Comparison of drought-sensitive tree-ring records from the Tien Shan of Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang (China) during the last six centuries

In this study, tree-ring width data of Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana) from the upper timberline of the Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan) were analyzed to investigate the effect of climate change. Growtheclimate response analyses revealed that the tree rings of spruce at the upper timberline of the Tien Shan also can provide hydrometeorological (precipitation and streamflow) signals. Tree-ring records from both Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang exhibited similar tree-growth variability at both annual and decadal time scales during the common period 1457e2009. In Xinjiang and Kyrgyzstan, tree growth was reduced during the Little Ice Age (LIA); however, the timing and magnitude of LIA differ between the two regions. During 1470e1660, the two chronologies diverged, and this phenomenon is considered to be caused by a different response to the harsh climate of the LIA. In this study, the tree-ring width series from the upper tree line of the Tien Shan is negatively associated with temperature. As opposed to previous studies, the tree-ring width series from the upper timberline of the Tien Shan appears to respond well to hydrometeorological factors. Therefore, we highlight the need for more detailed ecophysiological response studies for spruce trees at the upper timberline of the Tien Shan, in particular, with regard to the role of water availability and temperature during the growth season.

Non-adherence to Anti-retroviral Therapy among HIV-Infected Individuals in Kyrgyzstan:Prevalence and Risk Factors,2014-2016

Backgrounds:Currently in Kyrgyzstan,ART(antiretroviral therapy)is freely provided to HIV-infected individuals on clinical grounds.Strict adherence to ART is required,it improves HIV-infected individuals’survival and quality of life,prevents HIV transmission and drug resistance.Our study aims to identify the prevalence of non-adherence to ART therapy and factors associated with it so that strategies can be designed to help maintain adherence.Methods:In a retrospective cohort study,we enrolled randomly selected 432 individuals,≥18 years of age,from among all HIV-infected individuals in Kyrgyzstan(n=950)who started ART during Jan.2014-Sep.2016.All were followed up until Dec.2016.Non-adherents were:(1)individuals lost to follow-up;(2)individuals who missed≥4.5 days of treatment per 30 days during the study period-this was established by comparing the total tablets prescribed,dates of visits for treatment,and number of tablets consumed.We reviewed the country’s HIV surveillance data and medical facilities records.We collected information on the known non-adherent risk factors,HIV clinical presentation,and details of treatment-regimens.We used logistic regression to assess the risk factors and non-adherent associations.Results:The overall non-adherence rate was 50%(214/432).In sub-group analysis,the highest rate was:61%(50/82)among alcohol abusers,60%(65/109)in those who received≥2 tablets/dose,59%(44/75)in those receiving≥2 doses/day,57%(89/155)in drug users,and 53%(144/271)in individuals aged<40 years.In multivariate analysis,≥2 tablets/dose(OR=2.1,95%CI 1.0-4.1),age<40 years(OR=1.7,95%CI 1.1-2.6),and alcohol abuse(OR=1.6,95%CI 1-2.8)were associated with non-adherence.Conclusion:The observed non-adherence rate is unacceptably high.Adherence can be improved by introducing the one tablet/day treatment regimen,establishing regular contact with those under ART,and providing them with appropriate counseling,especially those<40 years of age or with substance abuse.

SAC Delegation Visits Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan

The delegation led by SAC Vice-Administrator Yin Minghan visited the standardization bodies in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan from July19 to 26,2017.The delegation exchanged views on standardization cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative with the standardization leaders and experts in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan,and made a survey on the international production capacity cooperation

