Determination of Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Fractions in Tartaric Acid, Oxalic Acid, Glucose and Fructose—National Center of High Technologies of Georgia

Tartaric acid, oxalic acid, glucose, and fructose are highly important compounds. A comprehensive study of these substances is fascinating from a scientific perspective. They are key components found in wine, vegetables, and fruits. Understanding the isotopic compositions in organic compounds is crucial for comprehending various biochemical processes and the nature of substances present in different natural products. Tartaric acid, oxalic acid, glucose, and fructose are widely distributed compounds, including in vegetables and fruits. Tartaric acid plays a significant role in determining the quality and taste properties of wine, while oxalic acid is also prevalent but holds great interest for further research, especially in terms of carbon isotopic composition. We can unveil the mechanisms of processes that were previously impossible to study. Glucose and fructose are the most common monosaccharides in the hexose group, and both are found in fruits, with sweeter fruits containing higher amounts of these substances. In addition to fruits, wheat, barley, rye, onions, garlic, lentils, peppers, dried fruits, beans, broccoli, cabbage, tomatoes, and other foods are also rich sources of fructose and glucose. To determine the mass fraction of the carbon-13 isotope in these compounds, it is important to study their changes during natural synthesis. These compounds can be modified with a carbon center. According to the existing isotopic analysis method, these compounds are converted into carbon oxide or dioxide [1]. At this point, the average carbon content in the given compound is determined, but information about isotope-modified centers is lost. Dilution may occur through the transfer of other carbon-containing organic compounds in the sample or by dilution with natural carbon or carbon dioxide during the transfer process. This article discusses the possibility of carbon-13 isotope propagation directly in these compounds, both completely modified and modified with individual carbon centers. The literature provides information on determining carbon-13 substance in organic compounds, both with a general approach and for individual compounds [2] [3].

The Influence of Tartaric Acid in the Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Response Surface Methodology

Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)synthesized using tartaric acid as a capping agent have a great impact on the reaction kinetics and contribute significantly to the stability of AgNPs.The protective layer formed by tartaric acid is an important factor that protects the silver surface and reduces potential cytotoxicity problems.These attributes are critical for assessing the compatibility of AgNPs with biological systems and making them suitable for drug delivery applications.The aim of this research is to conduct a comprehensive study of the effect of tartaric acid concentration,sonication time and temperature on the formation of silver nanoparticles.Using Response Surface Methodology(RSM)with Face-Centered Central Composite Design(FCCD),the optimization process identifies the most favorable synthesis conditions.UV-Vis spectrum regression analysis shows that AgNPs stabilized with tartaric acid are more stable than AgNPs without tartaric acid.This highlights the increased stability that tartaric acid provides in AgNP ssssynthesis.Particle size distribution analysis showed a multimodal distribution for AgNPs with tartaric acid and showed the smallest size peak with an average size of 20.53 nm.The second peak with increasing intensity shows a dominant average size of 108.8 nm accompanied by one standard deviation of 4.225 nm and a zeta potential of−11.08 mV.In contrast,AgNPs synthesized with polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP)showed a unimodal particle distribution with an average particle size of 81.62 nm and a zeta potential of−2.96 mV.The more negative zeta potential of AgNP-tartaric acid indicates its increased stability.Evaluation of antibacterial activity showed that AgNPs stabilized with tartaric acid showed better performance against E.coli and B.subtilis bacteria compared with AgNPs-PVP.In summary,this study highlights the potential of tartaric acid in AgNP synthesis and suggests an avenue for the development of stable AgNPs with versatile applications.

Mono-Feruloyl-R, R-(+)-Tartaric Acid from Salvia chinensis

报道了用半合成方法和光谱分析确证从华鼠尾草(Salvia chinensis Benth.)中分离的单阿魏酰-R,R-(+)-酒石酸的化学结构和绝对构型;合成了其 S,S-(-)-和 R,S-(meso)-酒石酸的衍生物,并分析了其间的光谱差异。

Ganoderic acid A ameliorates renalfibrosis by suppressing the expression of NPC1L1

