The Impact on Environmental Kuznets Curve by Trade and Foreign Direct Investment in China

Based on data of trade, foreign directinvestment (FDI), economic development andenvironmental conditions in China’s 30 provincesbetween 1990-2002, this paper deals with the impacton Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) of tradeand FDI in China. The results show no direct impacton EKC of trade, on the one hand. However, tradecontributes significantly to economic growth, andhas played a positive role in introducing advancedpollution prevention technology and environmentalmanagement methodology to China. Therefore, aproactive trade policy will help solve the environmentalpollution problem brought by economic growth. Onthe other hand, there is a positive correlation betweenFDI and pollutant emission, which proves that FDIdoes have some negative influence on environmentin China due to hasty introduction of foreign capitaland inadequate environmental management systemin China.

An Empirical Study on the Environmental Kuznets Curve for China's Carbon Emissions:Based on Provincial Panel Data

Based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve theory, the authors choose provincial panel data of China in 1990-2007 and adopt panel trait root and co-integration testing method to study whether there is Environmental Kuznets Curve for China＇s carbon emissions. The research results show that： carbon emissions per capita of the eastern region and the central region of China fit into Environmental Kuznets Curve, but that of the western region does not. On this basis, the authors carry out scenario analysis on the occurrence time of the inflection point of carbon emissions per capita of different regions, and describe a specific time path.

Environmental Pollution and Economic Growth in China: A Test of the Environmental Kuznets Curve

We apply a two pronged approach to analyze the presence of Environmental Kuznets Curve, EKC, in three types of emissions in the People’s Republic of China from 1994 to 2014: a structural breakpoint analysis and a model based test. We apply it to PM2.5, industrial waste and domestic water pollution time series, and find evidence of EKC in all three types of emissions that require appropriate policy.

Analysis on the Characteristics of Environmental Kuznets Curve and Assessment of Air Quality in Qingdao City

[Objective] The aim was to analyze the characteristics of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and assess air quality in Qingdao City. [Method] The EKC characteristics of Qingdao from 1996 to 2008 were studied based on air pollutant discharge indices, air pollution indices and economic data from the environmental quality reports and statistics yearbooks of Qingdao, and the air quality of Qingdao City was assessed. [Result] With the increase of GDP per capita, the total discharge of industrial waste gases improved remarkably, and its EKC showed inverted U type. Meanwhile, the discharge of SO2, industrial fumes and industrial dusts decreased on the whole, and the EKC of sulfur dioxide and industrial fumes was close to inverted N type. In addition, air pollution composite index also showed decrease trend, and its EKC showed inverted N type. In recent 13 years, the concentration of SO2, particles and NO2 in ambient air of Qingdao City showed decrease trend on the whole, especially particles. In addition, PM10 has replaced SO2 as the primary pollutant since 2001, and air pollution type has changed from coal smoke pollution to mixed mode pollution of coal smoke and motor vehicle. The mitigation of air pollution in Qingdao City could be attributed to the implementation of industrial waste gas management by the governments of Qingdao City. [Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundations for the establishment of environmental policies in Qingdao City.

Green technical innovation, environmental expenditure, and the environmental Kuznets curve:a dynamics model

The relationship between the emission of pollutant and economic growth has attracted a lot of attention in the environmental debate of the recent decades. Based on some theoretical and empirical research on environmental Kuznets curve （EKC）, this paper introduces the environmental technical innovation and environmental investment into Salow growth model to discuss the relationship between GDP per capital and the emission of pollutant By the dynamic simulation and parameters analysis, the results of the model indicate： （1） when ＂green＂ technical progress and environmental investment are fixed, the relationship between GDP per capital and the emission shows the linear relationship; （2） ＂green＂ technical progress can lead to the positive growth rates with a decreasing level of emission, which is compatible with an EKC; （3） the proportion of the environmental investment can lead the different growth rates and level of emission. These results can explain that developing countries are ＂too poor to be green＂.

