Optimization of clay material mixture ratio and filling process in gypsum mine goaf

Because there is neither waste rock nor mill tailings in the gypsum mine, and the buildings on the goaf of gypsum mine are needed to be protected, the research proposed the scheme of the clay filling technology. Gypsum, cement, lime and water glass were used as adhesive, and the strength of different material ratios were investigated in this study. The influence factors of clay strength were obtained in the order of cement, gypsum, water glass and lime. The results show that the cement content is the determinant influence factor, and gypsum has positive effects, while the water glass can enhance both clay strength and the fluidity of the filing slurry. Furthermore, combining chaotic optimization method with neural network, the optimal ratio of composite cementing agent was obtained. The results show that the optimal ratio of water glass, cement, lime and clay (in quality) is 1.17:6.74:4.17:87.92 in the process of bottom self-flow filling, while the optimal ratio is 1.78:9.58:4.71:83.93 for roof-contacted filling. A novel filling process to fill in gypsum mine goaf with clay is established. The engineering practice shows that the filling cost is low, thus, notable economic benefit is achieved.

Experimental Study of Filling Ratio Effect on the Thermal Performance in a Multi-Heat Pipe with Graphene Oxide/Water Nanofluids

This experimental study is performed to investigate heat transfer performance of a multi-heat pipe cooling device in the condition of different filling ratios (40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) and different constant heat fluxes (10 - 30 W). Here, pure water (distilled water) and graphene oxide (GO)/water nanofluids are employed respectively as working fluid. GO/water nanofluids were synthesized by the modified Hummers method with 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15%, and 0.20% volume concentrations. Multi-heat pipe is fabricated from copper;the heating and cooling sections are the same size and both are connected by four circular parallel tubes. Temperature fields and thermal resistance are measured for different filling ratio, heat fluxes and volume concentrations. The results indicated that the thermal performance of heat pipe increased with increasing the concentration of GO nanoparticles in the base fluid, while the maximum heat transfer enhancement was observed at 0.20% volume concentration. GO/water nanofluids showed lower thermal resistance compared to pure water;the optimal thermal resistance was obtained at 100% filling charge ratio with 0.20% volume concentration. Studies were also demonstrated that heat transfer coefficient of the heat pipe significantly increases with increasing the input heat flux and GO nanoparticles concentration.

Effect of the Filling Liquid Ratio on the Thermal Performance of a Novel Thermal Diode with Wick

The application of thermal diodes,which allow heat to flow more readily in one direction than the other,is an important way to reduce energy consumption in buildings and enhance the battery heat dissipation of electric vehicles.Depending on various factors including the specific design,materials used,and operating conditions,the convective thermal diode can exhibit the best thermal rectification effect in intended applications compared to the other thermal diodes.In this study,a novel convective thermal diode with a wick was proposed based on the phase change heat transfer mechanism.This design takes advantage of both capillary forces provided by the wick and gravity to achieve enhanced unidirectional heat transfer performance for the designed convective thermal diode.The effect of the filling liquid ratio on the thermal performance of the thermal diode was experimentally investigated,which was in good agreement with the theoretical analysis.The research findings showed that with an optimal liquid filling ratio of 140%,the thermal diode with a wick can achieve a better thermal rectification ratio when subjected to a lower heating power,and the maximum thermal rectification ratio of 21.76 was experimentally achieved when the heating power of the thermal diode was 40 W.

Frost heave control of fine round gravel fillings in deep seasonal frozen regions

