Utilisation and Management Changes in South Kyrgyzstan's Mountain Forests

Using political ecology as its conceptual framework,this paper focuses on the changes in forest utilisation and management of South Kyrgyzstan’s walnut-fruit forests over the last century. The aim of this study on human-environment interactions is to investigate the relationship between actors on the one side,their interests and demands,and the forests and forested lands on the other. Forest resource utilisation and management — and even the recognition of different forest products as resources — are connected with political and socio-economic conditions that change with time. The walnut-fruit forests of South Kyrgyzstan are unique,characterised by high biodiversity and a multiplicity of usable products;and they have been utilised for a long time. Centralised and formal management of the forests started with the Russian occupation and was strengthened under Soviet rule,when the region became a part of the USSR. During this era,a state forest administration that was structured from Moscow all the way down to the local level drew up detailed plans and developed procedures for utilising the different forest products. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union,the socio-political and economic frame conditions have changed significantly,which has brought not only the sweeping changes in the managing institutions,but also the access rights and interests in the forest resources. At present,the region is suffering from a high unemployment rate,which has resulted in the forests’ gaining considerable importance in the livelihood strategies of the local population. Political and economic liberalization,increased communication and trans-regional exchange relations have opened the door for international companies and agents interested in the valuable forest products. Today,walnut wood and burls,walnuts,wild apples and mushrooms are all exported to various countries in the world. Scientists and members of various international organisations stress the ecological value of the forests and are trying to establish nature conservation areas. Nevertheless,it is to fear that a multiplicity of interrelated factors — the present transformation and globalization processes,the appearance of new actors,the local population’s insecure economic situation and the erosion of managing institutions — are all leading to an intensified and unregulated exploitation of the forests,resulting in their degradation.

Comparison of drought-sensitive tree-ring records from the Tien Shan of Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang (China) during the last six centuries

In this study, tree-ring width data of Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana) from the upper timberline of the Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan) were analyzed to investigate the effect of climate change. Growtheclimate response analyses revealed that the tree rings of spruce at the upper timberline of the Tien Shan also can provide hydrometeorological (precipitation and streamflow) signals. Tree-ring records from both Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang exhibited similar tree-growth variability at both annual and decadal time scales during the common period 1457e2009. In Xinjiang and Kyrgyzstan, tree growth was reduced during the Little Ice Age (LIA); however, the timing and magnitude of LIA differ between the two regions. During 1470e1660, the two chronologies diverged, and this phenomenon is considered to be caused by a different response to the harsh climate of the LIA. In this study, the tree-ring width series from the upper tree line of the Tien Shan is negatively associated with temperature. As opposed to previous studies, the tree-ring width series from the upper timberline of the Tien Shan appears to respond well to hydrometeorological factors. Therefore, we highlight the need for more detailed ecophysiological response studies for spruce trees at the upper timberline of the Tien Shan, in particular, with regard to the role of water availability and temperature during the growth season.

Early Palaeozoic Granites in the Northern Tian Shan,Kyrgyzstan:Their Zircon Ages and Evolution Processes

The Tian Shan Orogenic Belt, which is a subsidiary of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, is the largest accretion area of continental crust on the Earth during the Phanerozoic. It has experienced several accretionary processes during the Palaeozoic period and has attracted much concern among geologists. An Early Palaeozoic intrusive rock belt extends for 1000 km from east to west, occupying about 40% of the total area within the Kyrgyz Northern Tian Shan Orogenic Belt. Previous studies show that the petrology of these rocks is similar, consisting of granites and granodiorites.

New Ar-Ar Isotopic Ages of the Southern Tianshan Mountains, Kyrgyzstan and their Geological Implications

Objective The Late Paleozoic Southern Tianshan Ocean is usually considered to be the last-closed ocean in the Tianshan Orogeny. However, there is still no consensus if this is indeed the case. Blueschist, eclogite and ophiolite are present in the Atbashi Range, Kyrgyzstan, which are believed to be the relics of the Southern Tianshan Ocean. New data obtained through Ar-Ar isotopic analysis in this research provide reliable chronological restrictions for this problem.