Objective: The study aimed to explore the protective mechanism of Ganoderic acid A (GAA) in renal fibrosisand to verify that GAA can ameliorate renal fibrosis by regulating the Niemann-pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) gene. Methods:Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1) was used to treat Human Kidney-2 (HK-2) cells to establish a renal fibrosismodel. The differentially expressed genes in the control (CTRL) group, TGF-β1 group, and TGF-β1 + GAA group werescreened via transcriptome sequencing technology and verified by qPCR and Western blot experiments. The NPC1L1gene overexpression plasmid was constructed. The expression levels of N-cad, E-cad, and Slug-related proteins inCTRL, TGF-β1, TGF-β1+GAA (25 μg/mL), and TGF-β1+GAA (25 μg/mL) + NPC1L1 Overexpression (OE) groupswere detected by qPCR and Western blot analysis. Western blot analysis was used to identify the extracellular matrixassociated proteins Tenascin-C, α-SMA, and fibrosis-related protein Collagen I. Fibrosis marker protein Fibronectinwas detected and quantified by immunofluorescence. Results: Transcriptomic sequencing revealed that TGF-β1stimulation led to 267 differentially regulated genes, with 118 up-regulated and 149 down-regulated, while furthermodulation of 213 genes, comprising 112 up-regulated and 101 down-regulated genes, was observed in the GAAintervention group. The target gene in these processes was found to be NPC1L1 by investigations using GeneOntology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). qPCR and Western blot resultsconfirmed that TGF-β1 increased NPC1L1 expression, which was attenuated by GAA. Additionally, TGF-β1upregulated N-cad and Slug. However, GAA reversed this effect and NPC1L1 overexpression partially rescued theGAA effect. TGF-β1 also decreased E-cad expression, reversed by GAA, and NPC1L1 overexpression antagonized thisreversal. Furthermore, TGF-β1 promoted Collagen I, α-SMA, and Tenascin-C expression, and GAA reduced theselevels, effects that were reversed by NPC1L1 overexpression. Immunofluorescence results showed that TGF-β1increased fibronectin expression, which was decreased by GAA, and increased by NPC1L1 overexpression.Conclusion: GAA ameliorates renal fibrosis by antagonizing NPC1L1 gene expression inhibiting epithelialmesenchymal transition and reducing extracellular matrix formation.

Removal of heavy metals from a contaminated soilusing tartaric acid

This study reports the feasibility of remediation of a heavy metal （HM） contaminated soil using tartaric acid, an environmentally-friendly extractant. Batch experiments were performed to test the factors influencing remediation of the HM contaminated soil. An empirical model was employed to describe the kinetics of riM dissolution/desorption and to predict equilibrium concentrations of HMs in soil leachate. The changes of HMs in different fractions before and after tartaric acid treatment were also investigated. Tartaric acid solution containing HMs was regenerated by chestnut shells. Results show that utilization of tartaric acid was effective for removal of riMs from the contaminated soil, attaining 50%-60% of Cd, 40%-50% of Pb, 40%-50% of Cu and 20%-30% of Zn in the pH range of 3.5-4.0 within 24 h. Mass transfer coefficients for cadmium （Cd） and lead （Pb） were much higher than those for copper （Cu） and zinc （Zn）. Sequential fractionations of treated and untreated soil samples showed that tartaric acid was effective in removing the exchangeable, carbonate fractions of Cd, Zn and Cu from the contaminated soil. The contents of Pb and Cu in Fe-Mn oxide fraciton were also significantly decreased by tartaric acid treatment. One hundred milliliters of tartaric acid solution containing HMs could be regenerated by 10 g chestnut shells in a batch reactor. Such a remediation procedure indicated that tartaric acid is a promising agent for remediation of HM contaminated soils. However, further research is needed before the method can be practically used for in situ remediation of contaminated sites.

Electrodeposition of Zn(O,S)(zinc oxysulfide)thin films:Exploiting its thermodynamic and kinetic processes with incorporation of tartaric acid

Zn（O,S）（zinc oxysulfide） is an important chalcogenide material recently reported to be potentially applied as electrode buffers in thin film solar cells. Both vacuum and solution approaches have enabled the fabrication of Zn（O,S） films. However they either require extreme conditions and high energy consumption for synthesis, or suffer from lack of controllability mainly due to the thermodynamic and kinetic distinction between Zn O and Zn S during film growth. Here we demonstrated an effective electrodeposition route to obtain high-quality Zn（O,S） thin films in a controllable manner. Importantly, tartaric acid was employed as a secondary complexing agent in the electrolyte to improve the film morphology, as well as to adjust other key properties such as composition and absorption. To elucidate the vital role that tartaric acid played, thermodynamic and kinetic processes of electrodeposition was investigated and discussed in detail. The accumulative contribution has shed light on further exploit of Zn（O,S） with tunable properties and optimization of the corresponding electrodeposition process, for the application in thin film solar cells.