Fine round gravel soil is widely employed in the subgrade of high and thawing. The lower the fines content in fine round gravel soil, but compaction difficulty increases. This study is to obtain the speed railways in cold regions to prevent frost heaving the smaller the quantities of frost heaving and thawing, optimum fines content and limited frost heaving and thawing. The fine round gravel soil filling （FRGSF） used in the Harbin-Qiqihaer Passenger Dedicated Line is taken as the study object. Influence of fines content on optimum water content, maximum dry density and frost heaving properties of FRGSF were studied by means of compaction and frost heaving tests. Results show that the maximum dry density of the FRGSF increases first and then decreases with an increase of fines content, namely there is an optimum fines content for easy compaction. The method of surface-vibratory instrument is fit for coarse-grained soils, and wet state of coarse-grained soil is in favor of compaction. Considering the relationship of fines content with maximum dry density and the frost heaving ratio of FRGSF, the fines content should be limited to within the range of 9%-10%, so that the frost heaving ratio is less than 1%, and the FRGSF is easily compacted. Water supply is proved to be an important factor influencing the amount of frost heaving of FRGSF. We also conclude that in the field, it is imperative to control waterproofing and drainage measures.

Electrodeposition of Gold to Conformally Fill High-Aspect-Ratio Nanometric Silicon Grating Trenches: A Comparison of Pulsed and Direct Current Protocols

Filling high-aspect-ratio trenches with gold is a frequent requirement in the fabrication of X-ray optics as well as micro-electronic components and other fabrication processes. Conformal electrodeposition of gold in sub-micron-width silicon trenches with an aspect ratio greater than 35 over a grating area of several square centimeters is challenging and has not been described in the literature previously. A comparison of pulsed plating and constant current plating led to a gold electroplating protocol that reliably filled trenches for such structures.

Influence of Axial Load Ratio on Shear Behavior of Through-Diaphragm Connections of Concrete-Filled Square Steel Tubular Columns

Nonlinear finite element analysis and parametric studies were carried out to study the influence of axial load ratio on the shear behavior of the through-diaphragm connections of concrete-filled square steel tubular columns. The analysis reveals that smaller axial load ratio can improve the shear bearing capacity and ductility while larger axial load ratio will decrease the shear behavior of the through-diaphragm connections. The parametric studies indicate that the axial load ratio should be limited to less than 0.4 and its influence should be considered in the analysis and design of such connections.

重力参数对非阻塞性颗粒阻尼减振特性的影响

针对非阻塞性颗粒阻尼(Non-obstructive Particle Damping,NOPD)在微重力、超重及离心等非常态环境中减振效果较差的问题,采用重力加速度表征这些非常态物理环境,利用离散元法(Discrete Element Method,DEM)研究重力参数对NOPD减振特性的影响,同时还分析NOPD最优填充比及最优粒径比等结构参数在不同重力条件下的变化规律。研究表明,重力加速度在0.7~1.0 g之间时NOPD减振效果最好。在微重力环境下,当重力参数变化时,NOPD最优填充比为0.85,最优粒径比为0.45。而当重力加速度大于1 g时,NOPD最优填充比及最优粒径比均随重力加速度的增加而减小,且其最优范围也均有所扩大。

相变腔冷凝现象对沸腾-凝结共存相变传热的影响

针对平板热管均热器内部狭小空间存在着强烈的沸腾与凝结相互作用,以去离子水为工质,可视化实验研究了冷凝面上发生的凝结现象及其对相变腔传热性能的影响。通过分析冷凝面上液滴的形成、长大、汇聚成液膜、滴落,以及气液界面产生气泡随气流运动对冷凝液膜的冲刷作用,揭示了不同热流密度和充液率时相变腔冷凝面传热传质特性对沸腾-凝结共存相变传热影响的内在机理。实验结果表明:受重力影响,水蒸气在冷凝面上凝结有液滴和液膜共存并相互转化的特性,冷凝面热阻在相变腔总热阻中占比65%~88%,适宜的充液率有利于沸腾气泡冲刷冷凝壁面,加快冷凝液的回流,改善冷凝面及相变腔的传热性能;随着热流密度的增大,沸腾过程变得剧烈,冷凝面受沸腾气泡的冲刷频率提高,冷凝液回流速度加快,冷凝面热阻减小,传热性能得到提高。