Non-adherence to Anti-retroviral Therapy among HIV-Infected Individuals in Kyrgyzstan:Prevalence and Risk Factors,2014-2016

Backgrounds:Currently in Kyrgyzstan,ART(antiretroviral therapy)is freely provided to HIV-infected individuals on clinical grounds.Strict adherence to ART is required,it improves HIV-infected individuals’survival and quality of life,prevents HIV transmission and drug resistance.Our study aims to identify the prevalence of non-adherence to ART therapy and factors associated with it so that strategies can be designed to help maintain adherence.Methods:In a retrospective cohort study,we enrolled randomly selected 432 individuals,≥18 years of age,from among all HIV-infected individuals in Kyrgyzstan(n=950)who started ART during Jan.2014-Sep.2016.All were followed up until Dec.2016.Non-adherents were:(1)individuals lost to follow-up;(2)individuals who missed≥4.5 days of treatment per 30 days during the study period-this was established by comparing the total tablets prescribed,dates of visits for treatment,and number of tablets consumed.We reviewed the country’s HIV surveillance data and medical facilities records.We collected information on the known non-adherent risk factors,HIV clinical presentation,and details of treatment-regimens.We used logistic regression to assess the risk factors and non-adherent associations.Results:The overall non-adherence rate was 50%(214/432).In sub-group analysis,the highest rate was:61%(50/82)among alcohol abusers,60%(65/109)in those who received≥2 tablets/dose,59%(44/75)in those receiving≥2 doses/day,57%(89/155)in drug users,and 53%(144/271)in individuals aged<40 years.In multivariate analysis,≥2 tablets/dose(OR=2.1,95%CI 1.0-4.1),age<40 years(OR=1.7,95%CI 1.1-2.6),and alcohol abuse(OR=1.6,95%CI 1-2.8)were associated with non-adherence.Conclusion:The observed non-adherence rate is unacceptably high.Adherence can be improved by introducing the one tablet/day treatment regimen,establishing regular contact with those under ART,and providing them with appropriate counseling,especially those<40 years of age or with substance abuse.

SAC Delegation Visits Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan

The delegation led by SAC Vice-Administrator Yin Minghan visited the standardization bodies in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan from July19 to 26,2017.The delegation exchanged views on standardization cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative with the standardization leaders and experts in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan,and made a survey on the international production capacity cooperation projects

中吉乌铁路吉国境内段限制坡度方案研究

研究目的:中吉乌铁路吉尔吉斯斯坦境内段位于天山山系南天山的西部,穿越莫尔多套山、费尔干纳山,线路跨越吐尔尕特高山区、阿尔帕高原盆地区等10个地貌单元,线路附近最高点贾曼达万山高程4 205 m,最低点贾拉拉巴德高程722 m,相对高差3 483 m,地形高差巨大,工程地质条件复杂,吐尔尕特至马克马尔段采用1 435 mm标准轨距、马克马尔至贾拉拉巴德南段采用1 520 mm宽轨距,线路限制坡度的选择是项目研究的重点和难点。研究结论:(1)结合线路沿线地形地质条件、承担运输货物特点、列车牵引质量、机车选型、工程投资和综合经济性,对限制坡度分段进行研究;(2)标轨段重点对18‰、20‰、24‰、25‰四个方案,宽轨段重点对18‰、20‰、24‰、27‰四个方案进行了分析研究,为降低工程投资、提高项目经济性、匹配运输组织、优化运输条件、保障运营安全性,推荐中吉乌铁路吉国境内段限制坡度采用20‰方案;(3)本研究思路和方法可为境外铁路工程建设提供参考和借鉴。