A New Type of Dibenzoyl Tartaric Acid Selective Electrode Based on Polymer Membrane Containing Calixarene Ionophore

A new type of di benzoyl tartaric acid selective electr ode has been developed. Three double\| arm calixarene derivatives were emp loyed as the neutral ionophores. The poly(vinyl chloride) membrane electrode containing an amide derivative of ca lixarene as the neutral carrier an d a dibutyl phthalate as the plastici zer exhibited the highest sensitivity for dibenzoyl tartaric acid. The slop e of linear portion was 27.8 mV per c oncertration decade. The electrode has a fast response and a long lifetime .

Metal ion–binding properties of the L-aspartic acid and tartaric acid, a coparative investigation. How can be increased the dosage of mineral absorption in the body

A comparative research has been developed for acidity and stability constants of M(TTA)1 and M(Asp)2 complexes which have been determined by potentiometric pH titration. Depending on metal ion–binding properties, vital differences in building complex were observed. The present study shows that in M(TTA) complexes, metal ions are coordinated to the carboxyl groups, but in M(Asp) some metal ions are able to build macrochelate over amine group. Hence, the following intermolecular and as a result independent concentration equilibrium between an open–isomer M(Asp)op and a closed–isomer M(Asp)cl, has to be considered cl op. The amounts are reported. The results mentioned above demonstrate that for some M(Asp) complexes the stability constants is also largely determined by the affinity of metal ions for amine group. This leads to a kind of selectivity of metal ions and transfer them via building complexes with the aspartate. The result of this effect is a higher dosage-absorption of minerals in body. Based on the sort of metal ions, the drug-therapy can be different. For heavy metal ions this building complex helps the absorption and filtration of the blood plasma, and consequently the excursion of heavy metal ions takes place. This is an important method in microdialysis. Other metal ions such as the complexes can be considered as mineral carriers. These complexes in certain conditions (PH–range) can release the minerals in body.

Tartaric acid additive to enhance perovskite multiple preferential orientations for high-performance solar cells

Perovskite film quality is a decisive factor governing the performance and long-term stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs). To passivate defects for high-quality perovskite films, various additives have been explored in perovskite precursor with notable achievements in the development of highperformance PSCs. Herein, tartaric acid(TA) was applied as additive in perovskite precursor solution to modulate the crystal growth leading to high quality thin films with enhanced multiple preferential orientations favoring efficient charge transport along multiple directions. It is also noticed that TA can improve the energy level alignment in PSCs, which effectively accelerates both carrier extraction and transportation with non-radiative recombination suppressed at the perovskite interfaces. Based on the present perovskite films, the fabricated PSCs achieved an excellent champion power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 21.82% from that of 19.70% for the control device without TA additive. In addition, a PSC with TA additive was shown to exhibit impressive operational stability by retaining 92% of its initial PCE after~1200 h of aging at room temperature in ambient air with a relative humidity of about 10%–25%. In summary, the present work demonstrates a facile and versatile approach by using TA as additive in perovskite precursor to fabricate high quality perovskite films with enhanced multiple preferential orientations for high-efficiency stable PSCs.

Total Synthesis of Gonioflufurone using L-(+)-orD-(-)-tartaric acid as Starting Material

The group of styrylactones isolated from the trees of genus Goniothalamus, has the particular features of the five or six-membered lactone skeleton bearing polyhydroxyl group. A number of novel styryl lactone were found to show moderate to sighficant cytotokicities against several human tumors.Among them, Goniofufurone has been reported by several synthetic studies on the synthesis of it. Herein, we report our study on the synthesis of goniofuforone from the commercially available optical tartaric acid using the addition of ethyl propialate to the intermediate aldehyde as the key step. The synthetic route is as following:

Investigation of Geographical Origin and Production Method of L（＋）-Tartaric Acid by Isotopic Analyses with Chemometrics

The determination of the geographical origin as well as the adulteration of natural products is a technical problem due to similar chemical composition between an adulterant and the original. It is assumed that tartaric acid comes from natural sources, however there is no specific regulation for this claim. This paper describes the use of isotope mass spectrometry associated with chemometrics to classify different samples of tartaric acid. The results showed that the variables δ^13C, δ^18O and δ^2H allowed the discrimination of tartaric acid samples by geographical origin and production method. By using a combination of chemometfic analysis it was possible to confirm a notoriousseparation of the samples. Thus, this is a promising method to be applied in the quality control and authenticity of tartaric acid.

