Effects and mechanisms of L-phenylalanine on growth of Microcystis aeruginosa

The effects and possible mechanisms of action of L- phenylalanine on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa cells were explored by cell counting and flow cytometry assays. L- phenylalanine promoted the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa at concentrations between 0.078 and 0. 312 μg/mL, but inhibited growth at concentrations between 0. 625 and 20μg/mL in 24 h exposure. The dose-effect and time-course relationships between exposure to L-phenylalanine and growth inhibition of Microcystis aeruginosa were observed. The IC50 value of L-phenylalanine for growth inhibition of Microcystis aeruginosa was 6. 2 μg/mL （95% confidence interval was 0. 005 to 16. 76 μg/mL）. The membrane integrity of the cells showed significant variations after 24 h exposure to L-phenylalanine. Meanwhile, no effects on esterase activity of the cells were observed until after 48 h exposure to L-phenylalanine. In conclusion, L-phenylalanine has hormesis effects and algae control effects on Microcystis aeruginosa. The latter is closely related to alterations or disorders in the cell membrane and with variation of esterase activity in the cells.

Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Properties of Rare Earth Complexes with L-Phenylalanine and o-Phenanthroline

New solid ternary complexes of rare earth with L-Phenylalanine （ L-Phe ） and o-Phenanthroline （Phen） were synthesized in ethyl alcohol solution. Their composition were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, IR, Raman, UV-VIS, TG-DTA. The compositions of the complexes were confirmed to be RE （ Phe ）3Phen Cl3 · 3H2O （ RE = La^3＋, Ce^3＋, Pr^3＋, Nd^3＋, Sm^3＋, Eu^3＋, Er^3＋, Y^3＋）. The antibacterial activities testing indicates that all these solid ternary complexes have antibacterial ability against Escherich coli, Staphy lococcus aureus, Candida albican （MIC are about 65 × 10^-4%, 15 × 10^-3%, 4 × 10^-2%, respectively）.

Modified DIX model for ion-exchange equilibrium of L-phenylalanine on a strong cation-exchange resin

L-phenylalanine, one of the nine essential amino acids for the human body, is extensively used as an ingredient in food, pharmaceutical and nutrition industries. A suitable equilibrium model is required for purification of L-phenylalanine based on ion-exchange chromatography. In this work, the equilibrium uptake of L-phenylalanine on a strong acid-cation exchanger SH11 was investigated experimentally and theoretically. A modified Donnan ion-exchange （DIX） model, which takes the activiW into account, was established to predict the uptake of L-phenylalanine at various solution pH values. The model parameters including selectivity and mean activity coefficient in the resin phase are presented. The modified DIX model is in good agreement with the experimental data. The optimum operating pH value of 2.0, with the highest t-phenylalanine uptake on the resin, is predicted by the model. This basic information combined with the general mass transfer model will lay the foundation for the prediction of dynamic behavior of fixed bed separation process.

EFFECTS OF L-PHENYLALANINE ON THE RADIATION SYNTHESIS OF POLY(N,N'-METHYLENEBISACRYLAMIDE-co-4-VINYLPYRIDINE)(MICRO)GELS

The effects of L-phenylalanine （L-Phe） on the synthesis ofpoly（N,N＇-methylenebisacrylamide-co-4-vinylpyridine） （poly（Bis-co-4-VP）） （micro）gels by γ-ray irradiation were studied. The addition of L-Phe could not only decrease the gelation dose （Dg） of the synthesis obviously, but also transform the morphology of copolymer from microgel to gel. In addition, the swelling ability of the （micro）gels was also affected in the presence of L-Phe. The decrease of Dg was ascribed to the effect of pH, while the transformation of the morphology was ascribed to the effect of L-Phe on the stability of the poly（Bis-co-4-VP） microgel. Such an effect was confirmed further as compared with the effects of L-alanine, L-glutamic acid, L-arginine, sulfuric acid and aqueous ammonia.

