, genistein and glycitein, or non-hydrolyzed carbon glycosides of puerarin, 5-OH puerarin, 3’-OH puerarin and 3’-OMe puerarin. Under the multiple optimized conditions, all seven isoflavones in acidic hydrolyzed kudzu extracts were successfully separated within 30 min and quanti- fied individually with calycosin used as internal standard by both UV and MS detectors. For the quantitative study, several standards e.g. 5-OH puerarin, 3’-OH puerarin and 3’-OMe puerarin are not commercially available. Using polyamide, sephdex-LH20 chromatography and Prep-HPLC, we purified these three stan- dards from kudzu extracts and then elucidated their structures by UV, MS and NMR spectrometric methods. This is the first method to simultaneously quantitate all the isoflavones in kudzu.

饲粮中葛藤不同添加量对肉兔养分表观消化率、胃肠道发育及消化酶活性的影响

为探讨葛藤在肉兔饲粮中的应用效果,开展葛藤的常规营养成分分析,选取35±2日龄体重(0.88±0.13 kg)相近的断奶伊拉兔肉兔200只,随机分成4组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只,分别饲喂添加0(对照组)、15%、25%、35%葛藤的试验饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期42 d。于正试期第36天开始进行为期7 d的消化代谢试验,分析肉兔养分表观消化率,试验结束后测定分析肉兔盲肠消化酶活性及胃肠道的变化。结果显示,饲粮中添加不同量的葛藤:1)提高了各处理组肉兔对饲粮中干物质、粗蛋白、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、酸性木质素、粗脂肪和半乳糖醛酸的表观消化率,35%葛藤组表观消化率最高,显著高于15%葛藤组与对照组(P<0.05)。2)提高了肉兔盲肠中纤维素酶、半纤维素酶与果胶酶活性,15%葛藤组酶活性最高,显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)对肉兔胃及小肠的相对长度无显著影响(P>0.05),但显著提高了盲肠相对长度和重量、胃相对重量与小肠相对重量,25%与35%葛藤组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。4)提高了肉兔空肠、回肠与十二指肠的绒毛长度、绒毛长度/隐窝深度比值(V/C)和黏膜层厚度,降低了隐窝深度值,35%葛藤组肉兔回肠、十二指肠的绒毛长度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),空肠、回肠的隐窝深度低于对照组,空肠、回肠的V/C显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。因此,生长肉兔饲粮中最适宜的葛藤添加量为35%。

Pueraria isoflavones inhibit XOD and GLUT9 to decrease uric acid production and promote uric acid excretion, respectively

Objective: To analyze the possible mechanism of Pueraria isoflavones inhibiting XOD and GLUT9 to reduce uric acid production and promote uric acid excretion. Methods: August 2021-April 2022, a total of forty SPF male Kunming mice were divided into the healthy group (carboxymethylcellulose sodium at a dose of 250 mg/kg), the model group (HUA mice were given carboxymethylcellulose sodium at a dose of 250 mg/kg), the low group (HUA mice were given pueraria isoflavone at a dose of 125 mg/kg), HUA mice were given pueraria isoflavones at a dose of 250 mg/kg once d frequency)and the high group (HUA mice were given pueraria isoflavones at a dose of 500 mg/kg once d frequency) dosage groups, with 8 mice in each group. The contents of uric acid (SUA), urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (SCr) in serum and urine of each group were compared before and after intervention (30 d). Statistical differences of xanthine oxidase (XOD) and human glucose transporter 9(GLUT9), cy- clooxygenase- 2(COX-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1β) contents in renal tissues of each group after intervention (30 d) were compared. Results: After intervention, kidney inflammatory factors (COX-2, TNF-α and IL-1β) in the model group were compared. Blood and urine indexes (SUA, BUN, SCr);The contents of XOD and GLUT9 were higher than those of healthy group(P<0.05). Renal inflammatory cytokines (COX-2, TNF-α and IL-1β) in low, medium and high dose groups;Blood and urine indexes (SUA, BUN, SCr);The contents of XOD and GLUT9 were lower than those of model group, and there were low > medium > high dose groups, the comparison between the two groups had statistical significance(P< 0.05). After intervention, the contents of 3 indicators in blood or urine(COX-2, TNF-α and IL-1β) all decreased compared with before intervention, and the differences in intra-group comparison were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Pueraria isoflavones can treat HUA mice by inhibiting the expression of XOD and GLUT9, and then play a role in reducing uric acid pro- duction and promoting uric acid excretion, as well as alleviating the degree of disease inflammation.

