Vacancy healing for stable perovskite solar cells via bifunctional potassium tartrate

Perovskite solar cell has gained widespread attention as a promising technology for renewable energy.However, their commercial viability has been hampered by their long-term stability and potential Pb leakage. Herein, we demonstrate a bifunctional passivator of the potassium tartrate(PT) to address both challenges. PT minimizes the Pb leakage in perovskites and also heals cationic vacancy defects, resulting in improved device performance and stability. Benefiting from PT modification, the power conversion efficiency(PCE) is improved to 23.26% and the Pb leakage in unencapsulated films is significantly reduced to 9.79 ppm. Furthermore, the corresponding device exhibits no significant decay in PCE after tracking at the maximum power point(MPP) for 2000 h under illumination(LED source, 100 mW cm^(-2)).

Double-blinded, Controlled, Randomized Study of Dihydrocodeine Tartrate vs Codeine Phosphate in Treating Cancer Pain

To compare the effects and adverse reactions of dihydrocodeine tartrate andcodeine phosphate in treating moderate cancer pain. Methods: Sixty-nine cases of cancer patientswith moderate pain were treated with dihydrocodeine tartrate or codeine phosphate respectively bydouble-blind, controlled randomized methods and the effects and adverse reactions were observed.Results: After administration of dihydrocodeine tartrate or codeine phosphate, in treatment group orcontrol group, the total effective rate was 86.6% and 93.6%, and common adverse symptoms includedconstipation (31.3%/12.9%), nausea (18.8%/19.7%), gastric trouble (18.8%/19.7%), skin pruritus(12.5%/10%), vomit (9.3% and 6.5%) with the difference being not significant. Conclusion: Theeffects of dihydrocodeine tartrate in treating moderate cancer pain are similar to codeinephosphate. Both them can be used to treat moderate cancer pain.

Advancing USP compendial methods for fixed dose combinations: A case study of metoprolol tartrate and hydrochlorothiazide tablets

The current United States Pharmacopeia–National Formulary(USP–NF) includes more than 250 monographs of fixed dose combinations(FDCs), and some of them need to be updated due to incompleteness of impurity profiles and obsolescence of analytical methodologies. A case study of metoprolol tartrate and hydrochlorothiazide tablets is presented to summarize challenges encountered during the USP monograph modernization initiative of FDCs and to highlight an "adoption and adaptation" approach employed for method development. To this end, a single stability-indicating HPLC method was developed to separate the two drug substances and eight related compounds with resolution 2.0 or higher between all critical pairs. Chromatographic separations were achieved on a Symmetry column(C18,100 mm*4.6 mm, 3.5 mm) using sodium phosphate buffer(pH 3.0; 34 mM) and acetonitrile as mobile phase in a gradient elution mode. The stability-indicating capability of this method has been demonstrated by analyzing stressed samples of the two drug substances. The developed HPLC method was validated for simultaneous determination of metoprolol tartrate and hydrochlorothiazide and relevant impurities in the tablets. Moreover, the developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of commercial tablet dosage forms and proved to be suitable for routine quality control use. The case study could be used to streamline USP's monograph modernization process of FDCs and strengthen compendial procedures.

Modulation of Tartrates with Various Counterions on the Phases of Calcium Oxalate in Gelatinous Systems

Effect of various counterions of tartrate on the crystallization of calcium oxalate in gel system was investigated using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Various tartrates with hydrogen (H2tart), sodium (Na2tart), potassium (K2tart), ammonium ((NH4)2tart), and a mixture of sodium and potassium cations (NaKtart) were considered. For H2tart, Na2tart, and (NH4)2tart, calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) was induced. However, for K2tart and NaKtart, calcium oxalate trihydrate (COT) was obtained.

Conductivity Prediction of Sodium and Potassium Hydrogen Tartrates in Aqueous Solution at Low Concentration

An ionic conductivity prediction equation at low concentration for two acid salts is proposed taking into account the dissociation and association equilibria among ions. The salts considered are sodium and potassium hydrogen tartrates. There is no additional parameter of high order terms except for the Onsager's coefficient of limited term in the new equation. Results show a complex conductance of acidic tartrates in aqueous solution. The molar conductivities of metal ions are nearly constant such that the contributions from hydrogen and tartrate ions decrease with concentration, while the molar conductivity of bitartrate ion increases with concentration.

