DL-3-n-butylphthalide alleviates motor disturbance by suppressing ferroptosis in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease

DL-3-n-butylphthalide(NBP)-a compound isolated from Apium graveolens seeds-is protective against brain ischemia via various mechanisms in humans and has been approved for treatment of acute ischemic stroke.NBP has shown recent potential as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease.However,the underlying mechanism of action of NBP remains poorly understood.In this study,we established a rat model of Parkinson’s disease by intraperitoneal injection of rotenone for 28 successive days,followed by intragastric injection of NBP for 14-28 days.We found that NBP greatly alleviated rotenone-induced motor disturbance in the rat model of Parkinson’s disease,inhibited loss of dopaminergic neurons and aggregation ofα-synuclein,and reduced iron deposition in the substantia nigra and iron content in serum.These changes were achieved by alterations in the expression of the iron metabolism-related proteins transferrin receptor,ferritin light chain,and transferrin 1.NBP also inhibited oxidative stress in the substantia nigra and protected mitochondria in the rat model of Parkinson’s disease.Our findings suggest that NBP alleviates motor disturbance by inhibition of iron deposition,oxidative stress,and ferroptosis in the substantia nigra.

Effects of L-3-n-butylphthalide on caspase-3 and nuclear factor kappa-B expression in primary basal forebrain and hippocampal cultures after beta-amyloid peptide 1-42 treatment

BACKGROUND： L-3-n-butylphthalide （L-NBP） can inhibit phosphorylation of tau protein and reduce the neurotoxicity of beta-amyloid peptide 1-42 （Aβ1-42）. OBJECTIVE： To observe the neuroprotective effects of L-NBP on caspase-3 and nuclear factor kappa-B （NF- K B） expression in a rat model of Alzheimer＇s disease. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A cell experiment was performed at the Central Laboratory of Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University between January 2008 and August 2008. MATERIALS： L-NBP （purity 〉 98%） was provided by Shijiazhuang Pharma Group NBP Pharmaceutical Company Limited. Aβ1-42, 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazolo-2]-2,5 iphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT）, and rabbit anti-Caspase-3 polyclonal antibody were provided by Cell Signaling, USA; goat anti-choactase and rabbit anti-NF- kB antibodies were provided by Santa Cruz, USA. METHODS： Primary cultures were generated from rat basal forebrain and hippocampal neurons at 17 or 19 days of gestation. The cells were assigned into five groups： the control group, the Aβ1-42 group （2 μmol/L）, the Aβ1-42 ＋ 0.1 μmol/L L-NBP group, the Aβ1-42 ＋ 1 μ mol/L L-NBP group, and the Aβ1-42 ＋ 10μmol/L L-NBP group. The neurons were treated with Aβ1-42 （2 μmol/L） alone or in combination with L-NBP （0.1, 1, 10 μmol/L） for 48 hours. Cells in the control group were incubated in PBS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Morphologic changes were evaluated using inverted microscopy, viability using the M-I-I- method, and the changes in caspase-3 and NF- k B expression using Western blot. RESULTS： Induction with Aβ1-42 for 48 hours caused cell death and soma atrophy, and increased caspase-3 and NF- K B expression （P 〈 0.05）. L-NBP blocked these changes in cell morphology, decreased caspase-3 and NF- k B expression （P 〈 0.05）, and improved cell viability, especially at the high dose （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： AI3^-42 is toxic to basal forebrain and hippocampal primary neurons; L-NBP protects against this toxicity and inhibits the induction of caspase-3 and NF- K B expression.

Hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha mediates protection of DL-3-n-butylphthalide in brain microvascular endothelial cells against oxygen glucose deprivation-induced injury

