Along with conventional methods,this paper proposed a method in which ID and 3D models are integrated to identify the self-sourced reservoir potential of the Farewell Formation in the Kupe Gas Field within the Taranak...Along with conventional methods,this paper proposed a method in which ID and 3D models are integrated to identify the self-sourced reservoir potential of the Farewell Formation in the Kupe Gas Field within the Taranaki Basin,New Zealand.Source rock characteristics were evaluated at both field and basin scales by investigating source rock maturity,type of organic matter,and hydrocarbon generation potential by rock pyrolysis,using Rock-Eval 2 and 6.The ID thermal and burial history model established the rate of sedimentation and thermal history of the Kupe 4 well.Reservoir characterization at field-scale was determined by seismic interpretation,well log analysis,and 3D structural and petrophysical models.The sediments of the Farewell Formation contain types Ⅱ-Ⅲ(oil/gas prone)and type Ⅲ(gas prone)and have fair-to-excellent generation potential.The oxygen and hydrogen indices ranged from 3 to 476 mg C0_(2)/g TOC and 26 to 356 mg HC/g TOC,respectively,whereas the thermal maturity determined by vitrinite reflectance values ranged between 0.3%and 0.72%,indicating that the Farewell Formation is in immature-to-mature hydrocarbon generation stage.Thus,Farewell Formation was verified to be a good source rock.Additionally,structural interpretations demonstrated the structural complexity of an extensional and contractional regime within the reservoir package.Multiple faults indicated a good reservoir property there with a trapping mechanism as well as migration paths.A well-log-based petrophysical analysis established the presence of up to 70%hydrocarbon saturation within the pore spaces of Farewell sandstones.The 3D models confirmed that the Farewell Formation has significant sand zones and hydrocarbon-saturated zones,thereby proving its very good reservoir characteristics.It has been proved that the ID and 3D structural schemes,integrated with geological techniques,was vital in identifying the Kupe Field as a self-sourced reservoir.展开更多
Knowledge on soil properties likely to influence P sorption in tephra soils is very important for sustainable management of available P. Sorption studies on six tephra soils were conducted to relate P sorption to soil...Knowledge on soil properties likely to influence P sorption in tephra soils is very important for sustainable management of available P. Sorption studies on six tephra soils were conducted to relate P sorption to soil characteristics in order to identify those with potential influence on P sorption. Four equilibrium-based sorption models commonly encountered in soil studies (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Van Huay) were used to describe P sorption in the soils. P sorption was determined by measuring the residual P content of a clarified equilibrating solution of 0.02 N KCl containing varying concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100 mg/L) of P as KH2PO4 after mixing with 1 g of soil in duplicates for 16 hours at 25°C. Maximum amount of P sorbed for the varying P concentrations used ranged from 2080 to 5402 mg/kg with a potential for greater P sorption maxima at higher P solution concentrations. P sorption in these soils was best described by the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Allophane and ferrihydrite are the principal species controlling the high P sorption in these soils. pH-NaF proved to be a potentially reliable test for assessing the presence of allophanic materials and thus for estimating P sorbed. This work would guide both effective and efficient P fertilizer management with economic implications for both the study area and similar environments.展开更多
文摘Along with conventional methods,this paper proposed a method in which ID and 3D models are integrated to identify the self-sourced reservoir potential of the Farewell Formation in the Kupe Gas Field within the Taranaki Basin,New Zealand.Source rock characteristics were evaluated at both field and basin scales by investigating source rock maturity,type of organic matter,and hydrocarbon generation potential by rock pyrolysis,using Rock-Eval 2 and 6.The ID thermal and burial history model established the rate of sedimentation and thermal history of the Kupe 4 well.Reservoir characterization at field-scale was determined by seismic interpretation,well log analysis,and 3D structural and petrophysical models.The sediments of the Farewell Formation contain types Ⅱ-Ⅲ(oil/gas prone)and type Ⅲ(gas prone)and have fair-to-excellent generation potential.The oxygen and hydrogen indices ranged from 3 to 476 mg C0_(2)/g TOC and 26 to 356 mg HC/g TOC,respectively,whereas the thermal maturity determined by vitrinite reflectance values ranged between 0.3%and 0.72%,indicating that the Farewell Formation is in immature-to-mature hydrocarbon generation stage.Thus,Farewell Formation was verified to be a good source rock.Additionally,structural interpretations demonstrated the structural complexity of an extensional and contractional regime within the reservoir package.Multiple faults indicated a good reservoir property there with a trapping mechanism as well as migration paths.A well-log-based petrophysical analysis established the presence of up to 70%hydrocarbon saturation within the pore spaces of Farewell sandstones.The 3D models confirmed that the Farewell Formation has significant sand zones and hydrocarbon-saturated zones,thereby proving its very good reservoir characteristics.It has been proved that the ID and 3D structural schemes,integrated with geological techniques,was vital in identifying the Kupe Field as a self-sourced reservoir.
文摘Knowledge on soil properties likely to influence P sorption in tephra soils is very important for sustainable management of available P. Sorption studies on six tephra soils were conducted to relate P sorption to soil characteristics in order to identify those with potential influence on P sorption. Four equilibrium-based sorption models commonly encountered in soil studies (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Van Huay) were used to describe P sorption in the soils. P sorption was determined by measuring the residual P content of a clarified equilibrating solution of 0.02 N KCl containing varying concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100 mg/L) of P as KH2PO4 after mixing with 1 g of soil in duplicates for 16 hours at 25°C. Maximum amount of P sorbed for the varying P concentrations used ranged from 2080 to 5402 mg/kg with a potential for greater P sorption maxima at higher P solution concentrations. P sorption in these soils was best described by the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Allophane and ferrihydrite are the principal species controlling the high P sorption in these soils. pH-NaF proved to be a potentially reliable test for assessing the presence of allophanic materials and thus for estimating P sorbed. This work would guide both effective and efficient P fertilizer management with economic implications for both the study area and similar environments.