Growth and Inequality in Indonesia： Does Kuznets Curve Hold？

Sustainable economic growth has put Indonesia as a middle-income country （MIC） and currently, the level of per capita income has already exceeded US$3,000. The increase in income per capita is followed by the increasing number of middle-class population and the reduction in poverty. However, it has not been accompanied by declining inequality that reflects the quality of economic growth. According to Kuznets theory, an increase in inequality is a common problem in the process of economic growth. Inequality will further decline after the country has reached a certain threshold level of income. This study aims to analyze the trend and nature of income inequality in Indonesia and to test whether the Kuznets Curve holds. This paper used dynamic panel method with 26 provincial panel data from 2000 to 2011. The empirical result proves the existence of inverted U-shaped Kuznets Curve in Indonesia and it may have the turning points when the real GDP per capita in each province reached Rp. 179.41 million/year or around US$17.000. For the determinant of inequality in Indonesia, this study found that the percentage of urban population, inflation, and share of agricultural sector contributed to the increase of inequality, while high-level education and share of industrial sector are associated with the lower level of inequality.

Study on the Internal Relationship between Porter Hypothesis and Environmental Kuznets Curve

Based on theoretical derivation,this paper aims to analyse the internal relationship between Porter Hypothesis and Environmental Kuznets Curve.Conclusions were made:(1)In terms of theoretical analysis and empirical researches,the existence of inverted U-shaped EKC and U-shaped Porter Curve has its rationality,most of the controversy come from the misuse and diversity of empirical methods;(2)The progress of Porter Hypothesis also relys on economic growth,which is compatible with EKC;(3)Similar to EKC,a threshold effect exist in the process of technological progress.Environmental regulation is a driving force to promote the widespread use of green technology and reach the threshold.(4)In the process of speeding up economic development,government should gradually increase the intensity of environmental regulation.

An Evaluation on the Effects of the Policy of the Great Campaign of Western Development of China in the First 10 Years Based on the Kuznets Regional Inverted-U Theory

In order to reduce the regional differentials or narrow the gap in economic development between eastern and western areas and prevent the intensification of contradictions resulting from the regional inequality during the development process, the government of China launched the Great Campaign of Western Development （GCWD） in 2000. In this paper, we will evaluate the effects of the first 10 years＇ GCWD and use the latest Chinese annual data from 1978 to 2010 to investigate the problem of regional differentials in the development process, evaluate the effects of GCWD policy and test whether there is a regional Kuznets inverted-U curve in the regional development of China. The result shows that there are both good and bad news： the good news is that the inverted U-shaped curve of absolute differential between eastern and western areas finally emerges （the previous studies showed that the inverted-U curve did not appear and the differentials between eastern and western areas became worse） and the bad news is that the differential is in the first half of the inverted U-shaped curve in our choice of time span （1978-2010）, that is, it is still in the situation of deterioration, and the turning better point will emerge in 2025. Although the western areas have benefitted from GCWD, the absolute gap has been still widened. To narrow the gap, the western areas should accelerate the industrial development and the government should adjust the policy and make more efforts to support the development of the industry in the western areas, especially cultivate and support the development of the western characteristic and advantageous industry rather than just supporting the construction of infrastructure in the western areas.

中国农业用水与经济增长的Kuznets假说及验证

提出中国农业用水与经济增长的Kuznets假说,并对此进行了分析和验证。在对改革开放以来中国经济增长与农业用水的趋势进行直观分析后,采用了中国31个省市区1999～2005年人均农业用水量和经济增长相关指标的面板数据,通过计量模型检验农业用水库兹涅茨曲线在中国是否存在,定量分析了农业用水量变动与经济增长之间的规律。研究结果表明:农业用水量最初随着人均GDP和人均农林牧渔业增加值增长而增加,当达到某一个阈值点后,开始逐渐下降,基本上符合库兹涅茨曲线的特征。中国目前已处于农业用水库兹涅茨曲线的右半段,但农业用水量下降的速度较为缓慢。因此,在促进经济增长的同时,要注重利用管理和技术等手段来发展节水农业,这将有助于在农业产业内部提升用水效率,缩减农业用水量。