Studies have demonstrated that DL-3-n-butylphthalide can significantly alleviate oxygen glucose deprivation-induced injury of human umbilical vein endothelial cells at least partly associated with its enhancement on oxygen glucose deprivation-induced hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression.In this study,we hypothesized that DL-3-n-butylphthalide can protect against oxygen glucose deprivation-induced injury of newborn rat brain microvascular endothelial cells by means of upregulating hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression.MTT assay and Hoechst staining results showed that DL-3-n-butylphthalide protected brain microvascular endothelial cells against oxygen glucose deprivation-induced injury in a dose-dependent manner.Western blot and immunofluorescent staining results further confirmed that the protective effect was related to upregulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α.Real-time RT-PCR reaction results showed that DL-3-n-butylphthalide reduced apoptosis by inhibiting downregulation of pro-apoptotic gene caspase-3 mRNA expression and upregulation of apoptosis-executive protease bcl-2 mRNA expression;however,DL-3-n-butylphthalide had no protective effects on brain microvascular endothelial cells after knockdown of hypoxia inducible factor-1α by small interfering RNA.These findings suggest that DL-3-n-butylphthalide can protect brain microvascular endothelial cells against oxygen glucose deprivation-induced injury by upregulating bcl-2 expression and downregulating caspase-3 expression though hypoxia inducible factor-1α pathway.

DL-3-n-butylphthalide improved physical and learning and memory performance of rodents exposed to acute and chronic hypobaric hypoxia

Background:Studies have revealed the protective effect of DL-3-n-butylphthalide(NBP)against diseases associated with ischemic hypoxia.However,the role of NBP in animals with hypobaric hypoxia has not been elucidated.This study investigated the effects of NBP on rodents with acute and chronic hypobaric hypoxia.Methods:Sprague-Dwaley rats and Kunming mice administered with NBP(0,60,120,and 240 mg/kg for rats and 0,90,180,and 360 mg/kg for mice)were placed in a hypobaric hypoxia chamber at 10,000 m and the survival percentages at 30 min were determined.Then,the time and distance to exhaustion of drug-treated rodents were evaluated during treadmill running and motor-driven wheel-track treadmill experiments,conducted at 5800 m for 3 days or 20 days,to evaluate changes in physical functions.The frequency of active escapes and duration of active escapes were also determined for rats in a shuttle-box experiment,conducted at 5800 m for 6 days or 27 days,to evaluate changes in learning and memory function.ATP levels were measured in the gastrocnemius muscle and malonaldehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD),hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),and lactate were detected in sera of rats,and routine blood tests were also performed.Results:Survival analysis at 10,000 m indicated NBP could improve hypoxia tolerance ability.The time and distance to exhaustion for mice(NBP,90 mg/kg)and time to exhaustion for rats(NBP,120 and 240 mg/kg)significantly increased under conditions of acute hypoxia compared with control group.NBP treatment also significantly increased the time to exhaustion for rats when exposed to chronic hypoxia.Moreover,240 mg/kg NBP significantly increased the frequency of active escapes under conditions of acute hypoxia.Furthermore,the levels of MDA and H_(2)O_(2) decreased but those of SOD and GSH-Px in the sera of rats increased under conditions of acute and chronic hypoxia.Additionally,ATP levels in the gastrocnemius muscle significantly increased,while lactate levels in sera significantly decreased.Conclusion:NBP improved physical and learning and memory functions in rodents exposed to acute or chronic hypobaric hypoxia by increasing their anti-oxidative capacity and energy supply.

EFFECT OF DL-3-N-BUTYLPHTHALIDE ON BRAIN EDEMA IN RATS SUBJECTED TO FOCAL CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA

The present study evaluated the effect of dl-3-n-butylphthalide(NBP) ,a novel brain protective agent, on brain edema in rats following focal ischemia. Edema was induced by occluding the right middle cerebral artery (MCAO).producing permanent focal ischemia in the right cerebral hemisphere,which developed ip-silateral brain edema reproducibly. Edema was assessed 24 h after MCA occlusion by determining the brain water content from wet and dry weight measurements,and the sodium,potassium concentrations with ion-selective electrodes. In this model,NBP at the dose of 80,160 and 240 mg/kg po 15 min after MCAO prevented from brain edema in a dose-dependent manner. A significant reduction of sodium content and an increase in potassium level were observed in all drug-treated groups. It showed that NBP strongly attenuated brain water entry,sodium accumulation and potassium loss. Nimodipine treatment(5mg/kg sc) also reduced brain edema (P<0. 05). The results suggest that a strong anti-edema activity of NBP may play an important role to contribute to the treatment of ischemic damage.