葛根异黄酮抑制XOD和GLUT9分别发挥减少尿酸生成、促进尿酸排泄双重途径的机制

目的:分析葛根异黄酮抑制XOD和GLUT9分别发挥减少尿酸生成、促进尿酸排泄的可能机制。方法:2021年8月~2022年4月,采用随机数字表法将40只SPF级雄性昆明小鼠分为健康组(1次d频率250 mg/kg剂量灌胃羧甲基纤维素钠)、模型组(HUA小鼠1次d频率250 mg/kg剂量灌胃羧甲基纤维素钠)和低(HUA小鼠1次d频率125 mg/kg剂量灌胃葛根异黄酮)、中(HUA小鼠1次d频率250 mg/kg剂量灌胃葛根异黄酮)、高(HUA小鼠1次d频率500 mg/kg剂量灌胃葛根异黄酮)剂量组,每组各8只。比较各组干预前和干预后(30 d)血清和尿液中尿酸(SUA)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(SCr)含量的统计学差异,比较各组干预后(30 d)肾脏组织中黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)和人葡萄糖转运蛋白9(GLUT9)、环氧化酶-2(COX-2)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-ɑ)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1β)含量的统计学差异。结果:干预后比较,模型组肾脏炎症因子(COX-2、TNF-ɑ、IL-1β);血液和尿液3项指标(SUA、BUN、SCr);XOD、GLUT9含量均高于健康组(P<0.05);低、中、高剂量组肾脏炎症因子(COX-2、TNF-ɑ、IL-1β);血液和尿液3项指标(SUA、BUN、SCr);XOD、GLUT9含量均低于模型组,且有低>中>高剂量组,两两分组的比较均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预后相比干预前,血液或尿液3项指标(COX-2、TNF-ɑ、IL-1β)含量均有下降,组内比较的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:葛根异黄酮能治疗HUA小鼠能通过抑制XOD、GLUT9表达,继而发挥减少尿酸生成、促进尿酸排泄作用,同时有利于缓解疾病的炎症程度。

莓茶黄酮提取物对粉葛淀粉结构和体外消化的影响

将莓茶黄酮提取物(VTE)加入粉葛淀粉(KS)中制备复合物,采用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(CLSM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和X射线衍射(XRD)对复合物进行结构表征,通过体外消化模型预测复合物的消化性和血糖生成指数(GI)。结果表明:FT-IR和XRD图谱显示成功制备的复合物为A+V型复合物;CLSM图像检测证明VTE直接作用于KS;体外模拟消化试验结果显示,复合物的抗性淀粉(RS)含量较KS提高20.56%,预测GI为63.83±0.46,属于中GI食物。

中药葛根防治糖尿病的作用机制和研究进展

糖尿病患病率高且并发症多,严重影响各种疾病的预后。在治疗上,降糖西药不良反应较多,限制临床治疗。中医药对于防治糖尿病经验丰富,可通过多靶点多通路降低患者血糖。中药葛根作为辛凉解表药,有清热、生津、止渴之效,药理学研究其具有抗氧化应激反应、减少炎症因子积聚、增强胰岛素敏感性、减少胰岛素抵抗等作用。葛根治疗糖尿病的主要活性成分为葛根素,临床研究表明以葛根素、葛根药对、葛根类方辨证论治各种糖尿病患者,疗效显著。近年来研究发现葛根素、葛根药对及葛根类方可以通过多靶点、多通路抑制氧化应激反应、调节体内炎症因子水平、减少AGEs的形成与累积、抑制胰岛β细胞凋亡、增加胰岛素敏感性、减少胰岛素抵抗等多种途径达到降低血糖,控制并改善各种并发症。文章旨在通过梳理相关文献,从葛根素、葛根药对、葛根类方3个方面总结归纳中药葛根防治糖尿病的作用机制和研究进展。