大高宽比矩形钢管混凝土柱压弯性能研究

为了研究大高宽比矩形钢管混凝土柱的压弯性能,对大高宽比钢管混凝土短柱进行偏压试验并结合有限元模拟补充了4组试件进行对比,包括不同偏心率、高宽比、钢管壁厚度、截面尺寸情况下柱性能的对比分析。最后参考常用的4本国内外规范进行柱承载力计算,对比并判断现有规范是否适用。结果表明:试件破坏模式均为长边鼓曲,当荷载小于极限承载力的80%时,横截面高度上的应变分布服从平截面假定;随着偏心率增大,柱延性提升,在偏心率超过0.205后,柱延性开始下降;随着壁厚增加,柱延性提升,在壁厚达到8 mm后,柱延性开始下降;随着高宽比提升,柱延性降低;随着截面尺寸增大,在壁厚不变的情况下,柱延性降低,在壁厚等比例增大时,柱延性变化不大;随着高宽比、截面尺寸、钢管壁厚度的增大,柱承载力提升;随着偏心率升高,柱承载力降低;参考规范JGJ 138—2016对大高宽比钢管混凝土柱偏压承载力的计算更为准确。

基于无废企业工业废料充填体强度与材料配比优化研究

为了构建无废企业,某煤电一体化企业采用连采连充式充填来循环再利用其生产的工业废弃物。结合充填工艺特点,以矸石和炉渣为骨料,粉煤灰、石膏、水泥和电厂废水配成的浆液为胶结材料,用DPS数据处理系统建立回归模型,通过方差分析与响应曲面分析法分析双因素交互作用下对充填体强度影响。研究结果表明,石膏水泥比与矸石浆液比交互作用影响最大,其次是粉煤灰水泥比与矸石浆液比的交互作用,石膏水泥比与粉煤灰水泥比交互作用影响最小。根据优化结果得到最终配比为石膏水泥比0.1,粉煤灰水泥比0.35,矸石浆液比2.9,以此参数得到充填体试验最终强度为5.21 MPa,其相对误差小于5%。研究结果可为无废企业的废弃物的循环再利用提供借鉴。

圆形截面钢管混凝土受弯构件塑性发展系数的双因素计算模型研究

为了综合考虑截面几何和材料特性对圆形截面钢管混凝土(CFST)受弯构件抗弯强度的影响,选择截面厚径比和材料强度比作为自变量,研究建立了圆CFST受弯构件截面塑性发展系数的二元函数计算表达,并建立了截面抗弯强度计算模型。首先在确定厚径比和强度比取值范围的基础上,设计1 656个圆CFST受弯构件的数值模型,利用纤维模型法计算确定每个构件的截面抗弯强度和塑性发展系数。然后选择截面钢管壁厚与外径之比、钢管强度与核心混凝土强度之比作为自变量,通过回归分析建立圆CFST构件的截面塑性发展系数的二元函数表达式,据此提出了圆CFST构件截面抗弯强度的计算模型。最后通过与试验数据、现行设计规范和研究文献中不同计算模型进行对比分析,验证了建立的圆形截面钢管混凝土受弯构件的截面塑性发展系数和抗弯强度计算模型具有更高的精度和适用性。

方钢管砖混再生骨料混凝土短柱轴压性能有限元研究

目的 研究方钢管砖混再生骨料混凝土短柱的力学性能,推动建筑固废资源化利用。方法 利用ABAQUS软件建立方钢管砖混再生骨料混凝土短柱模型,将模拟结果与试验结果进行对比,验证了模型的正确性。然后分析砖混骨料取代率、倒角率、钢管屈服强度及厚度对短柱轴压力学性能的影响。结果 砖混骨料取代率小于50%时,极限承载力降低幅度在10%以内;当倒角率提高至0.16时,极限承载力有小幅度提升;试件的极限承载力随着钢管的厚度及屈服强度的增大而提高。结论 砖混骨料取代率较小时对试件承载能力影响较小,外包钢管的强度与厚度对试件承载能力有较大影响。对于方柱,适当提高倒角率可以使钢管更好约束混凝土,提高试件承载能力,但倒角率过大时截面面积有较大削弱,承载能力降低。