RADICAL POLYMERIZATION OF VINYL MONOMER INITIATED BY CERIC ION/TARTARIC ACID

The polymerization of acrylamide and acrylonitrile using ceric ion as initiator can be promoted greatly by the tartaric acid. The kinetics of acrylamide polymerization initiated by ceric ion/tartaric acid has been studied. The presence of the species of tartaric acid in Polyacrylonitrile produced by using ceric ion/tartaric acid as niitiator has been confirmed by FT-IR analysis.

Synthesis and Properties of Chiral Polyurethane Elastomers Using Tartaric Acids

The polyaddition of isocyanate and polyol to form polyurethane elastomers has rarely been applied to the construction of chiral polyurethane elastomers. Hence, the introduction of chiral units via polyaddition remains a challenging subject in polymer chemistry. In this study, the synthesis of chiral polyurethane elastomers using an aromatic isocyanate, polyols (polyether and polyester polyols), and L(+)-, D(&#8722)-, or meso-tartaric acid by a one-shot method is investigated. The polymers are characterized using FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, and their thermal properties are investigated by TGA, DMA, and DSC analyses. The optical activities of the polymers are confirmed by rotation. The use of chiral tartaric acids is essential to obtain the desired chiral polyurethane elastomers.

Enantioselective extraction of terbutaline enantiomers by lipophilic tartaric acid

Distribution behavior of terbutaline enantiomers was examined in the aqueous and organic solvent of a two-phase system containing L-dibenzoyltartaric acid and lipophilic phase transfer reagent of Na-tetraphenylborate. The influences of pH, organic solvents, concentrations of Na-tetraphenylborate and L-dibenzoyltartaric acid on the partition coefficients and enantioselectivity of terbutaline enantiomers, were investigated. The results show that tetraphenylborate lipophilic anion and terbutaline enantiomers form two lipophilic salt complexes , which facilitates the solubility of the enantiomers in the organic phase. L-dibenzoyltartaric acid forms more stable complexes with enantiomer Ⅱ than with enantiomer I . Enantioselectivity and partition coefficient increase with the addition of the length of alkyl chain of alcohols. pH and concentrations of lipophilic anion and L-dibenzoyltartaric acid influence them obviously and differently.

HPLC法同时测定杠板归不同部位中5种成分的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定杠板归不同部位(茎、叶、根)中5种成分的含量。方法采用Luna?-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.1%磷酸水为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为320 nm,柱温为30℃,测定杠板归不同部位中绿原酸、咖啡酸、芦丁、阿魏酸、槲皮素的含量。结果绿原酸、咖啡酸、芦丁、阿魏酸、槲皮素分别在0.046~4.6μg/mL,0.212~21.2μg/mL,0.055~5.5μg/mL,0.084~8.4μg/mL,0.114~11.4μg/mL范围内质量浓度与峰面积呈线性关系良好(r>0.9990),平均加样回收率为97.65%~102.09%,RSD为1.76%~2.44%。不同部位中5种成分含量差异较大,绿原酸和咖啡酸2个成分在叶中含量高,且远远高于根和茎中的含量;芦丁和阿魏酸主要存在于茎和根中,叶中未检测到;槲皮素在茎中含量最高,叶中次之,根中最低。结论建立的HPLC方法准确可靠、重复性好、专属性强,可用于杠板归不同部位中5个成分含量的同时测定。

湿法热解法制备L-焦谷氨酸的工艺优化研究

采用湿法热解法,以L-谷氨酸为原料,探究L-焦谷氨酸的制备工艺条件。通过单因素和正交试验对反应的条件进行优化,确定了制备L-焦谷氨酸的最佳工艺条件是反应时间4 h、加水量15 g、反应温度150℃,此时所得L-谷氨酸的转化率为97.37%。这种方法是用水作为反应载体,无需催化剂与压力等条件,既节能减排,又产量高,为清洁高效生产L-焦谷氨酸提供了一定的理论指导和实验数据参考。

基于纳米银/聚L-谷氨酸修饰玻碳电极的电化学传感器用于泡菜中亚硝酸钠含量的测定

采用电沉积和电聚合的方式,将纳米银和L-谷氨酸修饰在玻碳电极上,制得纳米银/聚L-谷氨酸修饰玻碳电极(Poly-L-Glu/Nano-Ag/GCE)。以0.2 mol·L^(-1)磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH 7.0)为支持电解质,以Poly-L-Glu/Nano-Ag/GCE为工作电极,饱和甘汞电极为参比电极,铂电极为辅助电极,在最佳检测条件下,采用循环伏安法进行测定。结果表明:Poly-L-Glu/Nano-Ag/GCE对亚硝酸钠具有较好的选择性,亚硝酸钠的浓度在4.14×10^(-6)~1.35×10^(-3) mol·L^(-1)内与对应的氧化峰电流的绝对值呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)为4.14×10^(-7) mol·L^(-1),并且该电极的制备方法具有较好的重复性。将PolyL-Glu/Nano-Ag/GCE用于泡菜样品中亚硝酸钠的测定,检出量为1.33×10^(-5) mol·L^(-1),加标回收率为98.9%~103%。

