Handwritten character recognition(HCR)involves identifying characters in images,documents,and various sources such as forms surveys,questionnaires,and signatures,and transforming them into a machine-readable format fo...Handwritten character recognition(HCR)involves identifying characters in images,documents,and various sources such as forms surveys,questionnaires,and signatures,and transforming them into a machine-readable format for subsequent processing.Successfully recognizing complex and intricately shaped handwritten characters remains a significant obstacle.The use of convolutional neural network(CNN)in recent developments has notably advanced HCR,leveraging the ability to extract discriminative features from extensive sets of raw data.Because of the absence of pre-existing datasets in the Kurdish language,we created a Kurdish handwritten dataset called(KurdSet).The dataset consists of Kurdish characters,digits,texts,and symbols.The dataset consists of 1560 participants and contains 45,240 characters.In this study,we chose characters only from our dataset.We utilized a Kurdish dataset for handwritten character recognition.The study also utilizes various models,including InceptionV3,Xception,DenseNet121,and a customCNNmodel.To show the performance of the KurdSet dataset,we compared it to Arabic handwritten character recognition dataset(AHCD).We applied the models to both datasets to show the performance of our dataset.Additionally,the performance of the models is evaluated using test accuracy,which measures the percentage of correctly classified characters in the evaluation phase.All models performed well in the training phase,DenseNet121 exhibited the highest accuracy among the models,achieving a high accuracy of 99.80%on the Kurdish dataset.And Xception model achieved 98.66%using the Arabic dataset.展开更多
The present study was an attempt made to explore the nature of utilizing nicknames, as an insufficiently researched area, in the context of Ilami Kurdish highschools. To realize this purpose, randomly as many as 200 m...The present study was an attempt made to explore the nature of utilizing nicknames, as an insufficiently researched area, in the context of Ilami Kurdish highschools. To realize this purpose, randomly as many as 200 male and female highschool students from both state and non-state schools were asked to participate in the survey by filling in the forms given to them. The elicited nicknames were those commonly used by students in their own mother tongue, that is Ilami Kurdish and not in Persian, as the formal language of people across lran. The data gathered were then analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that physical characteristics, both for male and female students, accounted for the greatest category based on which nicknames were shaped among highschool students. Moreover, the most nicknames applied by llami Kurdish highschool students were found to be neutrally evaluated followed by positive and negative evaluation, respectively. Finally, statistical computation done by SPSS package demonstrated that gender did not act as a significant variable in this inquiry.展开更多
Turkey’s greatest security threats are connected to its unresolved Kurdish issue.Attempts by the Justice and Development Party government of President Recep Tayyip Erdoan to end the conflict with the Kurdis...Turkey’s greatest security threats are connected to its unresolved Kurdish issue.Attempts by the Justice and Development Party government of President Recep Tayyip Erdoan to end the conflict with the Kurdistan Workers’Party(PKK)in Turkey have so far been unsuccessful.Since the end of direct negotiations in July 2015 which included the jailed leader of the PKK,AbdullahÖcalan,war in Turkey’s southeast has caused increased humanitarian tragedy and security costs for Turkey,undermining the good governance required for social stability.It is highly unlikely that military force will eliminate the PKK terrorist attacks or that any international pressure will induce the government to resume negotiations at the government level,the traditional Track I path.A new approach is needed.This article proposes that Turkish civil society organizations engage in Track II diplomacy that can reduce ethnic tensions and develop new ideas that increase the prospects for success over the long term for ending the PKK struggle and resolving the Kurdish Issue in Turkey.展开更多
Turkey’s approximately fifteen million Kurds constitute up to twenty percent of the country’s population and account for about one half of all Kurds.Iraq’s roughly four and a half million Kurds constitute around fi...Turkey’s approximately fifteen million Kurds constitute up to twenty percent of the country’s population and account for about one half of all Kurds.Iraq’s roughly four and a half million Kurds constitute around fifteen percent of the total Iraqi population. Iran’s Kurdish population is probably a little larger than Iraq’s although a smaller percentage of the Iranian national total, while Syria is home to in excess of one million ethnic Kurds. Although it might be said that'the Kurds only really began to think of themselves as an ethnic community from1918 onwards…for Kurdish nationalists there can be no question that the nation has existed since time immemorial, long asleep but finally aroused'(McDowell1997:4). In other words, the rise of a wider Kurdish national consciousness roughly coincided with the incorporation of Kurds into the newly created states of Turkey, Iraq and Syria. Unsurprisingly therefore, the twentieth century witnessed frequent Kurdish revolts against Turkish, Iranian and Arab attempts at nation building and assimilation and in support of the self determination that had been denied them, and these have continued up to the present day. In short, the Kurdish’question’has been a transborder one since the collapse of the Ottoman empire at the end of the First World War, and is rooted in the global phenomena of decolonization, state creation, nation building, and the emergence of the principle of national self-determination.展开更多