Two New Tartrate Derivative Glucosides from Coeloglossum viride ( L.) Hartm. var. bracteatum ( Willd.) Richter

Two new tartrate derivative glucosides, coelovirin C (1) and D (2), were isolated from rhizomes of Coeloglossum viride ( L.) Hartm. var. bracteatum ( Willd.) Richter (Orchidaceae). Their structures were elucidated as (2R, 3S)-2-b-D-glucopyranosyl-2-isobutyltartrate1-(4-b-D- glucopyranosyloxybenzyl) ester 1 and (2R, 3S)-2-b-D-glucopyranosyl-2-isobutyltartrate-4-(4-b-D- glucopyranosyloxybenzyl) ester 2 by means of chemical and spectroscopic methods.

Tumor shrinkage by cyclopamine tartrate through inhibiting hedgehog signaling

The link of hedgehog (Hh) signaling activation to human cancer and synthesis of a variety of Hh signaling inhibitors raise great expectation that inhibiting Hh signaling may be effective in human cancer treatment. Cyclopamine (Cyc), an alkaloid from the Veratrum plant, is a specific natural product inhibitor of the Hh pathway that acts by targeting smoothened (SMO) protein. However, its poor solubility, acid sensitivity, and weak potency relative to other Hh antagonists prevent the clinical development of Cyc as a therapeutic agent. Here, we report properties of cyclopamine tartrate salt (CycT) and its activities in Hh signaling-mediated cancer in vitro and in vivo. Unlike Cyc, CycT is water soluble (5-10 mg/mL). The median lethal dose (LD50) of CycT was 62.5 mg/kg body weight compared to 43.5 mg/kg for Cyc, and the plasma half-life (T1/2) of CycT was not significantly different from that of Cyc. We showed that CycT had a higher inhibitory activity for Hh signaling-dependent motor neuron differentiation than did Cyc (IC50 = 50 nmol/L for CycT vs. 300 nmol/L for Cyc). We also tested the antitumor effectiveness of these Hh inhibitors using two mouse models of basal cell carcinomas (K14cre:Ptch1neo/neo and K14cre:SmoM2YFP). After topical application of CycT or Cyc daily for 21 days, we found that all CycT-treated mice had tumor shrinkage and decreased expression of Hh target genes. Taken together, we found that CycT is an effective inhibitor of Hh signaling-mediated carcinogenesis.

Coordination configurations of cupric tartrate in electronic industry wastewater

The coordination structure of cupric tartrate(Cu−TA)complex was investigated by ultraviolet−visible(UV-Vis)and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometer(LC-MS)firstly;furthermore,effective coordination configurations and electronic properties of Cu−TA in aqueous solution were systematically revealed by density functional theory(DFT)calculations.Consistently,Job plots show the possible existence of[Cu(TA)]and[Cu(TA)_(2)]^(2-)at 230 and 255 nm based on UV-Vis results.LC-MS results confirm the existence of the single and high coordination complexes[Cu_(2)(TA)_(2)]^(+),[Cu(TA)_(2)]^(+)and[Cu_(2)(TA)_(3)(H_(2)O)_(2)(OH)_(2)]^(2+).DFT calculation results show that carboxylic oxygen and hydroxyl oxygen of tartaric acid(TA)are preferred sites for Cu(Ⅱ)coordination.[Cu(TA)](1H,3H sites O of TA coordinated with Cu(Ⅱ)),[Cu(TA)_(2)]^(2-)(two 1^(C),2^(H) sites O of TA coordinated with Cu(Ⅱ)),and[Cu(TA)_(3)]^(4-)(three 2H,3H sites O of TA coordinated with Cu(Ⅱ))should be dominant coordination configurations of Cu−TA.The corresponding Gibbs reaction energies are-170.1,-136.2,and-90.2 kJ/mol,respectively.

Inhibition Behaviour of 2-butinel,4diol and Tartrate Salt,and Their Synergistic Effects on Corrosion of AA3003 Aluminium Alloy in 0.5% NaCl Solution

This work intends to investigate the inhibition behaviour of 2-butine 1, 4diol and potassium sodium tartrate and their synergistic effects on 3003 aluminium alloy corrosion in 0.5% NaCl solution. Experiments were carried out by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） and Tafel polarization method in a three-electrode cell. It was concluded that the inhibition efficiencies increased with an increase in the concentrations of inhibitors. For 2-butinel, 4diol and tartrate salt, the optimum in the inhibition efficiency, at room temperature and neutral pH, was observed for concentrations close to 10-3 mol/L and 1.5×10^-3mol/L, respectively. The electrochemical results illustrated that 2-butinel, 4diol and tartrate salt, have significant synergistic inhibition effects on corrosion of 3003 aluminium alloy in 0.5% NaCl solution. The optimum ratio of concentrations for tartrate to alcohol was 2：1.