L-3-n-butylphthalide protects against vascular dementia via activation of the Akt kinase pathway

As a neuroprotective drug for the treatment of ischemic stroke, 3-n-butylphthalide, a celery seed ex- tract, has been approved by the State Food and Drug Administration of China as a clinical therapeutic drug for ischemic stroke patients. L-3-n-butylphthalide possesses significant efficacy in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. The activated Akt kinase pathway can prevent the death of nerve cells and exhibit neuroprotective effects in the brain after stroke. This study provides the hypothesis that I-3-n- butylphthalide has a certain therapeutic effect on vascular dementia, and its mechanism depends on the activation of the Akt kinase pathway. A vascular dementia mouse model was established by cere- bral repetitive ischemia/reperfusion, and intragastrically administered I-3-n-butylphthalide daily for 28 consecutive days after ischemia/repedusion, or 7 consecutive days before ischemia/reperfusion. The Morris water maze test showed significant impairment of spatial learning and memory at 4 weeks after operation, but intragastric administration of I-3-n-butylphthalide, especially pretreatment with I-3-n- butylphthalide, significantly reversed these changes. Thionine staining and western blot analylsis showed that preventive and therapeutic application of I-3-n-butylphthalide can reduce loss of pyrami- dal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region and alleviate nerve damage in mice with vascular demen- tia. In addition, phosphorylated Akt expression in hippocampal tissue increased significantly after I-3-n- butylphthalide treatment. Experimental findings demonstrate that I-3-n-butylphthalide has preventive and therapeutic effects on vascular dementia, and its mechanism may be mediated by upregulation of phosphorylated Akt in the hippocampus.

DI-3-n-butylphthalide exerts neuroprotective effects by modulating hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha ubiquitination to attenuate oxidative stress-induced apoptosis

DI-3-n-butylphthalide is used to treat mild and moderate acute ischemic stroke.However,the precise underlying mechanism requires further investigation.In this study,we investigated the molecular mechanism of DI-3-n-butylphthalide action by various means.We used hydrogen peroxide to induce injury to PC12cells and RAW264.7 cells to mimic neuronal oxidative stress injury in stroke in vitro and examined the effects of DI-3-n-butylphthalide.We found that DI-3-nbutylphthalide pretreatment markedly inhibited the reduction in viability and reactive oxygen species production in PC12 cells caused by hydrogen peroxide and inhibited cell apoptosis.Furthermore,DI-3-n-butylphthalide pretreatment inhibited the expression of the pro-apoptotic genes Bax and Bnip3.DI-3-nbutylphthalide also promoted ubiquitination and degradation of hypoxia inducible factor 1α,the key transcription factor that regulates Bax and Bnip3 genes.These findings suggest that DI-3-n-butylphthalide exhibits a neuroprotective effect on stroke by promoting hypoxia inducible factor-1α ubiquitination and degradation and inhibiting cell apoptosis.

Ninety-day administration of dl-3-n-butylphthalide for acute ischemic stroke： a randomized, double-blind trial

Background DI-3-n-butylphthalide （NBP）, first isolated from the seeds of celery, showed efficacy in animal models of stroke. This study was a clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of NBP with a continuous dose regimen among patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy trial enrolled 573 patients within 48 hours of onset of ischemic stroke in China. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a 14-day infusion of NBP followed by an NBP capsule, a 14- day infusion of NBP followed by aspirin, or a 14-day infusion of ozagrel followed by aspirin. The efficacy measures were Barthel index score and the modified Rankin scale （mRS） at day 90. Differences among the three groups on mRS were compared using X2 test of proportions （with two-sided e=0.05） and Logistic regression analysis was conducted to take the baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale （NIHSS） score into consideration. Results Among the 535 subjects included in the efficacy analysis, 90-day treatment with NBP was associated with a significantly favorable outcome than 14-day treatment with ozagrel as measured by mRS （P 〈0.001）. No significant difference was found among the three groups on Barthel index at day 90. The rate of adverse events was similar among the three groups. Conclusions The 90-day treatment with NBP could improve outcomes at the third month after stroke. The NBP treatment （both intravenous and oral） is safe （ChiCTR-TRC-09000483）.