福建省污染物排放的环境Kuznets曲线研究

利用1985—2006年福建省环境经济数据，通过对福建省三废的排放量与人均GDP进行回归模拟，构建福建省经济发展与环境污染水平关系的计量模型，从而对福建省污染物排放的库兹涅茨曲线特征进行分析。研究结果表明，福建省人均生活污水排放量与人均GDP的曲线呈直线型；人均工业废水排放量、人均废气排放量、人均工业SO2排放量和人均工业烟尘排放量与人均GDP的拟合曲线均呈U型特征；人均工业固废产出量与人均GDP拟合曲线则呈倒N型特征。同时利用灰色关联度分析方法对曲线的成因进行了探讨。从而为促进福建省生态环境与经济的协调发展提供决策依据。

经济增长与耕地非农化的Kuznets曲线验证——来自中国省际面板数据的证据

利用1999年～2003年中国省际面板数据验证了耕地库兹涅茨曲线的存在，在经济增长初期，耕地非农化水平随经济增长逐渐增大，但当经济增长到一定的程度，耕地非农化水平随经济增长会逐渐减小，即随经济增长耕地非农化水平呈先增大后减小的倒“U”型变化趋势。土地市场化水平、产业结构变动以及国家政策对耕地非农化亦有影响，研究表明：①耕地非农化在人均GDP达到31468元（1999年不变价）时出现拐点，若经济以目前速度持续增长，预计2018年前后，“吃饭”与“建设”之间的矛盾将得到缓解；②借鉴环保观念和措施，建议加强耕地保护宣传，完善土管制度，建立三级目标体系，加大执法力度。

能源Kuznets曲线:发达国家的实证分析

关于经验环境库兹涅茨曲线(Environmental Kuznets Curve,EKC)文献已经很多了,但就环境质量与经济增长之间是否存在EKC一直没有得出结论。本文采用非线性回归和拟合的方法,对世界货币基金组织(International Money Fund,IMF)发布的28个发达国家从1970到2004年间的人均能源消费、能源消费总量和人均GDP数据进行回归分析,验证能源消费与收入之间是否存在倒U型曲线关系。结果表明,28个发达国家中有17个国家出现人均能源消费与人均GDP之间的倒U型曲线关系,能源消费总量与人均GDP之间也同样出现倒U型曲线关系,其中有10个国家人均能源消费出现拐点,在这10个国家中,除法国、荷兰和瑞士外的其它国家能源消费总量也都出现拐点。

能源消费与经济增长的Kuznets曲线验证——来自中国省际面板数据的证据

利用1978-2008年中国各省(市、自治区)能源消费和人均生产总值(GDP)数据,采用非线性回归和拟合的方法进行回归分析,验证能源消费与经济水平之间是否存在倒U型曲线关系。结果表明中国大部分地区能源消费与经济水平之间存在典型的库兹涅茨曲线关系,其他不满足库兹涅茨曲线的地区也呈现倒U型曲线的趋势,但目前中国各地区还处在倒U型曲线的左侧,要到达曲线的拐点,尚需要较长的一段时间。

我国经济增长与土地违法的Kuznets曲线分布与治理研究——基于2001-2011年省际数据的检验

基于2001-2011年省级面板数据和时间序列数据,从全国层面和省级层面分析我国经济增长与土地违法之间的库兹涅茨曲线效应与其拐点分布。结果显示:我国经济增长与土地违法之间存在显著的库兹涅茨曲线特征,但在省级层面,除江苏、河南、新疆等3个省份表现为显著正相关以外,其他省份尚未拟合成库兹涅茨曲线;政府干预能改变库兹涅茨曲线的拐点值,如通过土地督察可加大土地违法成本,减少其涉案面积,降低其对经济增长带来的影响。土地督察制度改革的方向应推动土地督察立法,完善土地督察联动机制,并对土地督察机构工作人员形成激励约束机制,避免产生委托代理问题。