The Structure of Ammonium D,L-Tartrate

The single crystals of the title compound NH4+C4H5O6- (C4H9NO6, Mr = 167.1) were obtained from a hot aqueous solution containing L-glutamine and D,L-tartaric acid in mole ratio1:1.5. The crystal belongs to monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 7.646(2), b = 7.804(2), c = 11.502(3)? ?= 102.26(2)o, V = 670.7(3)?, Z = 4, F(000) = 352, Dc = 1.655 g.cm-3, m(MoKa) = 0.16 mm-1, R = 0.035, wR = 0.094 for 1028 observed reflections (I>2s(I)). The enatiomeric anions of the tartrate with both (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-configuration co-exist in the unit cell. The carbon skeleton assumes a coplanar arrangement with a torsion angle of 181.5o. The three- dimensional H-bonding network exists in the crystal. While tartrate groups link each other by H-bonds between carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, the ammonium cations insert between the tartrate groups to form a sandwich-like crystal structure.

Preparation and characterization of nicotine tartrate and its application in gum-based chewing tobacco

To develop suitable nicotine derivatives for potential use in next generation tobacco products,mixtures of nicotine with tartaric acid were prepared.The prepared freeze-dried product was a white powder with good water solubility.The structure of nicotine tartrate was evaluated with X-ray powder diffraction,near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(ss-NMR).The crystal structure of nicotine tartrate was analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.According to the obtained atomic coordinates,equivalent temperature factor,bond length and torsion angles,the chemical formula of nicotine tartrate was proposed as 2(C4H5O6)· C10H16N2·H2O.The relative molecular mass was 480.42,and the crystal density was 1.501 mg/m^3 The crystal structure of nicotine tartrate belongs to the orthorhombic system and the monoclinic space group is P212121.Nicotine tartrate was used in gum-based chewing tobacco to substitute pure nicotine,which showed a sustained nicotine release when compared to traditional ultrafine tobacco powder as assessed by an in situ dissolution method.

Diethyl Tartrate on Polystyrene Bead as Chiral Stationary Phase in Liquid Chromatography

L0-(+)-diethyl tartrate was bound to hydroxymethyl polystyrene bead as a chiral stationaryphase in high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) for the resolution of pharmaceuticallyracemic compounds, such as D,L-amygdalic acid, D,L-brufen, and D,L-phenylephrine in an isocraticelution mode.

Study on Analgesia and Sedation of Butorphanol Tartrate Combined with Dexmedetomidine in Severe Cerebral Hemorrhage for Patients with Mechanical Ventilation

Objective: To analyze the effect and advantages in analgesia and sedation of butorphanol tartrate combined with dexmedetomidine in severe cerebral hemorrhage for patients with mechanical ventilation. Methods: 120 patients with severe cerebral hemorrhage requiring analgesia and sedation were randomly selected and divided into two groups: the control group (dexmedetomidine treatment group) and the test group (dexmedetomidine combined with butorphanol tartrate). Two groups of patients with different drugs were analyzed. Results: The average dose of dexmedetomidine (microgram) and the total adverse events (Times) in the test group were significantly lower than those in the control group within 48 hours (P < 0.05);The dose of Butorphanol in the test group was small, and the patients in the control group used other opioid analgesics to pump more significantly. Conclusion: Using butorphanol tartrate combined with dexmedetomidine can achieve the same sedative effect and enhance the analgesic effect as using dexmedetomidine alone with less dose of dexmedetomidine, and the clinical effect is significant. It also solves the problem that adverse reactions such as blood pressure change and bradycardia are easy to occur when using large dose of dexmedetomidine and the infusion speed is fast in clinical application, and significantly reduces the incidence of adverse reactions. It is worthy of clinical application.

FDA批准Varenicline tartrate片上市

FDA批准辉瑞公司varenicline tartrate片剂（Chantix）上市，用于帮助吸烟者戒烟。本品是近10年来首个获准用于戒烟的新处方药。

Growth of Mixed Rare Earth Tartrate Crystals (Y_(1-x)Sm_x)_2(C_4H_4O_6)_3·zH_2O from Silica Gels

Experiments performed on the grwth of mixed crystals of rare earth tartrates (Y1-xSmx)2 (C4H4O6)3.zH2O (0≤x≤1) from silica gels at 35~40℃ and 25~30℃ employing single-diffusion technique. are discussed. The crystals maintain spherulitic morphology, irrespective of the value of x, concentration of upper and lower reactants, gel pH, gel age and gel temperature. Formation Of Liesegang rings in this system is a temperature dependent phenomenon. It is shown that with the increase of the value of x the system passes from Liesegangring phenomenon to singlezone phenomenon. Operative mechanism of crystallization in the higher (35~40℃) and lower temperature ranges (25~30℃) is explained. Seeded growth experiments indicate the possibility of increasing the size of the spherulites in the gel medium