Protective effects of dl-3-n-butylphthalide on changes of regional cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier damage following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage

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DL-3-n-butylphthalide protects the blood-brain barrier against ischemia/hypoxia injury via upregulation of tight junction proteins

Background:The increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) induced by ischemia/hypoxia is generally correlated with alteration of tight junctions (TJs). DL-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects after ischemic injury. However, few studies have assessed the correlation between NBP and TJs. This study aimed to investigate the potential effect of NBP on the TJ proteins claudin-5, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and occludin during brain ischemia. Methods: A chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) Sprague-Dawley rat model was established, and NBP (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg, gavage, once a day) treatment was performed for 14 days. NBP (0.1 or 1.0μmol/L) pre-treatment was applied to an in vitro hypoxia microvascular endothelial cell model (1%〇2, 24 h). BBB permeability was assessed by performing the Evans blue assay. The expressions and localization of claudin-5, ZO-1, occludin, phosphorylated/total protein kinase B (p-Akt/Akt), phosphorylated/total glycogen synthase kinase 3p (GSK-3(3)/GSK-3p, and (3-catenin/p-actin were evaluated by Western blotting or immunofluorescence. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured by flow cytometry analysis. TJ ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Results: In CCH rats, treatment with 40 and 80 mg/kg NBP decreased the Evans blue content in brain tissue (9.0 ± 0.9 (μg/g vs. 12.3 ± 1.9 (μg/g, P = 0.005;6.7 ± 0.6 μg/g vs. 12.3 ± 1.9μg/g, P < 0.01), increased the expression of claudin-5 (0.79 ± 0.08 mvs. 0.41 ± 0.06, P < 0.01;0.07 ± 0 .0 7 vs. 0.41 ± 0 .0 6 , P < 0 .61 ), and elevated the ZO-1 protein level (P < 0.05) in brain microvascular segments in a dose-dependent manner in comparison with the corresponding values in the model group. There was no significant difference in occludin expression (P > 0.05). In the hypoxia cell model, NBP pre-treatment improved TJ ultrastructure, decreased intracellular ROS level, and increased the expression of claudin-5 (P < 0.01) and ZO-1 (P < 0.01) in comparison with the corresponding values in the hypoxia group. NBP treatment also elevated the relative expression levels of p-Akt/Akt, p-GSK-3p/GSK-3β, and β-catenin/β-actin in comparison with the corresponding values in the hypoxia group (all P < 0 .0 5 ). Conclusion: NBP improves the barrier function of BBB against ischemic injury by upregulating the expression of TJ proteins, possibly by reducing oxidative stress and activating the Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Therapeutic effects of dl-3-n-butylphthalide in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis （ALS） is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive death of the upper and lower motor neurons. Transgenic mice over-expressing a mutant form of the human SOD1 gene develop an ALS-like phenotype. Currently, there is no effective treatment or drug for the fatal disease. Previous studies reported potent efficacy of dl-3-n-butylphthalide （DL-NBP） for several neurodegenerative disorders and cerebral ischemia. SOD1-G93A mice are a mouse model of ALS. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of DL-NBP on this ALS mouse model. Methods Sixty SOD1-G93A female mice were divided into four groups. The vehicle control group received 0 mg.kg-1.d-~ DL-NBP. The experimental groups received DL-NBP with doses of 30, 60 or 120 mg.kgl.d1, respectively. For measurement of motor activity, the hanging wire test and rotarod test were performed. Survival statistics were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves. The body weight of each mouse was recorded twice per week. The statistical motor unit number estimation （MUNE） technique was used to estimate the number of functioning motor units in gastrocnemius muscle. Muscle morphology was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Motor neuron quantJtation was performed by Nissl staining and microglia activation was observed by immunohistochemistry. Results Oral administration of 60 mg.kg-l-d-1 DL-NBP significantly prolonged survival （（164.78±16.67） days） of SOD1-G93A mice compared with vehicle control （（140.00＋16.89） days）. Treating mice with DL-NBP （60 mg.kg-1.d-1） significantly decreased the progression rate of motor deficits and suppressed body weight reduction. Furthermore, we found that treating SOD1-G93A mice with DL-NBP （60 mg.kgl.d1） slowed the rate of MUNE reduction （P 〈0.01）. Motor neurons were remarkably preserved in the anterior horns in mice treated with DL-NBP （60 mg.kg-1d-1） at the stage of 19 weeks （P 〈0.01）. Treating mice with DL-NBP （60 mg.kg1.d1） significantly reduced CD11b immunoreactivity compared with vehicle control mice （P 〈0.05）. No significant effect was observed in mice treated with DL-NBP of 30 or 120 mg.kg-1.d-1. Conclusions The post-disease-onset administration of DL-NBP significantly prolonged survival and improved motor performance in SOD1-G93A mice. DL-NBP mav be a Dotential theraDeutic aaent for ALS.