减量施氮对橡胶树——葛藤间作模式结瘤固氮及氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】研究接种根瘤菌后,减量施氮对橡胶树与葛藤间作模式结瘤固氮及氮素吸收利用的影响,为胶园减少氮肥施用量、实现绿色发展提供理论依据。【方法】在幼龄胶园中,采用随机区组设计,设5个处理:橡胶树单作,配合正常氮肥施用量(对照,CK1);橡胶树间作葛藤但不接种根瘤菌,配合正常氮肥施用量(对照,CK2);橡胶树间作葛藤并接种根瘤菌后,配合正常氮肥施用量(T100)、减施25%氮肥(T75)和减施50%氮肥(T50);分析不同处理下根瘤固氮效果、作物生长状况、作物氮含量、葛藤氮累积量及表层(0~30 cm)土壤全氮含量。【结果】与T100处理相比,T75和T50处理的葛藤根瘤数量、根瘤鲜重、固氮酶活性、固氮潜力和豆血红蛋白含量均增加,其中T50处理与T100处理差异显著(P<0.05,下同);T75和T50处理的葛藤地上部干重和根系干重均与CK2无显著差异(P>0.05,下同),而T50处理的葛藤根系氮含量和地上部氮累积量均较CK2显著增加,分别是其1.10和1.49倍。与CK1和CK2相比,接种根瘤菌配合减施氮肥对橡胶树的树围、树高和叶片氮含量均无显著影响,但T50处理的胶园0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~30 cm土层土壤全氮含量均较CK1显著提高15%以上。相关分析结果表明,根瘤固氮酶活性与葛藤植株干重、氮含量和氮积累量呈显著正相关。【结论】在橡胶树与葛藤间作模式中,接种根瘤菌配合减施50%氮肥,可增强葛藤根瘤的固氮能力,从而提高表层土壤全氮含量,促进葛藤对氮素的吸收和累积,并维持橡胶树叶片氮素含量,保证了葛藤和橡胶树的正常生长。

粉葛加工副产物中结合态酚类物质的提取工艺优化、组成及抗氧化活性分析

为提高粉葛加工副产物的综合利用价值,对两种常见副产物粉葛皮及粉葛渣中结合态酚类物质的提取工艺进行优化,采用红外光谱法及扫描电镜,对比提取前后粉葛加工副产物微观结构的变化,采用液质联用技术对结合态酚类物质的组分构成进行表征,并对两种副产物残渣的抗氧化活性进行测定。结果表明,副产物粉葛渣中结合态酚类物质最优提取条件为液料比30:1 mL/g、NaOH溶液水解时间4 h、NaOH溶液浓度3 mol/L,该条件下结合态酚类物质的得率为2.54±0.070 mg/g;副产物粉葛皮中结合态酚类物质最优提取条件为液料比40:1 mL/g,NaOH溶液水解时间5 h,NaOH溶液浓度3 mol/L,该条件下结合态酚类物质得率为5.087±0.155 mg/g。碱水解破坏了粉葛加工副产物中酚类物质与纤维素之间的酯键,整体纤维结构破损,有效促进了结合态酚类物质的释放。副产物粉葛渣及粉葛皮中的结合态酚类物质组成存在较大的差异,粉葛皮中的结合态酚类物质以酚酸类、黄酮类成分为主,而粉葛渣中结合态酚类物质则主要以黄酮类成分为主。粉葛皮及粉葛渣结合态酚类物质均具有较强的抗氧化活性,且粉葛皮中结合态酚类物质抗氧化能力优于粉葛渣。综上,粉葛加工副产物残渣中含有丰富的结合态酚类物质,且抗氧化活性显著,具有较好的开发利用价值。

响应面法和模糊数学联用优化葛粉鱼丸制备工艺

以信阳南湾鱼、葛根为原料制备葛粉鱼丸,以期丰富鱼丸制品预制菜的产品类型。以感官评分和质构参数为评价指标,研究葛粉、葱姜汁、玉米淀粉、食盐、蔗糖的添加量对葛粉鱼丸品质的影响,通过模糊数学模型建立感官评价体系与响应面实验联用对葛粉鱼丸的制备工艺进行优化,并对优化后葛粉鱼丸的理化指标和微生物指标进行测定。结果表明,当葛粉添加量(以鱼肉质量计)为7.9%、葱姜汁添加量为90%、玉米淀粉添加量为6.0%、食盐添加量为2.1%、蔗糖添加量为1.20%时,所得葛粉鱼丸风味独特,感官评分可达90.6分,弹性可达3.63 mm,颜色雪白,脂肪含量为2.11 g/100 g,蛋白质含量为12.13 g/100 g,挥发性盐基氮含量和致病菌数量均在国家标准规定的范围内,是一种低脂肪、高蛋白质、安全可食用的鱼丸制品。