复方氨基酸注射液中有关物质N,N′-二乙酰-L-胱氨酸测定

目的:建立测定复方氨基酸注射液中乙酰半胱氨酸有关物质N,N′-二乙酰-L-胱氨酸含量的高效液相色谱法。方法:采用Atlantis dC_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,3μm),以甲酸铵溶液(取甲酸铵315 mg,加水960 mL溶解,摇匀)-乙腈-甲酸(970∶30∶1)为流动相,流速为0.7 mL·min^(-1),检测波长为210 nm。结果:N,N′-二乙酰-L-胱氨酸浓度在2.697~53.94μg·mL^(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),检测限和定量限分别为1.4μg·mL^(-1)和4.4μg·mL^(-1),平均回收率为100.2%,RSD为0.5%。结论:经方法学验证,证明本法适用于复方氨基酸注射液中N,N′-二乙酰-L-胱氨酸的含量测定。

L-抗坏血酸联合超声处理对鲜切芋艿贮藏品质的影响

为探究L-抗坏血酸(L-ascorbic acid,AA)联合超声(ultrasound,US)(AS)处理对鲜切芋艿片贮藏品质的影响,本实验以永定六月红芋为材料,采用质量分数为2%的AA溶液浸泡15 min后,进行US(53 kHz、400 W、10 min)处理,测定贮藏期间鲜切芋艿感官品质及褐变相关酶等指标。结果表明:与对照组相比,AS处理可以降低鲜切芋艿的失水率,维持较高的硬度,延缓褐变指数升高,降低细胞膜通透性,抑制丙二醛含量累积,抑制表面微生物繁殖,从而维持鲜切芋艿较高的感官品质;与对照组相比,贮藏期间AS处理组还能维持较高的过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性,降低过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性,抑制酚类物质消耗速率,并减缓淀粉、可溶性蛋白、可溶性固形物等营养物质的流失速率,抑制可溶性醌的积累,延缓风味劣变。上述结果表明,AS处理能够保持鲜切芋艿较好的贮藏品质。

调控葡萄酒石酸生物合成基因VvbHLH79克隆及表达

【目的】酒石酸不仅影响葡萄果实的味道,还决定葡萄酒的色泽、口感、微生物稳定性和陈酿潜力。探讨调控酒石酸生物合成的转录因子及其机制,通过生物技术调控葡萄内源酒石酸的积累或定向培育高酒石酸积累型优良酿酒葡萄品种具有重要价值。【方法】研究以酿酒葡萄‘琼瑶浆’、‘马瑟兰’为试验材料,用PCR方法从中克隆到与酒石酸含量相关的VvbHLH79转录因子,对其进行生物信息学和亚细胞定位分析;用HPLC和qRT-PCR技术测定葡萄果实在不同发育时期的酒石酸含量和VvbHLH79的表达量;并构建植物表达载体,用农杆菌介导的果梗侵染法瞬时转化葡萄幼果果实之后检测VvbHLH79的表达量和酒石酸含量。【结果】(1)通过RNA-seq测序筛选获得1个葡萄VvbHLH79基因,该基因CDS序列全长831 bp,编码277个氨基酸,分子质量为66.22 kD,理论等电点为5.15,属于无信号肽和跨膜结构的不稳定亲水性蛋白;氨基酸序列第147-232位含有bHLH-SF保守结构域,属于bHLH转录因子家族;亚细胞定位在细胞核。(2)葡萄VvbHLH79编码蛋白与河岸葡萄中的bHLH89编码蛋白(登录号:XP_034699340.1)序列一致性最高,达到99.64%。(3)VvbHLH79相对表达量随着‘琼瑶浆’果实发育降低,从坐果期到成熟期降低了67.25%;酒石酸积累主要在葡萄果实转色之前,转色之后酒石酸含量就快速下降。(4)VvbHLH79在低酒石酸葡萄果实中瞬时过表达后使酒石酸含量显著升高,而将VvbHLH79在高酒石酸葡萄果实中沉默后酒石酸含量显著下降,证实VvbHLH79基因正向调控酒石酸含量。【结论】VvbHLH79转录因子可能在葡萄酒石酸生物合成通路中发挥作用。