NPCl-CDs/Fe^(3+)荧光探针的制备及对L-Cys的传感检测

以葡萄糖、乙二胺、浓盐酸和浓磷酸作为反应前体,采用一步水热法合成了一种蓝绿色的荧光碳点NPCl-CDs,并以此构建了NPCl-CDs/Fe^(3+)荧光探针用于实际样品中L-半胱氨酸(L-Cys)的定量检测.实验结果表明,在NPCl-CDs中加入Fe^(3+)可使NPCl-CDs的荧光猝灭,当向NPCl-CDs/Fe^(3+)猝灭体系中引入L-Cys时,体系的荧光强度得以恢复.由此构建了一种用于L-Cys定量检测的新型“开-关-开”NPCl-CDs/Fe^(3+)-L-Cys荧光传感系统.该方法在5.8~60.0μmol/L浓度范围内呈现较宽的线性区域,检出限为0.052μmol/L.该荧光传感系统对L-Cys表现出良好的选择性,对实际样品中L-Cys的检测具有潜在的应用价值.

L-3-正丁苯酞对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎的作用及其机制

目的 基于RhoA/ROCK信号通路探讨L-3-正丁苯酞(L-3-n-butylphthalide, NBP)对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, EAE)小鼠的疗效及潜在机制。方法 32只雌性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为4组:对照组、EAE组、NBP低剂量组(L-NBP)和NBP高剂量组(H-NBP),每组8只。使用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55, MOG35-55)作为抗原乳剂免疫诱导C57BL/6小鼠建立EAE模型。EAE模型制作成功后,L-NBP组和H-NBP组分别以3.25,6.5 mg/(kg·d)NBP腹腔注射,连续28 d。免疫当日起,每7 d记录各组小鼠的体质量,每天进行神经功能障碍评分;对脊髓组织进行HE染色和劳克坚牢蓝(Luxol fast blue, LFB)染色,观察病理改变;使用酶联免疫吸附试验法(ELISA)检测外周血白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-18含量;real time-PCR检测脊髓组织炎症相关因子肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、TNF受体1(TNFR1)、IL-1β的表达;Western blot检测RhoA、ROCKⅠ及ROCKⅡ蛋白表达情况。结果 与对照组相比,EAE组小鼠体质量下降,神经功能障碍评分、组织病理学评分升高,IL-10含量降低,IL-18、IL-6和IL-1β含量增加,TNF-α、TNFR1及IL-1β mRNA表达升高,RhoA、ROCKⅠ及ROCKⅡ蛋白表达增高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与EAE组相比,L-NBP和H-NBP组小鼠体质量增加,发病潜伏期延长,高峰期延迟,神经功能障碍评分、组织病理学评分降低,IL-10含量增高,IL-1β、IL-6和IL-18含量降低,TNF-α、TNFR1及IL-1β mRNA表达降低,RhoA、ROCKⅠ和ROCKⅡ蛋白表达降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与L-NBP组相比,H-NBP组小鼠体质量增加,发病潜伏期延长,高峰期延迟,神经功能障碍评分、组织病理学评分降低,IL-10含量增高,IL-1β、IL-6和IL-18含量降低,TNF-α、TNFR1和IL-1β mRNA表达降低,RhoA和ROCKⅡ蛋白表达降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 NBP能够减轻EAE小鼠外周及中枢炎症反应,进而改善EAE的神经障碍症状,其作用机制可能是通过抑制RhoA/ROCK信号通路来实现的。