Utilisation and Management Changes in South Kyrgyzstan's Mountain Forests

Using political ecology as its conceptual framework,this paper focuses on the changes in forest utilisation and management of South Kyrgyzstan’s walnut-fruit forests over the last century. The aim of this study on human-environment interactions is to investigate the relationship between actors on the one side,their interests and demands,and the forests and forested lands on the other. Forest resource utilisation and management — and even the recognition of different forest products as resources — are connected with political and socio-economic conditions that change with time. The walnut-fruit forests of South Kyrgyzstan are unique,characterised by high biodiversity and a multiplicity of usable products;and they have been utilised for a long time. Centralised and formal management of the forests started with the Russian occupation and was strengthened under Soviet rule,when the region became a part of the USSR. During this era,a state forest administration that was structured from Moscow all the way down to the local level drew up detailed plans and developed procedures for utilising the different forest products. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union,the socio-political and economic frame conditions have changed significantly,which has brought not only the sweeping changes in the managing institutions,but also the access rights and interests in the forest resources. At present,the region is suffering from a high unemployment rate,which has resulted in the forests’ gaining considerable importance in the livelihood strategies of the local population. Political and economic liberalization,increased communication and trans-regional exchange relations have opened the door for international companies and agents interested in the valuable forest products. Today,walnut wood and burls,walnuts,wild apples and mushrooms are all exported to various countries in the world. Scientists and members of various international organisations stress the ecological value of the forests and are trying to establish nature conservation areas. Nevertheless,it is to fear that a multiplicity of interrelated factors — the present transformation and globalization processes,the appearance of new actors,the local population’s insecure economic situation and the erosion of managing institutions — are all leading to an intensified and unregulated exploitation of the forests,resulting in their degradation.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B,hepatitis C,human immunodeficiency virus,Treponema pallidum,and co-infections among blood donors in Kyrgyzstan:a retrospective analysis(2013-2015)

Background:Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan has experienced a major surge in blood-borne infections,but data from adequately powered,up-to-date studies are lacking.We thus examined a)the seroprevalences of hepatitis B virus surface antigen(HBsAg),HIV-1 p24 antigen and antibodies against hepatitis C virus(anti-HCV),human immunodeficiency viruses(anti-HIV-1/2,HIV-1 group O),and Treponema pallidum among blood donors in Kyrgyzstan and assess their distribution according to sex,age,and provinces of residence;b)trends in the respective seroprevalences;and c)co-infection rates among the pathogens studied.Methods:Serological screening was performed on 37165 blood donors at the Republican Blood Centre in Bishkek,Kyrgyzstan,between January 2013 and December 2015.We applied poststratification weights to control for sampling bias and used logistic regression analyses to examine the association of seropositivity and co-infections with sex,age,provinces of residence,and year of blood donation.Results:Twenty nine thousand and one hundred forty-five(78%)donors were males and 8020(22%)were females.The median age was 27 years(range:18-64).The prevalences of HBsAg,anti-HCV,HIV(p24 Ag and anti-HIV),and anti-T.pallidum were 3.6%(95%CI:3.4-3.8%),3.1%(3.0-3.3%),0.78%(0.69-0.87%),and 3.3%(3.1-3.5%),respectively.Males were more likely to be seropositive for HBsAg than females(OR:1.63;95%CI:1.40-1.90),but less likely to be seropositive for anti-HCV(0.85;0.74-0.98)and HIV(0.65;0.49-0.85).Prevalences were lower in the capital than in the other provinces.There was a decreasing trend in the seroprevalences of HBsAg,anti-HCV,and anti-T.pallidum from 2012 to 2015(P-value for trend,P=0.01,P<0.0001,P<0.0001,respectively),while the seroprevalence of HIV increased(P=0.049).One hundred eighty donors(0.48%)were seropositive for multiple infections.The highest co-infection rate was observed between anti-T.pallidum and HBsAg(6.0%),followed by anti-HCV and anti-T.pallidum(5.2%),and HIV and anti-HCV(4.9%).Conclusions:The data suggest that Kyrgyzstan can be reclassified from high to lower-intermediate HBsAg endemicity,whereas the high HIV prevalence with a rising trend is an alarming finding that needs to be urgently addressed by public health authorities.The observed co-infections suggest common risk factors but also common preventive interventions.

Active Citizens in a Weak State:‘Self-Help’Groups and the Post-Soviet Neoliberal Subject in Contemporary Kyrgyzstan