利用新型红酵母苯丙氨酸解氨酶制备低苯丙氨酸酪蛋白

【目的】挖掘高活性、高稳定性的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(EC 4.3.1.24;penylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL),为后续在制备无(低)苯丙氨酸特膳食品的应用奠定基础。【方法】从胶红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa)和双倒卵形红酵母(Rhodotorula diobovata)中克隆到基因RmPAL和RdPAL,并通过生物信息学分析两个酶的序列和结构特征;在大肠杆菌中异源表达纯化RmPAL和RdPAL蛋白,测定最适反应条件和底物特异性;通过高效液相色谱和苯丙氨酸试剂盒测定了RmPAL和RdPAL转化酸解酪蛋白(casein acid hydrolysate,CAH)中苯丙氨酸(L-phenylalanine,L-Phe)的能力。【结果】RmPAL和RdPAL是真菌来源的PAL,分别由3个结构域组成:MIO结构域(MIO domain)、核心结构域(core domain)和屏蔽结构域(shielding domain),活性中心具有催化氨基酸Tyr和底物特异性特征氨基酸His;RmPAL和RdPAL在溶液中均以四聚体形式存在,两个酶的最适pH和最适温度均为8.9和50℃,且具有较宽泛的pH和温度稳定性,优于黏红酵母来源的商用PAL酶;此外,两种酶均能催化L-Phe和酪氨酸(L-tyrosine,L-Tyr)反应,且对L-Phe的催化效率较高,约为L-Tyr的5倍,脱除酸解酪蛋白中L-Phe的转化率分别为88%和93%。【结论】RmPAL和RdPAL具有较强稳定性和L-Phe水解偏好性,可从食源蛋白中有效去除L-Phe。

一种柔性链状L-Phe树脂的合成与对铜离子的吸附

以氯乙酰化聚苯乙烯微球(PS-acyl-Cl)为大分子引发剂,甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,以原子转移自由基聚合法合成了链状的亲水性环氧聚苯乙烯微球载体(PS-acyl-g-P(AM-GMA)),并与L-苯丙氨酸(LPhe)反应制得一种柔性链状L-Phe树脂。研究了反应时间、原料树脂溶胀时间、溶剂体系、催化剂添加量等对反应的影响。结果表明,随反应时间延长至20 h,增重率增至最大;原料溶胀时间延长至24 h,增重率增至最大;溶剂水较之N,N-二甲基甲酰胺经济且效果好;使用且增加催化剂至20%时,结果最好。在此优化条件下,可得环氧基转化率72%、担载量2.4 mmol/g的L-Phe树脂。研究了L-Phe树脂对Cu2+的吸附,得到最佳条件:Cu2+浓度为100mmol/L,pH为5.8~8.0,饱和吸附时间80 min。树脂最高吸附量为2.0 mmol/g。

Colorimetric Recognition of 3,4-Dihydroxy-D,L-phenylalanine with Tetrapeptide-modified Copper Nanoparticles as Chiral Nanozymes

The construct of artificial nanocatalyts by simulating natural enzymes and thereby bringing new properties for practical applications is still a challenging task to date.In this study,chiral tetrapeptide(L-phenylalanine-L-phenylalanine-L-cysteine-L-histidine)-engineered copper nanoparticles(FFCH@CuNPs)were fabricated as an artificial peroxidase(POD).More interestingly,the nano-catalysts exhibited chiral identification function.In comparison with other nanocatalysts like L-cysteine-,L-histidine-,chiral dipeptide(L-cysteine-L-histidine)-,or chiral tripeptide(L-phenylalanine-L-cysteine-L-histidine)-modified CuNPs,FFCH@CuNPs demonstrated higher POD-mimetic catalytic activity in the 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine(TMB)-H_(2)O_(2) system and stronger enantioselectivity in the recognition of 3,4-dihydroxy-D,L-phenylalanine(D,L-DOPA)enantiomers.Considering the strength difference between the intermolecular hydrogen bonding and theπ-πinteractions,the principle behind the chiral discrimination of D,L-DOPA was explored.Furthermore,higher contents of surface Cu2+ions and hydroxyl radicals were found in the FFCH@CuNPs-D-DOPA-TMB-H_(2)O_(2) system than in the FFCH@CuNPs-L-DOPA-TMB-H_(2)O_(2) system.Based on these results,a protocol for distinguishing between D,L-DOPA enantiomers through colorimetric recognition was established.This study provides a new insight into the design and fabrication of oligopeptides@CuNPs-based chiral nanozymes with improved catalytic performance and features additional to those of natural enzymes.