L-NMMA对过量氟暴露引起的小鼠MC3T3E1成骨细胞中NO/iNOS表达的影响

目的探讨L-单甲基-精氨酸(L-NMMA)与过量氟化钠(NaF)共培养对小鼠颅顶前成骨(MC3T3E1)细胞中一氧化氮(NO)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达的影响。方法将MC3T3E1成骨细胞分为空白组(只含培养基)、NaF染毒组(0、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0、8.0 mmol/L)及L-NMMA染毒组(0、5、10、20、40、80 mol/L),采用细胞增殖-毒性检测试剂盒(CCK8)检测细胞存活率,并筛选最佳染氟浓度和最佳L-NMMA用药浓度;再将MC3T3E1成骨细胞分为对照组(0.0 mmol/L NaF)、低氟组(1.0 mmol/L NaF)、高氟组(4.0 mmol/L NaF)、低氟+L-NMMA组(1.0 mmol/L NaF+20μmol/L L-NMMA)、高氟+L-NMMA组(4.0 mmol/L NaF+20μmol/L L-NMMA)、L-NMMA组(20μmol/L L-NMMA),处理24 h,采用硝酸还原酶法检测细胞中NO含量,蛋白免疫印迹法及实时荧光定量PCR法分别检测iNOS蛋白及mRNA表达水平。结果与对照组相比,1.0、2.0、4.0、8.0 mmol/L NaF染毒组及80μmol/L L-NMMA染毒组MC3T3E1成骨细胞存活率降低(P<0.05),选择1.0 mmol/L和4.0 mmol/LNaF为染氟浓度、20μmol/LL-NMMA用药浓度进行后续实验;与对照组比较,低氟组、高氟组MC3T3E1成骨细胞中NO含量增加(P<0.05),低氟+L-NMMA组中NO含量低于低氟组(P<0.05),高氟+L-NMMA组细胞中NO含量低于高氟组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,高氟组MC3T3E1成骨细胞中iNOS蛋白及mRNA表达水平升高(P<0.05);与高氟组比较,高氟+L-NMMA组细胞中iNOS蛋白及mRNA表达水平降低(P<0.05)。结论过量氟可致MC3T3E1成骨细胞损伤、iNOS蛋白和mRNA表达增强、细胞中NO含量增加,L-NMMA与氟共培养后可减弱这一效应,提示L-NMMA对过量氟所致MC3T3E1成骨细胞损伤有一定的保护作用。

3-N-Butylphthalide mitigates high glucose-induced injury to Schwann cells:association with nitrosation and apoptosis

A high glucose state readily causes peripheral axon atrophy, demyelination, loss of nerve fiber function, and delayed regeneration. However, few studies have examined whether nitration is also critical for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of high glucose on proliferation, apoptosis, and 3-nitrotyrosine levels of Schwann cells treated with butylphthalide. In addition, we explored potential protective mechanisms of butylphthalide on peripheral nerves. Schwann cells were cultured in vitro with high glucose then stimulated with the peroxynitrite anion inhibitors uric acid and 3-n-butylphthalide for 48 hours. Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry were used to investigate the effects of uric acid and 3-n-butylphthalide on proliferation and apoptosis of Schwann cells exposed to a high glucose environment. Effects of uric acid and 3-n-butylphthalide on levels of 3-nitrotyrosine in Schwann cells were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results indicated that Schwann cells cultured in high glucose showed decreased proliferation, but increased apoptosis and intracellular 3-nitrotyrosine levels. However, intervention with uric acid or 3-n-butylphthalide could increase proliferation of Schwann cells cultured in high glucose, and inhibited apoptosis and intracellular 3-nitrotyrosine levels. According to our data, 3-n-butylphthalide may inhibit cell nitrification and apoptosis, and promote cell proliferation, thereby reducing damage to Schwann cells caused by high glucose.

L-3-n-丁基苯酞对急性缺血性脑卒中发病后1个月中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞计数的影响

目的:观察L-3-n-丁基苯酞(L-3-n-butylphthalide,NBP)对急性缺血性脑卒中(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)患者发病后1个月中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞计数的影响。方法:将241例AIS患者纳入队列研究,根据患者是否使用NBP分为非NBP组和NBP组。在两组入院时和发病后1个月均进行血常规检查,并计算入院时和发病后1个月的中性粒细胞差值、淋巴细胞差值及中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(neutrophilto-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)差值,分析这些指标与使用NBP之间的关系。结果:241例AIS患者中,62例(25.7%)患者使用了NBP。与非NBP组比较,NBP组的中性粒细胞差值、NLR差值较高,发病后1个月的中性粒细胞计数、NLR、淋巴细胞差值较低(P<0.05)。中性粒细胞差值(校正OR=2.36,95%CI=1.12~4.83,P=0.006)、淋巴细胞差值(校正OR=0.85,95%CI=0.30~0.94,P=0.043)、发病后1个月NLR(校正OR=0.82,95%CI=0.34~0.98,P=0.046)与使用NBP独立相关。结论:NBP可显著降低AIS患者的中性粒细胞计数及NLR,并延缓外周淋巴细胞计数的下降。