This article explores the new political subjectivities that are emerging in disadvantaged communities in Kyrgyzstan following post-Soviet state transformation and retreat.It explores the ways in which the collapse of the Soviet-era bureaucracy and emergence of a marketising yet rent-seeking state bureaucracy has facilitated the emergence of‘active citizens’in self-built shanty towns in two locations in Kyrgyzstan-the capital,Bishkek,and the Issyk Kul resort region in the east.Based on participant observation and research interviews with members of so-called‘selfhelp groups’in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan,in which residents coorganise to lobby local government for basic amenities and pool funds to raise money for community infrastructure and services in the absence of a functioning state,the paper makes two contributions to understanding the nature of citizenship in the context of weak,post-Soviet states.First,it suggests that,rather than seeing self-organised citizens as a threat to stability-a perspective common to non-liberal governments-these initiatives are supported and encouraged by the Kyrgyz authorities,since they perform tasks and provide services in lieu of the weak state.Autonomous citizens who can take responsibility for their own welfare are useful when the state cannot provide adequate services.Hence,leaders of weak states are able to recontextualise global neoliberal discourses of active citizenship,which emphasise autonomous,rational citizens,in order to legitimise their functional inabilities.Second,it seeks to problematise the binary distinction between the‘passive Soviet citizen’and the modern,post-Soviet active citizen,evident in government and international NGO discourses,and suggests that the idea of the‘passive Soviet citizen’is a discursive trope utilised to distinguish desirable from undesirable subjectivity in the post-Soviet market state.

吉尔吉斯斯坦Taldybulak Levoberezhny(左岸)金矿床地质特征及成矿过程分析

Taldybulak Levoberezhny(左岸)金矿床位于吉尔吉斯斯坦北天山东段Aktyuz变质地体中,金矿体赋存于脆韧性变形带中。矿床经历两期金成矿作用,早成矿期低品位(0.1×10^(-6)~2.0×10^(-6))金矿化体受韧性剪切带控制,围岩蚀变主要为硅化和碳酸盐化,发育典型的条带状和块状矿石。主成矿期高品位(5×10^(-6)~15×10^(-6))矿体主要与硅化和电气石化蚀变有关,形成典型的石英电气石岩型矿石。详细的地质接触关系和年代学研究表明矿床两期金成矿作用均形成于早志留世,分别与二长斑岩和闪长岩具有密切成因联系。Taldybulak Levoberezhny金矿床是一个志留纪与洋-陆俯冲增生岛弧岩浆岩有关的具有叠加成矿特点的岩浆热液型金矿床。

Vote Points to Kyrgyzstan’s Future

Approval of a new Constitution is expected to bring stability to Kyrgyzstan on June 27, a con- stitutional refer- endum was held in Kyrgyzstan. The Central Election Commission

2022年12月29日吉尔吉斯斯坦M_(S)5.4地震前地球物理观测中短期异常特征分析

针对2022年12月29日吉尔吉斯斯坦M_(S)5.4地震,对震前地球物理观测中短期异常和时空演化过程进行分析。研究表明,震前地球物理定点观测异常数量不多,但存在一定数量的电磁异常,可能与地震大小和震源区构造的走滑性质有关。震前异常数量出现阶段性变化,异常数量存在增加过程。异常时空演化存在3个阶段的不同变化过程:第1阶段表现为近源区的前兆异常向外扩展;第2阶段表现为大范围出现异常;第3阶段表现为异常向震中收缩靠近。研究地震孕育过程中前兆异常的时空演化特征,特别是异常的收缩或扩散现象,对地震的危险地区和时间预测具有一定指导意义。

吉尔吉斯斯坦布丘克造山型金矿床:来自流体包裹体、H-O-S同位素证据

吉尔吉斯斯坦北天山构造带的矿床学数据缺乏,制约了天山造山带境内外成矿对比。布丘克金矿床位于吉尔吉斯斯坦北天山构造带中部。金矿体为石英复脉,呈带状发育于NWW向韧性剪切带中。矿体倾向SSW,倾角60°~70°,赋矿围岩主要为侵入于早古生代变质碎屑杂岩中的正长斑岩。布丘克金矿床成矿期石英流体包裹体观察、石英H-O同位素、硫化物S同位素测试结果显示,布丘克金矿床石英脉中包裹体大小集中在2~10μm之间,类型以H2O-CO_(2)型、富CO_(2)型、水溶液型包裹体为主,成分以富CO_(2)、含CH4为特征。成矿流体具有中温(200~320℃)、低盐度(3%~7%NaCleqv)特征;石英δDV-SMOW值介于108.1‰~90.2‰之间,δ18O流体值介于4.86‰~9.26‰之间;黄铁矿δ34S分布在0‰左右(0.9‰~1.6‰)。综合本文数据、矿床地质特征、区域地质资料,本文认为布丘克金矿床为发育于吉尔吉斯斯坦北天山构造带内的造山型金矿床,韧性剪切带控制了成矿作用过程;成矿热液来自含碳地层的变质脱水作用,成矿物质来自深部岩浆岩。