吉尔吉斯斯坦受威胁维管植物物种多样性及其分布格局

为了解吉尔吉斯斯坦受威胁维管植物资源现状,本文以《吉尔吉斯斯坦红皮书(2006版)》为基础,结合世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)收录的吉尔吉斯斯坦维管植物红色名录,确定了吉尔吉斯斯坦受威胁维管植物名录。根据植物志等文献资料统计分析其科属组成、受威胁等级、生活型、植物资源多样性,运用ArcGIS软件结合现有保护区数据研究其物种丰富度的地理分布格局。结果表明:吉尔吉斯斯坦受威胁植物有27科61属86种(含种下等级,下同),被子植物占绝对优势(98.36%),受威胁植物物种数前五科分别为百合科(Liliaceae,17种)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae,9种)、菊科(Asteraceae,9种)、伞形科(Apiaceae,9种)和唇形科(Lamiaceae,6种);从受威胁等级来看,极危种(CR)12种、濒危种(EN)22种、易危种(VU)52种,人类活动是最主要的威胁因素。生活型划分为多年生草本64种、乔木9种、灌木7种、半灌木6种、一年生草本和藤本均为1种。受威胁植物在植物地理区尺度上分布不均匀,集中分布在吉尔吉斯斯坦的西部和西南部,且物种丰富度高的植物地理区覆盖的保护区面积却较小。

吉尔吉斯布丘克金矿床地质特征及成因探讨

布丘克金矿床位于吉尔吉斯中部,中亚造山带的北天山与中天山结合部,矿体受NWW-NEE向韧脆性剪切带控制。本文通过综合分析布丘克矿床成矿地质背景,矿区地质特征、矿石特征、围岩蚀变等,初步厘定其矿床成因为韧性剪切带型金矿床,其深部和外围具有较大的找矿潜力,并提出了对本区该类型金矿床的找矿标志。

农产品贸易的特征、阻碍及对策研究——以中国(新疆)与吉尔吉斯斯坦为例

“一带一路”倡议为共建国家农产品贸易发展带来新的机遇。通过对中国(新疆)与吉尔吉斯斯坦农产品贸易发展的研究,有助于为中国(新疆)与吉尔吉斯斯坦的农产品贸易高质量发展提供借鉴。中国立足于“一带一路”倡议,探讨当前中国(新疆)与吉尔吉斯斯坦农产品贸易发展的现状可知,中国(新疆)与吉尔吉斯斯坦的农产品贸易存在贸易规模小、贸易结构和方式单一、贸易壁垒多、农产品贸易合作机制缺乏等问题。因此,要加强与吉国的政策沟通、以农业合作的方式增强优势互补、优化进出口商品结构、加强农产品贸易基础设施建设,促进中国(新疆)与吉尔吉斯斯坦农产品贸易的高质量发展。

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B,hepatitis C,human immunodeficiency virus,Treponema pallidum,and co-infections among blood donors in Kyrgyzstan:a retrospective analysis(2013-2015)

Background:Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan has experienced a major surge in blood-borne infections,but data from adequately powered,up-to-date studies are lacking.We thus examined a)the seroprevalences of hepatitis B virus surface antigen(HBsAg),HIV-1 p24 antigen and antibodies against hepatitis C virus(anti-HCV),human immunodeficiency viruses(anti-HIV-1/2,HIV-1 group O),and Treponema pallidum among blood donors in Kyrgyzstan and assess their distribution according to sex,age,and provinces of residence;b)trends in the respective seroprevalences;and c)co-infection rates among the pathogens studied.Methods:Serological screening was performed on 37165 blood donors at the Republican Blood Centre in Bishkek,Kyrgyzstan,between January 2013 and December 2015.We applied poststratification weights to control for sampling bias and used logistic regression analyses to examine the association of seropositivity and co-infections with sex,age,provinces of residence,and year of blood donation.Results:Twenty nine thousand and one hundred forty-five(78%)donors were males and 8020(22%)were females.The median age was 27 years(range:18-64).The prevalences of HBsAg,anti-HCV,HIV(p24 Ag and anti-HIV),and anti-T.pallidum were 3.6%(95%CI:3.4-3.8%),3.1%(3.0-3.3%),0.78%(0.69-0.87%),and 3.3%(3.1-3.5%),respectively.Males were more likely to be seropositive for HBsAg than females(OR:1.63;95%CI:1.40-1.90),but less likely to be seropositive for anti-HCV(0.85;0.74-0.98)and HIV(0.65;0.49-0.85).Prevalences were lower in the capital than in the other provinces.There was a decreasing trend in the seroprevalences of HBsAg,anti-HCV,and anti-T.pallidum from 2012 to 2015(P-value for trend,P=0.01,P<0.0001,P<0.0001,respectively),while the seroprevalence of HIV increased(P=0.049).One hundred eighty donors(0.48%)were seropositive for multiple infections.The highest co-infection rate was observed between anti-T.pallidum and HBsAg(6.0%),followed by anti-HCV and anti-T.pallidum(5.2%),and HIV and anti-HCV(4.9%).Conclusions:The data suggest that Kyrgyzstan can be reclassified from high to lower-intermediate HBsAg endemicity,whereas the high HIV prevalence with a rising trend is an alarming finding that needs to be urgently addressed by public health authorities.The observed co-infections suggest common risk factors but also common preventive interventions.