Synthesis of novel copolymer:Poly(p-dioxanone-co-L-phenylalanine)

In order to expand the application of poly（p-dioxanone） or PPDO in biomedical area,a series of novel copolymers were synthesized successfully by one-step,melted copolymerization of p-dioxanone（PDO） and L-phenylalanine N-carboxyanhydride（L-Phe-NCA） monomers.With the in-feed molar ratio of L-PheNCA /PDO equal to 1/20,the conversions of the two kinds of monomers were calculated from 1H NMR. The average molecular weight and polydispersity of the copolymer increase with the increasing reaction time and catalyst concentration.However,the conversions of the two kinds of monomers did not change with the reaction conditions.A three-step mechanism is presented and proved by high resolution 1H NMR and IR spectrums.

Determination of L-phenylalanine by cucurbit[7]uril sensitized fluorescence quenching method

The determination method of L-phenylalartine （LPA） by fluorescence quenching was developed. The assay was based on the combination of the cucurbit[7]uril （CB [7]） with palmatine hydrochloride （PAL） reaction. In the presence of CB [7], the fluorescence of PAL was quenched by LPA which can be employed to detect LPA. Under the optimal conditions, a linear range 3.63 ×10^-8- 9.68 ×10^-6 mol/L and a detection limit 1.27 ×10^-8 mol/L of LPA were obtained. The relative standard deviation （R.S.D） was 1.8% obtained from a series of 11 standards each containing 6.05 ×10^-6 mol/L of LPA. This paper also discusses the mechanism of fluorescence indicator probe.

Computational Design and Fabrication of Enantioselective Recognition Sorbents for L-phenylalanine Benzyl Ester on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Using Molecular Imprinting Technology

Computational strategies have been employed to investigate the influence of the nature of monomers and cross-linker in order to design three dimensional imprinted polymers with selective recognition sites for L-phenylalanine benzyl ester(L-PABE)molecule.Here,computational chemistry methods were applied to screen the molar quantity of functional monomers that interact with one mole of the template molecule.Effects of the nature of functional monomer,cross-linker,and molar ratio were determined computationally using density functional calculations with B3LYP functional and generic 6-31G basis set.Methacrylic acid(MAA)and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate(EGDMA)were used as the functional monomer and crosslinking agent,respectively.L-PABE imprinted polymer layered on multiwalled carbon nanotube(MWCNT)and conventional bulk MIP were synthesised and characterized as well.To investigate the influence of pre-organization of binding sites on the selectivity of L-PABE,respective non-imprinted polymers were also synthesised.MWCNT-MIPs and MIPs exhibited the highest adsorption capacity towards L-PABE.The synthesized polymers revealed characteristic adsorption features and selectivity towards L-PABE in comparison with those of its enantiomer analogues.

Preparation and Chiral Recognition of Thermosensitive Poly（N-isopropylacrylamide） Microgels Containing Modified L-Phenylalanine Groups

Thermosensitive poly[N-isopropylacrylamide（NIPAM）-co-N-acryloyl-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester （NALPE）] microgels were prepared by the free radical polymerization of NIPAM and chiral monomer, NALPE. Such microgels exhibited spherical shape and favorable monodispersity. Increasing the content of NALPE units would en- hance the average diameter, but decrease the thermosensitivity and volume-phase transition temperatures of the mi- crogels. Compared with PNIPAM microgels, the microgels containing NALPE units performed chiral recognozable capacities for D-phenylalanine and D-tartaric acid, and the enantioselectivity and adsorption capacity of the microgels improved with increasing the temperature and/or the content of NALPE units.

微生物苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)/肉桂酸途径生物转化制L-苯丙氨酸酶源菌种选育

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) has great values in industrial and potential medical applications, especially in the production of L phenylalanine from trans cinnamic acid. Strain breeding is important for the development and applications of this bioprocess. In this article, mutiple ways for breeding of microbial strains containing PAL were reviewed in details, including direction screening, enrichment culture technique for isolating strains from nature sources, phsical and chemical mutagenesis for strain improvement, PAL molecular clone and genetic engineering, etc. The significance of protoplast techniques for breeding of Rhodotorula strains containing PAL was analysed and discussed.