丹灯通脑软胶囊及其组方化学成分与分析方法研究进展

丹灯通脑软胶囊源于彝医验方,由丹参、灯盏细辛、川芎、粉葛4味药物组成,具有活血化瘀、祛风通络等功效,临床上多用于冠心病、脑中风、高血压、心绞痛等疾病的治疗。复方的组成药物中以黄酮类、醌类、有机酸类等化学成分为主,研究证实该药具有扩张周围毛细血管、促进心脑血管循环、增加冠状动脉血流量和缓解心肌缺血的功效,本文通过回顾近年来的相关文献,对丹灯通脑软胶囊的化学组成成分、质量控制和体内代谢研究方法进行总结,旨在为丹灯通脑软胶囊及相关组方的药效物质基础的研究提供参考依据。

葛根-山药复合功能性鲜湿薯类粉条工艺优化

目的探究葛根、山药不同添加量对鲜湿薯类粉条品质的影响,加工一种功能性鲜湿薯类粉条。方法使用白度测定仪、混合实验仪、数字粘度计等探究葛根粉、山药粉添加量对混合粉白度、糊化老化特性、黏度等的影响;在此基础上,以感官评价和弹性为响应值,采用单因素和Box-Behnken响应面实验优化得出葛根-山药复合功能性鲜湿薯类粉条最佳加工工艺,并通过体外消化模型研究葛根-山药复合鲜湿薯类粉条的血糖生成指数。结果随着葛根粉含量增加,混合粉水分含量、吸水率、白度下降,糊化黏度增大,粉团糊化特性总体上逐渐下降;粉条感官评分先升高后降低,硬度在葛根粉添加量为15%达到最大值1357.5 gf;黏性、弹性和回复性先升高后降低。随着山药粉含量增加,混合粉水分含量和白度下降,吸水率上升,糊化黏度减小,延缓粉团淀粉回生;粉条感官评分先升高后降低,硬度在山药粉添加量为10%达到最大值1439.7 gf,黏性、弹性和回复性整体上减小。水添加量为53%时粉条品质最佳。响应面实验得出鲜湿薯类粉条最佳工艺条件为:葛根粉添加量13%、山药粉添加量4%、水添加量53%。该工艺制备的粉条感官评分为92.97±0.36,弹性为0.911±0.010,血糖生成指数比空白样降低13.10。结论在最佳工艺条件下制作的葛根-山药复合鲜湿薯类粉条,具有葛根和山药风味,感官品质好,口感爽滑,抗老化特性得到一定改善,血糖生成指数降低,为鲜湿薯类粉条企业生产提供了理论依据和技术支撑。

不同配比发酵葛藤对贵州黑山羊血清生化指标、生长性能、屠宰性能和肉质性状的影响

文章旨在探究发酵葛藤对贵州黑山羊血清生化指标、生长性能、屠宰性能及肉质性状的影响,试验选取6月龄、生长状况良好、平均体重为(21.46±0.58)kg的贵州黑山羊公羊28只,随机分为4组,分别为对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组,每组7只,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别在基础日粮中添加了5%、10%、15%的发酵葛藤,预饲期7 d,正式期90 d,每间隔30 d,测定试验羊的体重并计算该段时间的采食量,待试验结束后,采集试验羊的血液测定生化指标,同时每组选取3只进行屠宰,测定贵州黑山羊的屠宰性能,采集相应的后腿肌肉组织测定肉质性状。结果表明:试验Ⅰ组采食量高,生长速度快,平均日增重较高达(160.11±1.86)g,且料重比显著低于其他组(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ组的屠宰率和净肉率显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ组显著高于试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05),但试验Ⅲ组与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05);肉色和pH值各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),试验Ⅰ组剪切力和熟肉率最小,显著低于其他组(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著低于对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ组蛋白质和脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);血液生化指标上看,试验Ⅰ组总蛋白和白蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),IgG、IgM和IgA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上所述,日粮中添加5%的发酵葛藤能显著提升贵州黑山羊的饲喂效果,可以作为最佳的添加比例使用。