基于Panel Data和SEA的环境Kuznets曲线分析——与马树才、李国柱两位先生探讨

针对当前学者研究中国环境Kuznets曲线存在的问题,本文使用了面板数据模型和空间计量模型,以克服使用时间序列模型时样本数量偏少和使用截面数据时易引起空间自相关性等问题。结果表明中国有部分环境指标满足环境Kuznets曲线的倒U型特征。

六安市经济增长与环境污染关系的研究——基于环境Kuznets理论的实证分析

根据六安市2001～2010年数据,选取工业“三废”、化学需氧量（COD）以及二氧化硫（SO2）排放量为环境指标,人均GDP为经济指标,借助SPSS和EXCEL软件系统,对人均GDP与污染物排放量之间的关系进行了分析.结果表明,工业废水排放量与人均GDP的曲线呈倒“U”型和“U”型相结合的曲线型;工业废气排放量及化学需氧量与人均GDP的曲线呈倒“U”型;工业固体废弃物排放量与人均GDP的曲线无转折点,呈曲线上升型;二氧化硫排放量与人均GDP则呈现出正“N”型.固体废弃物的处理是目前六安市环境朝着良性方向发展的关键所在.

环境Kuznets曲线的启示

许多研究者对人均国内生产总值与主要污染物浓度指标进行回归分析后发现这两者存在倒U型关系,这种关系被称为环境Kuznets曲线。通过对现有研究的梳理可以发现造成这种倒U型关系的原因是多方面的,而这为我国控制环境质量恶化提供了多方面的启示。

中国区域经济差异下寿险需求的评价和预测——Kuznets曲线和聚类分析法的运用

为了尽可能准确地评价及预测我国寿险业的发展,尝试从两个崭新的角度对中国寿险市场需求和经济水平之间关系进行分析。首先以寿险收入弹性为切入点,以经济水平和寿险收入弹性之间关系呈Kuznets曲线特征为理论假设前提,建立寿险需求"S曲线"模型;其次将全国按经济发展特征分为三大区域,将它们近5年内的短期和长期收入弹性为检验样本评价模型的预测准确度,最后分别预测各经济区域未来的寿险需求,进而得到全国的总需求量预测。

基于EKC&Lorenz Curve的山东省生态用地时空演变及保护区划研究

研究目的:剖析近20年山东省生态用地时空演变特点,划分不同保护区域,为编制国土资源空间规划、保护生态用地提供参考。研究方法:采用环境库兹涅兹曲线(EKC),判断全省生态用地的发展趋势;根据洛伦兹曲线(Lorenz Curve)和基尼系数(Gini)方法,描述全省生态用地的分布及其演变特征;利用地理信息系统(GIS),遥感(RS)等方法获取数据并输出计算结果。研究结果:1996年以来全省生态用地总面积减少了46.8×10~4 hm^2,减少态势具有明显的"平稳—加速—减缓"的阶段性特征;全省生态用地分布基尼系数由1996年的0.523降低为2016年的0.480,生态用地区域分布趋于均衡。研究结论:(1)随着生态文明建设和美丽中国战略的深入实施,将来有可能出现生态用地由减少到增加的拐点;(2)本文把全省划分为三类不同的保护区域,并根据不同保护区的特点提出了差别化的土地利用方向和生态保护政策。

宁夏环境质量与经济增长关系的Kuznets曲线

近年来,宁夏在经济取得快速增长的同时,环境质量却在下降,且宁夏的生态环境相对脆弱,因此,研究宁夏环境质量与经济增长之间的相互关系显得尤为重要。依据环境库兹涅茨曲线的理论(Environmental Kuznets Curve),通过选取宁夏1995—2013年的环境与经济数据,利用计量软件EViews拟合了工业污染物及生活污染物的环境库兹涅茨曲线,且结合宁夏的实际情况进行了分析。结果表明,宁夏的经济增长与环境质量之间的库兹涅茨曲线的形状取决于不同指标的选择,宁夏环境质量整体呈现恶化趋势,需要加强工业废气排放与工业固体废物排放的治理,需要依靠环保科学技术促进污染物减排。