用活性碳分离纯化苯丙氨酸的研究

从用固定化细胞生产L-苯丙氨酸的反应液中，应用颗粒活性碳分离纯化L-苯丙氨酸。结果表明，该方法不受大量的无机盐干扰，纯化的L-苯丙氨酸，回收率为70％左右，产品纯度大于99．5％。

L-苯丙氨酸调控tyrP启动子强度的研究

TyrR是大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli简称E.coli)芳香族氨基酸生物合成和运输途径中的一种全局性调控蛋白,控制着包括tyrP在内的8个转录单元的转录。将tyrP基因启动子的两个RNAP(RNA聚合酶)结合位点进行定点突变来影响TyrR对tyrP的介导活化,并且TyrR与L-苯丙氨酸(L-Phe)结合极大地增强了RNAP对下游结合位点(tyrP启动子)的结合亲和力,因此可用L-Phe来调控启动子强度进而调控转录水平。本文以构建L-Phe高产菌株为最终目的,对tyrP启动子进行突变并用以构建L-Phe生物传感器,使tyrP启动子强度转变为可测量的荧光值,再使用L-Phe调控该传感器,影响tyrP启动子强度。最终发现突变后的tyrP启动子强度发生不同程度的改变,并且用L-Phe调控后,在一定浓度范围内,随着L-Phe浓度的升高tyrP启动子强度也在一定范围内增强。这将有利于筛选出受调控的优质启动子,并为改造E.coli代谢路径及高产L-Phe菌株构建有重要意义。

Synthesis of Protected Tetrapeptide, N-o-Ns-N(Me)-Val-N(Me)-Val-N(Me)-Val-N(Me)-Phe-O^tBu

The protected tetrapeptide, N-o-Ns-N （ Me ） -Val-N （ Me ） -Val-N （ Me ） -Val- N （ Me ） -Phe- OtBu, was prepared from L-valine and L-phenylalanine. Ted-butyl acetate and HClO4 were used to protect carbonyl group, o-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride and triethyl amine were used to protect amino group, and N-alkylation was finished with iodomethane. Then the protected amino acid was turned into acid chloride which was taken as coupling reagent. After 14 steps, such as protection, alkylation, deprotection and coupling, the protected tetrapeptide was obtained with a yield of 26.9%. The structures of intermediates and target compound were identified with NMR spectra and high resolution mass spectra.

Syntheses, Structures and Interactions with DNA of Two in situ Generated Palladium(Ⅱ) Complexes

Two new complexes [Pd（L-phe）2·2H2O] （1） and [Pd（4,4＇-dcbpy）（en）·H2O] （2） （L-phe = L-phenylalanine, 4,4＇-dcbpy = 2,2＇-bipyridyl-4,4＇-dicarboxylate, en = ethylenediamine） were synthesized and characterized. L-phenylalanine was in situ formed via the hydrolysis of N-（tert-butoxycarbonyl）-L-phenylalanine, and ethylenediamine came from the in situ reaction of piperazine （pip） under hydrothermal conditions. The single-crystal X-ray structure analyses reveal that the Pd（Ⅱ） ion constructs a square planer coordination geometry in complexes 1 and 2, respectively. Complex 1 extends into a 2D layered structure via H-bond interactions and complex 2 connects into a 3D network through hydrogen bonds and 7r-tr stacking interactions. The interactions of 1 and 2 with fish sperm DNA （FS-DNA） were examined via UV-Vis absorption spectra and fluorescence spectroscopy. The cleavage reaction for plasmid DNA has been assayed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The results indicate that two complexes interact with DNA and the insertion is the main binding mode.

Effect of Chloride Ions and Dissolved Oxygen on the Deactivation of Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase

With the method of synthesizing the L-phenylalanine by trans-cinnamic acid and ammonia in the presence of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) under high pH and high concentration of cinnamic acid, it is not favorable for the conversion because of the deactivation of the PAL.For this reason, it is important to find out the suita-