新冠肺炎疫情背景下中国与吉尔吉斯斯坦贸易竞争力研究——基于国际产能合作细分产业视角

通过选用UN Comtrade数据库中的SITC Rev.4分类,采用比较优势、竞争优势和互补优势的9个指标构建评价指标体系,用于测度中吉两国总体产业和细分产业竞争力。研究发现:中国杂项制品、机械运输类和按原材料分类的制成品具有竞争优势、比较优势;吉尔吉斯斯坦非食用原料和未分类产品具有竞争优势、比较优势;中对吉的杂项制品和按原材料分类的制成品具有很强互补优势,吉对中的非食用原料和按原材料分类的制成品具有较强互补优势。由此提出:提升优势产业核心竞争力,需加强重点产业优势互补,提高互补产业合作水平,拓展与沿线国家产能合作,促进两国贸易数字化转型,推进中吉乌铁路贸易运输便利化和建立境外产业园区促进双边合作的对策建议。

帝国遗产、身份叙事与吉尔吉斯斯坦民族主义析论

吉尔吉斯斯坦是中亚五国中经济发展相对滞后、政治局势相对不稳定的国家之一。民族主义在吉尔吉斯斯坦的政治生态和社会生活中扮演着重要角色。民族主义被吉国当局及反对派用来制造公民群体的排他性和族裔群体的差异性,身份叙事成为推动叙事者(政权精英)与听众(普通民众)促进或反对某一群体共识的政治安排。分析表明,吉国民族主义具有公民民族主义对外排他性、主体民族与非主体民族共生关系脆弱性以及主体民族内部矛盾性等特征。吉国建构现代国家的公民身份叙事,与古已有之的传统部落部族身份叙事之间的矛盾与冲突,构成理解吉尔吉斯斯坦成为民族主义重灾区的基本逻辑。摆脱帝国遗产、重构身份叙事,从而把民族主义情感引向理性之路,或许是吉尔吉斯斯坦走出民族主义泥沼、建构现代民族国家的努力方向。

近年来中吉关系发展:现状、挑战与展望

吉尔吉斯斯坦是我国的中亚近邻,也是“丝绸之路经济带”向西延伸的重要一环。中国与吉尔吉斯斯坦建交31年以来,两国关系积极、健康、稳步地向前发展。近年来,中吉双方在高层密切交往的引领下,不仅保持着高水平的政治互信和高质量的经济合作,还进一步拓展文化交流,不断推动两国关系深入发展。与此同时,双边交往中也面临一些风险和挑战。吉尔吉斯斯坦国内政局不稳定,两国经贸发展不平衡,地区性问题升级,吉国内被西方煽动的反华情绪,突如其来的新冠肺炎疫情,这些都成为影响两国关系的不确定因素。深入推进两国全面战略伙伴关系向好发展,需要直面这些挑战,为“一带一路”建设打下坚实基础。

2022年12月29日吉尔吉斯斯坦M_(S)5.4地震前电磁异常分析

1研究背景在众多地震前兆观测数据类型中,电磁观测是对地震反映非常敏感的地球物理方法之一。地震孕育过程中会造成地下介质电磁参数发生变化,从而产生能探测到的震磁短临前兆现象,已经为国内外大量震例所证实(冯志生等,2019;艾萨·伊斯马伊力等,2023)。用于地震预测研究的地震电磁观测物理量主要有地磁场、地电阻率、地电场、电磁波、卫星观测的空间电离层数据、热红外功率谱等等。

吉尔吉斯斯坦律师制度及中吉律师合作探析

吉尔吉斯斯坦具有严格的律师执业准入资格和协会规范,同时高度重视法律援助。该国从1999年开始即进行了重大的司法改革,虽然取得了一定的成果,但仍然存在执业律师数量有待增长,律师保护制度不完善,律师职业道德弱化等问题。加强中吉律师间的交流与协作,需不断壮大涉吉法律服务队伍,发展涉吉法律服务机构,共筑中吉法律交流新平台。