吉尔吉斯共和国楚河州库兰德金矿床地质特征及找矿标志

吉尔吉斯斯坦境内天山成矿带是整个中亚地区成矿带的重要组成部分,也是连接境内外“中亚金腰带”的核心部位,产出了大量金矿床,库兰德金矿床就是其中之一。矿体受北东向及近东西向矿化蚀变带控制,含黄铁矿化石英脉为直接找矿标志。目前共发现主要金矿体6条,主要赋存明特金组下段,矿体主要受南北奥科托尔克伊断裂控制,矿体最大延长852 m,倾向135°~240°,倾角54°~72°。本矿床属于含金蚀变岩型金矿床。

Active Citizens in a Weak State:‘Self-Help’Groups and the Post-Soviet Neoliberal Subject in Contemporary Kyrgyzstan

This article explores the new political subjectivities that are emerging in disadvantaged communities in Kyrgyzstan following post-Soviet state transformation and retreat.It explores the ways in which the collapse of the Soviet-era bureaucracy and emergence of a marketising yet rent-seeking state bureaucracy has facilitated the emergence of‘active citizens’in self-built shanty towns in two locations in Kyrgyzstan-the capital,Bishkek,and the Issyk Kul resort region in the east.Based on participant observation and research interviews with members of so-called‘selfhelp groups’in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan,in which residents coorganise to lobby local government for basic amenities and pool funds to raise money for community infrastructure and services in the absence of a functioning state,the paper makes two contributions to understanding the nature of citizenship in the context of weak,post-Soviet states.First,it suggests that,rather than seeing self-organised citizens as a threat to stability-a perspective common to non-liberal governments-these initiatives are supported and encouraged by the Kyrgyz authorities,since they perform tasks and provide services in lieu of the weak state.Autonomous citizens who can take responsibility for their own welfare are useful when the state cannot provide adequate services.Hence,leaders of weak states are able to recontextualise global neoliberal discourses of active citizenship,which emphasise autonomous,rational citizens,in order to legitimise their functional inabilities.Second,it seeks to problematise the binary distinction between the‘passive Soviet citizen’and the modern,post-Soviet active citizen,evident in government and international NGO discourses,and suggests that the idea of the‘passive Soviet citizen’is a discursive trope utilised to distinguish desirable from undesirable subjectivity in the post-Soviet market state.

吉尔吉斯斯坦中草药资源及使用现状

吉尔吉斯斯坦位于欧亚大陆的腹心地带,其特殊的地理环境和气候条件,为中草药生长提供了良好的条件。通过了解和调研吉尔吉斯斯坦医疗发展情况及中草药资源,分析概述了中草药使用现状,并列举了该国6种常见中草药,对其来源、分布、功效及化学成分研究等进行概括。从而为进一步深入研究吉尔吉斯斯坦中草药资源奠定基础,为中医药走向国际化提供参考。

吉尔吉斯斯坦Taldybulak Levoberezhny(左岸)金矿床地质特征及成矿过程分析

Taldybulak Levoberezhny(左岸)金矿床位于吉尔吉斯斯坦北天山东段Aktyuz变质地体中,金矿体赋存于脆韧性变形带中。矿床经历两期金成矿作用,早成矿期低品位(0.1×10^(-6)~2.0×10^(-6))金矿化体受韧性剪切带控制,围岩蚀变主要为硅化和碳酸盐化,发育典型的条带状和块状矿石。主成矿期高品位(5×10^(-6)~15×10^(-6))矿体主要与硅化和电气石化蚀变有关,形成典型的石英电气石岩型矿石。详细的地质接触关系和年代学研究表明矿床两期金成矿作用均形成于早志留世,分别与二长斑岩和闪长岩具有密切成因联系。Taldybulak Levoberezhny金矿床是一个志留纪与洋-陆俯冲增生岛弧岩浆岩有关的具有叠加成矿特点的岩浆热液型金矿床。