圆钢管砖骨料地聚物再生混凝土柱滞回性能试验研究

为探究废弃黏土砖再利用的可行性,对6根圆钢管砖骨料地聚物再生混凝土柱的滞回性能进行了系列试验研究。以不同钢管厚度(4、6 mm)、砖骨料取代率(0%、50%、100%)、轴压比(0.05、0.25、0.50)为参数,得到了试件在往复荷载作下的失效模态、骨架曲线和滞回曲线,并对构件的刚度退化、滞回性能、峰值承载力、延性、承载力退化和耗能能力等抗震性能指标的变化规律分析。结果表明:试件的失效模式表现为底部发生鼓曲、开裂,出现塑性铰的区域核心混凝土破碎,与普通钢管混凝土相似;砖骨料取代率和轴压比的增加会降低试件的承载力,钢管厚度的增加会提高试件的承载力。试件的滞回曲线饱满,表现出不明显的捏缩,表明耗能能力较好;轴压比的增加导致试件的变形能力降低,加快了刚度和承载力的退化速度,增长钢管厚度可以提高试件的变形能力;砖骨料取代率对试件刚度退化、延性、承载能力和耗能能力的影响有限。

堆渣料面板堆石坝非线性动力液化分析

面板坝的建设中,部分区域因堆石料匮乏,采用堆渣料作为坝壳材料筑坝。堆渣料属于弱透水性材料,在复杂地质条件下及地震工况下存在液化风险,造成坝体裂缝、凹陷和坍塌等问题,影响大坝安全。为此,针对堆渣料面板坝开展了非线性动力分析,研究了坝体在地震条件下产生动力液化的可能性。结果表明,上游坝坡附近是超孔压比较高的主要部位,该部位堆渣料液化的可能性较大,是需要重点关注的主要区域;下游坡脚附近受水流渗出影响,液化风险较低;沿着顺河向方向,超孔压比逐渐减小,中高风险液化区域若形成连通,将增大坝体整体液化风险,为降低坝体液化风险,需设置抗液化措施,增强坝体安全性。

某铜矿全尾砂膏体充填配比优化初步研究

湖北某铜矿为达到高质量膏体充填的目标,针对料浆浓度低、井下排水量大、充填成本高等问题,进行了全尾砂膏体充填配比优化研究。试验结果表明:用胶固粉作为膏体充填胶结材料,满足该矿山生产要求的充填体灰砂比为1∶7,料浆浓度大于68%;用P.O42.5普通硅酸盐水泥作为膏体充填胶结材料,满足该矿山生产要求的充填体灰砂比为1∶3,料浆浓度大于71%;相较于P.O42.5普通硅酸盐水泥,使用胶固粉可节约充填材料成本1 368.7万元/a,经济效益显著;该研究结果可为后期膏体充填工艺中胶结剂的选择提供理论依据。

大空区低成本充填处理方法研究与实践

针对老空区充填处理一般投资较大、成本较高的技术难题,结合某铁矿大空区充填处理实际,利用原地面大空区观测孔和既有充填系统,设计建设了一套简单、实用、投资较低的地面辅助泵送充填系统,并配套发明设计了一套翻板式活门搅拌机取料装置;研究发现了泵送充填上坡管路的严重震动现象,提出了混凝土墩固定管路的减震方法;通过研究分析大空区的充填特点,提出了薄饼充填结构模型思想,认为大空区充填体强度设计较高既无必要,也起不了多大强度作用,据此提出了降低充填体强度和充填灰砂比的设计建议。