A NEW OPTICALLY ACTIVE POLYURETHANE DERIVED FROM CHIRAL(2R,3R)(+)-DIETHYL L-TARTRATE AND DIISOCYANATE

Optically active polyurethane was synthesized by the polyaddition of (2R, 3R)-(+)-diethyl L-tartrate (DET), 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) with various molecular weights at 60 degrees C in DMSO. The polymers were characterized by specific rotation, DSC and H-1 NMR spectra.

Ⅰ型戈谢症治疗药物Eliglustat Tartrate的Ⅱ期临床试验结果公布

2011年2月18日，Genzyme公司宣布其治疗Ⅰ型戈谢症（Gaucher Disease）药物Eliglustat Tartrate的Ⅱ期临床试验取得积极结果。这项为期三年的临床试验显示该药能够改善患者脾脏肿大、血红蛋白和血小板减少。

离子色谱法测定酒石酸沃尼妙林中酒石酸的含量

建立离子色谱-抑制电导检测法测定化学对照品中酒石酸盐的含量。以酒石酸沃尼妙林对照品为例,采用Dionex IonPac^(TM) AS19(4×250 mm)阴离子交换色谱柱和Dionex IonPac^(TM) AG18(4×50 mm)保护柱,以22 mmol/L氢氧化钾溶液为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min等度洗脱,抑制电导检测器检测,测定酒石酸盐中酒石酸的含量。结果表明,该方法在1.0~50μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999),定量限为0.5μg/mL,酒石酸沃尼妙林在3个水平的加样回收率分别为98.79%、98.91%与96.50%,平均回收率为98.07%(RSD=2.20%,n=9)。用此方法测定3个厂家共5批样品,酒石酸沃尼妙林中酒石酸含量的数值与理论值基本一致。本文建立的离子色谱法准确、灵敏,可用于酒石酸盐成盐比例与含量的测定。

酒石酸布托啡诺联合丙泊酚用于无痛胃镜下ESD患者的有效性与安全性观察

目的研究酒石酸布托啡诺联合丙泊酚对无痛胃镜下内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)患者的有效性和安全性。方法90例拟行无痛胃镜下ESD治疗患者,采用随机数字表法分为B1组、B2组及S组,每组30例。B1组、B2组分别于丙泊酚麻醉诱导前5 min给予10、20μg/kg酒石酸布托啡诺,S组于丙泊酚麻醉诱导前5 min给予等量生理盐水。比较三组的麻醉苏醒时间、丙泊酚用量、体动发生率,麻醉诱导前(T1)、置镜前(T2)、置镜中(T3)、出镜后(T4)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO_(2)),低氧血症发生率及不良反应发生率。结果B1组麻醉苏醒时间(6.00±0.56)min短于B2组的(6.77±0.37)min、S组的(6.25±0.33)min,B2组麻醉苏醒时间长于S组(P<0.05);B1组、B2组丙泊酚用量分别为(240.65±13.36)、(200.36±14.58)mg,均少于S组的(270.44±17.38)mg,B1组丙泊酚用量多于B2组(P<0.05);实验过程中S组有10例出现体动,B1组出现3例体动、B2组出现2例体动,B1组、B2组体动发生率分别为10.0%、6.7%,低于S组的33.3%(P<0.05)。T1时,三组患者的HR、MAP、SpO_(2)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与T1时比较,三组患者T2、T3、T4时的MAP均下降(P<0.05);但B1组、B2组患者T2时的MAP均高于S组(P<0.05)。与T1时比较,S组患者T2、T3、T4时的HR均下降,B1组、B2组患者T2、T3时的HR均下降(P<0.05);但B1组、B2组患者T2时的HR高于S组(P<0.05)。与T1时比较,三组患者T2、T3时的SpO_(2)均下降(P<0.05);但B1组、B2组患者T2、T3时的SpO_(2)高于S组(P<0.05)。S组低氧血症发生率26.7%(8/30)明显高于B1组的6.7%(2/30)、B2组的3.3%(1/30)(P<0.05);B2组头晕发生率26.7%(8/30)明显高于S组的0、B1组的6.7%(2/30)(P<0.05)。结论10μg/kg酒石酸布托啡诺复合丙泊酚可以安全、有效地应用于无痛胃镜下ESD患者中,有效提升麻醉效果的同时,可减少不良反应的发生。