Salim Barakat is a Kurdish author, yet his works are highly regarded for their mastery of Arabic. To achieve his impossible goal of presenting a true picture of the dire condition of the Syrian Kurdish communities, sp...Salim Barakat is a Kurdish author, yet his works are highly regarded for their mastery of Arabic. To achieve his impossible goal of presenting a true picture of the dire condition of the Syrian Kurdish communities, specifically the Yazidis’ genocide in his novel The Captives of Sinjar, he resorts to Latin American magical realism and a convoluted writing style. Characters are not what they seem and every natural thing is a sentient being. The narrative traces the ghostly lives and deaths of five captive Yazidi girls and their five ISIS fighter-masters. The protagonist, Sarat, a fictional image of Barakat, is a painter, who lives and works by a secluded lakeside in Sweden. His work is influenced by the horrific imaginations of famous European artists. This paper accents the novel’s deep structure of collective memories of individuals and communities as addressed by the modern philosophers: Theodor Adorno, Maurice Blanchot, and Maurice Halbwachs.展开更多
The Middle East geopolitical landscape is undergoing accelerated transformation, distinguished by Russia-US rivalry and supplemented by Iran-Saudi contest. Divisions among regional camps have become even more distinct...The Middle East geopolitical landscape is undergoing accelerated transformation, distinguished by Russia-US rivalry and supplemented by Iran-Saudi contest. Divisions among regional camps have become even more distinct in the absence of effective leadership in the Arab world, and the Kurdish factor still plays an important role in the evolution of regional geopolitics despite partial setbacks.展开更多
RAPD （Random amplified polymorphic DNA） markers were used to study genetic diversity among three Kurdish sheep breeds （the Karadi, Hamdani and Jaff） with the Awassi sheep breed. A total of 40 samples were typed us...RAPD （Random amplified polymorphic DNA） markers were used to study genetic diversity among three Kurdish sheep breeds （the Karadi, Hamdani and Jaff） with the Awassi sheep breed. A total of 40 samples were typed using twenty RAPD primers. Ten out of the twenty primers had clear bands, which used to investigate the genetic variations among breeds. One of the ten primers is monomorphism. A total of 109 bands were scored, of which 46 bands （46.56%） were polymorphic and 18 of polymorphic band were unique bands. For all breeds, Nei＇s gene diversity, Shannon index, percentage of polymorphic loci and unique bands are respectively in the range of 0.32 to 0.50, 0.44 to 0.69, 31.81 to 100, and 2 to 8. Using UPGMA （unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average） dendrogram, the three clusters, the 1st cluster branch consisted of the Karadi sheep breed, the 2nd cluster was include both of the Jaff and Hamdani sheep breeds and the 3rd one included Awassi sheep breed. These results indicated that the Karadi sheep is most genetically distant from the Awassi sheep （0.916）. The Jaff and Hamdani sheep in the 2nd cluster indicate a close relationship between them and the results indicated that the Jaff and Hamdani sheep breeds were closer to Awassi sheep breed than to the Karadi sheep breed. The dendrograms show that there are high genetic distances among sheep breeds, and were ranged from 0.223 between Hamdani and Jaff sheep breeds to 0.916 between Karadi and Awassi sheep breeds. Based on the high degree of genetic distance among the four sheep breeds it is concluded that the four sheep breeds arc independent and isolated breeds.展开更多
文摘Handwritten character recognition(HCR)involves identifying characters in images,documents,and various sources such as forms surveys,questionnaires,and signatures,and transforming them into a machine-readable format for subsequent processing.Successfully recognizing complex and intricately shaped handwritten characters remains a significant obstacle.The use of convolutional neural network(CNN)in recent developments has notably advanced HCR,leveraging the ability to extract discriminative features from extensive sets of raw data.Because of the absence of pre-existing datasets in the Kurdish language,we created a Kurdish handwritten dataset called(KurdSet).The dataset consists of Kurdish characters,digits,texts,and symbols.The dataset consists of 1560 participants and contains 45,240 characters.In this study,we chose characters only from our dataset.We utilized a Kurdish dataset for handwritten character recognition.The study also utilizes various models,including InceptionV3,Xception,DenseNet121,and a customCNNmodel.To show the performance of the KurdSet dataset,we compared it to Arabic handwritten character recognition dataset(AHCD).We applied the models to both datasets to show the performance of our dataset.Additionally,the performance of the models is evaluated using test accuracy,which measures the percentage of correctly classified characters in the evaluation phase.All models performed well in the training phase,DenseNet121 exhibited the highest accuracy among the models,achieving a high accuracy of 99.80%on the Kurdish dataset.And Xception model achieved 98.66%using the Arabic dataset.
文摘The present study was an attempt made to explore the nature of utilizing nicknames, as an insufficiently researched area, in the context of Ilami Kurdish highschools. To realize this purpose, randomly as many as 200 male and female highschool students from both state and non-state schools were asked to participate in the survey by filling in the forms given to them. The elicited nicknames were those commonly used by students in their own mother tongue, that is Ilami Kurdish and not in Persian, as the formal language of people across lran. The data gathered were then analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that physical characteristics, both for male and female students, accounted for the greatest category based on which nicknames were shaped among highschool students. Moreover, the most nicknames applied by llami Kurdish highschool students were found to be neutrally evaluated followed by positive and negative evaluation, respectively. Finally, statistical computation done by SPSS package demonstrated that gender did not act as a significant variable in this inquiry.