出口直径对脉冲爆震清灰装置外场压力作用特性的影响研究

脉冲爆震清灰技术是一种利用爆震波解耦产生的冲击波清除积灰的高效清洁技术,在炉内清洁领域具有巨大优势。为探究爆震清灰装置外场压力作用特性及装置出口直径对其压力作用特性的影响,以丙烷-空气为燃料,针对某型脉冲爆震清灰装置开展数值仿真与试验研究。结果表明:随着传播距离的增加,边缘处的弧状冲击波存在转变为平面波的趋势,冲击波的作用压力峰值趋于相近,且作用压力峰值的到达时间也趋于相近。当外场冲击波作用于非对流管束积灰面时,除爆震室轴线正对处发生正反射而产生一道压力峰值外,其余位置主要因发生斜反射而产生2道压力峰值。尾段出口直径与爆震室直径比值(直径比)为1时外场冲击波作用压力峰值最大,出口直径的增加或减小均会不同程度地削弱外场冲击波的压力峰值,直径比小于1的结构对外场冲击波的削弱效果最为显著,直径比大于1的结构削弱效果较次之;在直径比小于1时冲击波作用压力峰值随直径比增大而增大,当直径比大于1时冲击波作用压力峰值随直径比增大而减小。

截面型式及槽宽比对高填明洞土压力影响分析

利用离散元软件PFC2D,考虑到土体的离散性与不均匀性,通过分析洞顶平均竖向土压力、内外土柱相对沉降差以及颗粒间接触力链的变化规律,探讨截面型式(矩形、1/4拱形、1/2拱形)及槽宽比(B/b=1.5∶1,2∶1,3∶1,4∶1)变化对高填黄土明洞土压力的影响,结合顾安全公式,分析高填明洞沉降差与土压力间的函数关系,并修正该函数,使其可以适用与不同的截面型式与槽宽比下的高填明洞。结果表明:(1)B/b确定,明洞采用矩形截面时,接触力链在洞顶分布,平均土压力更大,明洞采用拱形截面时,平均土压力更小,但拱顶存在局部应力集中现象;(2)明洞截面型式一定,随着B/b的增大,洞顶平均竖向土压力与沉降差均随之增大,当B/b较小时,边坡作用增强,外侧土柱沉降降低,对内土柱的作用力变小,从而导致明洞顶竖向土压力更小;(3)内外土柱沉降差与附加土压力呈线性相关,相对于矩形截面,拱形截面下较小的沉降差会产生相同的附加土压力,更有利于结构的稳定。

吹填淤泥土的双掺固化和配比优化试验研究

为了研究水泥和氧化钙双掺固化改良吹填淤泥土的最优配比,该文基于正交试验开展了双掺固化土的改性分析,最后通过模糊综合评价法对各配比方案进行了量化优选。结果表明:①同等比例掺入条件下(掺入量1.0%~4.0%),最优含水率与掺入量呈正线性相关,而最大干密度呈负线性相关;非同等比例下,规律不甚明显,但是相对水泥来说,氧化钙的减水效果要优于水泥的效果;②试样的无侧限抗压强度受水泥和氧化钙相对比例影响,等比例掺入时呈正相关,但总体上水泥在双掺固化土强度增长过程中起主要作用;③采用模糊综合评价法,综合考虑项目固化施工成本、抗压强度、击实特性等多种因素认为山东玉龙岛炼化项目吹填淤泥的最优配合比方案是采用2.0%水泥+1.5%氧化钙双固化,此时试样的最优含水率为23.3%,最大干密度为1.68 g/cm^(3),无侧限抗压强度为440 kPa。

高温共烧陶瓷大深径比通孔填充工艺改良

通孔填充是高温共烧陶瓷(HTCC)制作流程中的关键工艺之一,直接影响着元件内部不同层之间电气连接的可靠性。此工艺主要是对冲孔后的陶瓷片进行通孔金属化,即将具有导通作用的金属浆料填充进通孔内。随着通孔深径比增大,常规通孔填充技术无法保证通孔填充质量,通孔填充工艺急需改良。影响通孔填充质量的因素较多,分析了浆料黏度、填孔压力、刮刀速度、刮刀硬度对大深径比通孔填充质量的影响。研究结果表明调整填孔压力、调整浆料黏度及降低刮刀速度均能改善通孔填充效果;刮刀硬度对填孔效果影响较大,当刮刀硬度降低至邵氏A60°~A70°时可保证大深径比通孔填充质量。这一研究结果可为高温共烧陶瓷填孔工艺中通孔填充质量的改善提供参考。