葛藤营养价值及在动物生产中的应用

葛藤属于豆科蝶形花亚科葛藤属,为多年生落叶藤本植物。葛藤一般是指葛的地上部分,地下部分常称为葛根。葛藤嫩茎和叶片富含营养物质,是优良的饲料来源。葛藤分布广泛、生长速度快,在动物生产中采用葛藤替代畜禽饲料中部分苜蓿或精料是可行的,这不仅符合国家“饲料中玉米豆粕减量替代”的政策,还能推动畜牧业的持续发展,并有助于缓解部分地区饲料资源紧缺的现状。该文对葛藤(葛的地上部分)作为畜禽饲料作一概述,旨在为葛藤的进一步研究和开发应用提供一定参考。

气相色谱法测定葛根和淫羊藿总黄酮提取物中大孔树脂有机残留物

目的:建立葛根和淫羊藿总黄酮提取物中大孔吸附树脂7种有机残留物的含量测定方法。方法:采用气相色谱法,DB-1毛细管柱(柱长为60 m,内径为0.25 mm,膜厚度为1.0μm),柱温为程序升温,起始温度为40℃,再以4℃/min升温至175℃,保持12 min,用氢火焰离子化检测器检测,检测器温度250℃,进样口温度200℃;载气为氮气,流速为0.8 mL/min,分流比为20∶1,顶空进样,顶空瓶平衡温度为90℃,平衡时间为50 min。结果:7种有机溶剂残留物的峰面积与浓度呈良好线性关系,正己烷、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯、二乙烯苯、1,2-二乙基苯的平均回收率分别为101%、90%、87%、85%、84%、76%、79%。结论:该方法测定准确度高、精密度重复性好。

武陵山区4种块根类淀粉的糊化特性和冲调性质分析

目的:探究葛根、蕨根、百合、凉薯4种块根类植物淀粉的糊化特性与冲调特性。方法:采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、快速黏度分析仪(RVA)、差式量热扫描仪(DSC)等分析淀粉的微观形态和糊化特性;对4种淀粉进行冲泡,并分析淀粉糊的透明度和表观形态等。结果:葛根、蕨根、凉薯淀粉的颗粒形态较为相似,大多为球形;百合淀粉颗粒较大,且形态为纺锤形。糊化特性表明,百合淀粉的峰值黏度最高,为(7.00±0.03) Pa·s;葛根和百合淀粉的回生值较大,表明其易于回生。热力学特性表明,蕨根淀粉的起始糊化温度最低,为59.4℃,表明其容易糊化;百合淀粉的糊化焓值最高,为15.64 J/g,表明其糊化时需要更多的热量。冲调特性表明,葛根淀粉糊的透明度最好,其透光率为29.11%;而百合淀粉糊的透光率仅为12.25%;冲调后,葛根淀粉糊和百合淀粉糊易于形成凝胶,但流动性较差;蕨根淀粉糊和凉薯淀粉糊凝胶能力较差,易于流动。结论:百合淀粉和葛根淀粉的冲调性质相似,具有冲调类食品的开发潜力;蕨根淀粉和凉薯淀粉回生值较低,糊的流动性较好,可用于抑制食品的回生。

葛粉-马蹄粉南湾鱼丸的加工工艺研究

为进一步丰富南湾鱼制品的种类,助力南湾鱼的高质量发展,该研究以信阳市特色食品资源南湾鱼为原料,辅助添加葛粉、马蹄粉制成鱼丸产品,以鱼丸的质构特性和感官评分为考察指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化葛粉、马蹄粉、大豆分离蛋白、食盐的添加量,确定鱼丸的最佳配方。结果表明,当葛粉添加量为6%、马蹄粉添加量为8%、大豆分离蛋白添加量为4%、食盐添加量为4%时,鱼丸的感官评分达到52.2分,具有色泽洁白、组织紧密、富有弹性的特点。葛粉-马蹄粉南湾鱼丸的蛋白质含量为12.05 g/100 g,脂肪含量为1.10 g/100 g,挥发性盐基氮含量为2.44 mg/100 g,致病菌未检出,符合国家标准,拥有高蛋白、低脂肪的优势,安全无毒,适于食用。