文摘Turkey’s greatest security threats are connected to its unresolved Kurdish issue.Attempts by the Justice and Development Party government of President Recep Tayyip Erdoan to end the conflict with the Kurdistan Workers’Party(PKK)in Turkey have so far been unsuccessful.Since the end of direct negotiations in July 2015 which included the jailed leader of the PKK,AbdullahÖcalan,war in Turkey’s southeast has caused increased humanitarian tragedy and security costs for Turkey,undermining the good governance required for social stability.It is highly unlikely that military force will eliminate the PKK terrorist attacks or that any international pressure will induce the government to resume negotiations at the government level,the traditional Track I path.A new approach is needed.This article proposes that Turkish civil society organizations engage in Track II diplomacy that can reduce ethnic tensions and develop new ideas that increase the prospects for success over the long term for ending the PKK struggle and resolving the Kurdish Issue in Turkey.
文摘Turkey’s approximately fifteen million Kurds constitute up to twenty percent of the country’s population and account for about one half of all Kurds.Iraq’s roughly four and a half million Kurds constitute around fifteen percent of the total Iraqi population. Iran’s Kurdish population is probably a little larger than Iraq’s although a smaller percentage of the Iranian national total, while Syria is home to in excess of one million ethnic Kurds. Although it might be said that'the Kurds only really began to think of themselves as an ethnic community from1918 onwards…for Kurdish nationalists there can be no question that the nation has existed since time immemorial, long asleep but finally aroused'(McDowell1997:4). In other words, the rise of a wider Kurdish national consciousness roughly coincided with the incorporation of Kurds into the newly created states of Turkey, Iraq and Syria. Unsurprisingly therefore, the twentieth century witnessed frequent Kurdish revolts against Turkish, Iranian and Arab attempts at nation building and assimilation and in support of the self determination that had been denied them, and these have continued up to the present day. In short, the Kurdish’question’has been a transborder one since the collapse of the Ottoman empire at the end of the First World War, and is rooted in the global phenomena of decolonization, state creation, nation building, and the emergence of the principle of national self-determination.
文摘Salim Barakat is a Kurdish author, yet his works are highly regarded for their mastery of Arabic. To achieve his impossible goal of presenting a true picture of the dire condition of the Syrian Kurdish communities, specifically the Yazidis’ genocide in his novel The Captives of Sinjar, he resorts to Latin American magical realism and a convoluted writing style. Characters are not what they seem and every natural thing is a sentient being. The narrative traces the ghostly lives and deaths of five captive Yazidi girls and their five ISIS fighter-masters. The protagonist, Sarat, a fictional image of Barakat, is a painter, who lives and works by a secluded lakeside in Sweden. His work is influenced by the horrific imaginations of famous European artists. This paper accents the novel’s deep structure of collective memories of individuals and communities as addressed by the modern philosophers: Theodor Adorno, Maurice Blanchot, and Maurice Halbwachs.
文摘The Middle East geopolitical landscape is undergoing accelerated transformation, distinguished by Russia-US rivalry and supplemented by Iran-Saudi contest. Divisions among regional camps have become even more distinct in the absence of effective leadership in the Arab world, and the Kurdish factor still plays an important role in the evolution of regional geopolitics despite partial setbacks.
文摘RAPD （Random amplified polymorphic DNA） markers were used to study genetic diversity among three Kurdish sheep breeds （the Karadi, Hamdani and Jaff） with the Awassi sheep breed. A total of 40 samples were typed using twenty RAPD primers. Ten out of the twenty primers had clear bands, which used to investigate the genetic variations among breeds. One of the ten primers is monomorphism. A total of 109 bands were scored, of which 46 bands （46.56%） were polymorphic and 18 of polymorphic band were unique bands. For all breeds, Nei＇s gene diversity, Shannon index, percentage of polymorphic loci and unique bands are respectively in the range of 0.32 to 0.50, 0.44 to 0.69, 31.81 to 100, and 2 to 8. Using UPGMA （unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average） dendrogram, the three clusters, the 1st cluster branch consisted of the Karadi sheep breed, the 2nd cluster was include both of the Jaff and Hamdani sheep breeds and the 3rd one included Awassi sheep breed. These results indicated that the Karadi sheep is most genetically distant from the Awassi sheep （0.916）. The Jaff and Hamdani sheep in the 2nd cluster indicate a close relationship between them and the results indicated that the Jaff and Hamdani sheep breeds were closer to Awassi sheep breed than to the Karadi sheep breed. The dendrograms show that there are high genetic distances among sheep breeds, and were ranged from 0.223 between Hamdani and Jaff sheep breeds to 0.916 between Karadi and Awassi sheep breeds. Based on the high degree of genetic distance among the four sheep breeds it is concluded that the four sheep breeds arc independent and isolated breeds.