Study on the Mechanism of the Rearrangement Reaction of 3-n-Butylphthalide by Deuterium-Labelling

By the Grignard reaction of 1,1-di-deutero-1-bromobutane with phthalaldehydic acid 1',1'-di-deutero-3-n-butyl phthalide was obtained, which underwent a rearrangement reaction using AlCl3 as catalyst in CS2 to give 1-methyl-5-carboxy-3,4-di-deutero-tetrahydronaphthalene. The mechanism was proposed to be a series of consecutive 1,2- hydride transfers rather than a direct 1,4-hydride transfer.

基于碳纳米管/L-半胱氨酸/Fe_3O_4@Au纳米复合材料的电流型甲胎蛋白免疫传感器的研究

将DMF(N,N-二甲基甲酰胺)分散的多壁碳纳米管(MWNT)修饰在金电极表面,再将修饰电极依次沉积纳米金和L-半胱氨酸(L-Cys),并通过半胱氨酸中的巯基吸附Fe3O4@Au纳米复合材料,再固载甲胎蛋白抗体(anti-AFP),以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)封闭非特异性吸附位点,构建了高灵敏、稳定的新型电流型甲胎蛋白免疫传感器。实验通过扫描透射电子显微镜(TEM)对DMF-MWNT和Fe3O4@Au复合纳米粒子进行了表征。在优化的实验条件下,此免疫传感器对甲胎蛋白抗原的检测范围为0.1～150μg/L,检出限为0.03μg/L。

维生素D_3引起大鼠血管钙超载对血管L-精氨酸/NO途径的影响

目的：观察血管钙超载对Ｌ－精氨酸／ＮＯ途径的影响。方法：维生素Ｄ３（ＶｉｔＤ３）注射引起大鼠血管钙超载，检测血管ＮＯ生成、ｃＧＭＰ含量、Ｌ－瓜氨酸转化及Ｌ－精氨酸转运的变化，并与口服Ｌ－精氨酸治疗组大鼠比较。结果：大鼠血管钙含量（９４４±１８８）ｖｓ对照（１０７±１８）μｍｏｌ／ｇ干重，（Ｐ＜００１），血管ＮＯ生成减少，组织ｃＧＭＰ含量降低，但Ｌ－瓜氨酸转化增高，Ｌ－精氨酸（Ｌ－Ａｒｇ）高和低亲和性转运的最大速率（Ｖｍａｘ）分别降低５０５％和４５８％（Ｐ＜００１）。口服Ｌ－Ａｒｇ治疗的大鼠血管ＮＯ生成和ｃＧＭＰ含量都较钙超载大鼠明显增高（Ｐ＜００１），Ｌ－Ａｒｇ高、低亲和性转运的Ｖｍａｘ增加。结论：血管钙超载对Ｌ－Ａｒｇ／ＮＯ途径损伤的主要环节在Ｌ－Ａｒｇ的跨膜转运，补充ＮＯ前体Ｌ－Ａｒｇ可能减轻钙超载引起的血管损伤。

固定化细胞酶法拆分N-乙酰-D,L-3-甲氧基丙氨酸

利用氨基酰化酶固定化细胞酶法拆分了N-乙酰-D,L-3-甲氧基丙氨酸.考察了温度、pH值、底物浓度、金属离子和拆分时间对酶促反应的影响.确定了氨基酰化酶固定化细胞手性拆分N-乙酰-D,L-3-甲氧基丙氨酸的最佳工艺条件为pH=7.0、反应温度50℃及底物浓度500mmol/L.10-4mol/L的Co2+和Mg2+对氨基酰化酶有显著激活作用,Cu2+和Zn2+对酶促反应有明显抑制作用.在最佳条件下,氨基酰化酶固定化细胞对N-乙酰-L-3-甲氧基丙氨酸的摩尔转化率达96%.