中吉乌铁路线路宏观走向方案研究

以中吉乌铁路为研究对象,从沿线经济据点分布、吉尔吉斯斯坦国家铁路网衔接角度、沿线天山山脉的地质条件以及沿线分布的矿产资源情况出发,通过对线路宏观走向方案的系统研究及比选,提出了中吉乌铁路在宏观走向方案上的建议。

Vote Points to Kyrgyzstan’s Future

Approval of a new Constitution is expected to bring stability to Kyrgyzstan on June 27, a con- stitutional refer- endum was held in Kyrgyzstan. The Central Election Commission

2022年12月29日吉尔吉斯斯坦M_(S)5.4地震前地球物理观测中短期异常特征分析

针对2022年12月29日吉尔吉斯斯坦M_(S)5.4地震,对震前地球物理观测中短期异常和时空演化过程进行分析。研究表明,震前地球物理定点观测异常数量不多,但存在一定数量的电磁异常,可能与地震大小和震源区构造的走滑性质有关。震前异常数量出现阶段性变化,异常数量存在增加过程。异常时空演化存在3个阶段的不同变化过程:第1阶段表现为近源区的前兆异常向外扩展;第2阶段表现为大范围出现异常;第3阶段表现为异常向震中收缩靠近。研究地震孕育过程中前兆异常的时空演化特征,特别是异常的收缩或扩散现象,对地震的危险地区和时间预测具有一定指导意义。

吉尔吉斯斯坦布丘克造山型金矿床:来自流体包裹体、H-O-S同位素证据

吉尔吉斯斯坦北天山构造带的矿床学数据缺乏,制约了天山造山带境内外成矿对比。布丘克金矿床位于吉尔吉斯斯坦北天山构造带中部。金矿体为石英复脉,呈带状发育于NWW向韧性剪切带中。矿体倾向SSW,倾角60°~70°,赋矿围岩主要为侵入于早古生代变质碎屑杂岩中的正长斑岩。布丘克金矿床成矿期石英流体包裹体观察、石英H-O同位素、硫化物S同位素测试结果显示,布丘克金矿床石英脉中包裹体大小集中在2~10μm之间,类型以H2O-CO_(2)型、富CO_(2)型、水溶液型包裹体为主,成分以富CO_(2)、含CH4为特征。成矿流体具有中温(200~320℃)、低盐度(3%~7%NaCleqv)特征;石英δDV-SMOW值介于108.1‰~90.2‰之间,δ18O流体值介于4.86‰~9.26‰之间;黄铁矿δ34S分布在0‰左右(0.9‰~1.6‰)。综合本文数据、矿床地质特征、区域地质资料,本文认为布丘克金矿床为发育于吉尔吉斯斯坦北天山构造带内的造山型金矿床,韧性剪切带控制了成矿作用过程;成矿热液来自含碳地层的变质脱水作用,成矿物质来自深部岩浆岩。

新冠肺炎疫情背景下中国与吉尔吉斯斯坦贸易竞争力研究——基于国际产能合作细分产业视角

通过选用UN Comtrade数据库中的SITC Rev.4分类,采用比较优势、竞争优势和互补优势的9个指标构建评价指标体系,用于测度中吉两国总体产业和细分产业竞争力。研究发现:中国杂项制品、机械运输类和按原材料分类的制成品具有竞争优势、比较优势;吉尔吉斯斯坦非食用原料和未分类产品具有竞争优势、比较优势;中对吉的杂项制品和按原材料分类的制成品具有很强互补优势,吉对中的非食用原料和按原材料分类的制成品具有较强互补优势。由此提出:提升优势产业核心竞争力,需加强重点产业优势互补,提高互补产业合作水平,拓展与沿线国家产能合作,促进两国贸易数字化转型,推进中吉乌铁路贸易运输便利化和建立境外产业园区促进双边合作的对策建议。