扎帕罗夫执政后吉尔吉斯斯坦形势:希望与挑战并存

2020年“十月事件”引发了吉尔吉斯斯坦独立以来的第三次非正常权力更迭,反对派领袖扎帕罗夫由阶下囚跃至权力之巅,成为新一届总统。扎帕罗夫就任后积极推动政治、经济、社会等领域一系列改革:在政治领域,通过变革政体,调整权力分配,以优化权力架构,提升执政效率;在经济领域,通过优化产业结构、实现库姆托尔金矿国有化、支持企业发展等摆脱危机的举措,解决经济领域面临的最主要问题;在安全领域,通过制定法律制度,强化国家军事装备,减少传统与非传统安全领域的威胁。从目前来看,扎帕罗夫的系列改革举措取得了一定成效,政权合法性得到增强,国内政治安全局势基本保持稳定,但在经济复苏、非传统安全等领域仍面临诸多挑战。未来,扎帕罗夫推行的改革举措能否持续落地见效,吉尔吉斯斯坦国内局势能否持久向好发展仍存在不确定性。

丝绸之路经济带建设背景下中国与吉尔吉斯斯坦货物贸易统计差异分析

共建丝绸之路经济带倡议提出以来,我国积极加强同丝绸之路经济带沿线国家的贸易合作。近年来,中国与吉尔吉斯斯坦货物贸易统计的巨大差异引起了欧亚经济联盟的高度关注,这将对中国与欧亚经济联盟开展深度贸易合作产生负面影响。文章在分析中吉两国货物贸易统计差异现状的基础上,对造成两国货物贸易统计差异的“贸易统计口径差异”和“灰色清关”两个主要影响因素进行分析验证,得出“灰色清关”是造成中吉两国货物贸易统计数据差异的主要原因。对此,提出应营造良好的执法环境、加强中吉两国海关数据共享、鼓励中国企业到吉国投资等对策建议,以促进中国与丝绸之路经济带沿线国家开展深度贸易合作。

吉尔吉斯斯坦萨瓦亚尔顿金矿地质特征及找矿前景分析

吉尔吉斯斯坦萨瓦亚尔顿矿区位处南天山东阿赖金、锑、铅锌等多金属成矿有利地段,通过对该区地质资料的二次整理与分析,在总结前人成果资料的基础上,从成矿地质背景、成矿地质条件、矿化蚀变特征入手,结合区内化探异常特征,并根据中国萨瓦亚尔顿化探异常及矿化带延伸情况进行分析,表明本区具备形成同类型金矿的成矿条件,具有较好的找矿前景。

吉尔吉斯波尔度铅锌矿床地质特征及成因初探

波尔度(Boordu)铅锌矿床位于吉尔吉斯北天山Aktyuz地区,本文对其矿床地质特征和控矿因素进行了总结,研究表明矿区的围岩蚀变和矿化特征整体受到NW向Boordu断裂的控制,与石英斑岩的关系密切。矿区围岩蚀变主要包括发育硅化、绢英岩化、碳酸盐化、电气石化,局部发育钾化和高级泥化,从矿区西部至东部,围岩蚀变表现出石英-碳酸盐化、黄铁绢英岩化和石英-电气石的分带特征及相应的Cu→Pb-Zn→Au的矿化分带特征。综合分析认为该矿床成因类型为受构造控制的岩浆热液型矿床。

吉尔吉斯斯坦中天山地质特征及研究进展

文章通过对近年来有关吉尔吉斯中天山研究进展的梳理,结合在吉尔吉斯斯坦的实地考察,系统论述了中天山基础地质情况,并简述与岩浆活动有关的成矿作用。吉尔吉斯斯坦境内的天山由"尼古拉耶夫线"和阿特巴什—伊内尔切克断裂划分为北、中、南3部分。中天山两侧的缝合带限定了早古生代古吉尔吉斯洋和晚古生代南天山洋的发展和消亡过程。组成中天山的不同块体大多具有古元古界的基底,古生代总体处于大陆坡-边缘海沉积环境。晚古生代产出与俯冲相关的岩浆作用和后碰撞岩浆作用,前者与斑岩型铜矿、接触交代型铜-金矿相关,后者与造山型金矿相关。