One and Half Centuries of Church Architecture in Ibadan,Nigeria

By the end of the 19th century,the missionaries had successfully planted Christianity in Ibadan,Nigeria with its distinguishable architecture.The history of church architecture in Ibadan is synonymous with the beginning of Christianity in Yoruba Country.Based on historical data obtained from the archives and field investigations,the paper traces the development of the church buildings of the missionary churches in Ibadan from the late 19th century to early 21st century.With shifts in the thinking about ideological and liturgical issues in church architecture globally,three distinct phases of development of church buildings in Ibadan are suggested beginning with the mission stations and ending with the modernist church buildings.The paper concludes that attempts to introduce modern architectural expressions in church buildings in Ibadan were increasingly common and strong but traditionalist and historicist approaches to architectural planning of church buildings remained predominant into the 21st century.

The Black American Church: A Reactionary and Ideological Apparatus of Slavery

This work argues that Denmark Vesey,Nat Turner,Gabriel Prosser,David Walker,Henry Highland Garnet,amongst a few others were the reactionary(dialectical)exceptions to the black church,not the norm,an(ideological)institution established to interpellate and indoctrinate blacks to accept their conditions in slavery.In other words,the aforementioned were the enslaved who used Christian dogma to(negative dialectically)respond to the barbarity of slavery by violently convicting white Christian society for not living up to its values,ideas,and ideals given the treatment of African people by so-called Christians.In the latter sense it was reactionary;in the former,it was an ideological apparatus of domination and control for the institution of slavery.The contemporary attempt to racially vindicate the black church as a sui generis revolutionary institution overflowing with Africanisms is ahistorical and ideological reaped in pseudoscientific propositions stemming from postmodern and post-structural theories.

The wave and vibratory power transmission in a finite L-shaped Mindlin plate with two simply supported opposite edges

In this paper,wave and vibratory power transmission in a finite L-shaped Mindlin plate with two simply supported opposite edges are investigated using the wave approach.The dynamic responses,active and reactive power flow in the finite plate are calculated by the Mindlin plate theory （MPT） and classic plate theory （CPT）.To satisfy the boundary conditions and continuous conditions at the coupled junction of the finite L-shaped plate,the near-field and far-field waves are entirely contained in the wave approach.The in-plane longitudinal and shear waves are also considered.The results indicate that the vibratory power flow based on the MPT is different from that based on the CPT not only at high frequencies but also at low and medium frequencies.The influence of the plate thickness on the vibrational power flow is investigated.From the results it is seen that the shear and rotary inertia correction of the MPT can influence the active and reactive power at the junction of the L-shaped plate not only at high frequencies but also at low and medium frequencies.Furthermore,the effects of structural damping on the active and reactive power flow at the junction are also analyzed.

Axial Compression Behavior and Analytical Method of L-Shaped Column Composed of Concrete-Filled Square Steel Tubes

Based on the characteristics of an L-shaped column composed of concrete-filled square steel tubes, the axial compression experiment and nonlinear finite element analysis were carried out to study the mechanical property of the L-shaped column. The load-displacement curve for the L-shaped column, the deflection and load-strain curves for the mono columns were obtained by the axial compression experiment. The results show that the L-shaped column exhibits a flexural-torsional buckling failure mode. The numerical simulation by the finite element analysis shows that the bearing capacity and failure mode are in accordance with those of the axial compression experiment and the feasi- bility of the finite element analysis is proved. For the calculation of the bearing capacity of the L-shaped column com- posed of concrete-filled square steel tubes, an analytical method is proposed based on the theory of the elastic stability and spatial truss model. The results of the analytical method are in good agreement with those of the axial compression experiment and the finite element analysis.

Joint 2D DOA and Doppler frequency estimation for L-shaped array using compressive sensing

A joint two-dimensional(2D)direction-of-arrival(DOA)and radial Doppler frequency estimation method for the L-shaped array is proposed in this paper based on the compressive sensing(CS)framework.Revised from the conventional CS-based methods where the joint spatial-temporal parameters are characterized in one large scale matrix,three smaller scale matrices with independent azimuth,elevation and Doppler frequency are introduced adopting a separable observation model.Afterwards,the estimation is achieved by L1-norm minimization and the Bayesian CS algorithm.In addition,under the L-shaped array topology,the azimuth and elevation are separated yet coupled to the same radial Doppler frequency.Hence,the pair matching problem is solved with the aid of the radial Doppler frequency.Finally,numerical simulations corroborate the feasibility and validity of the proposed algorithm.

Research on vibration characteristics of L-shaped plate using a mobility power flow approach

L-shaped plates have become an important focuses in structural vibration research. To determine their vibration characteristics, this paper applied a mobility power flow method. Firstly, the L-shaped plate was divided into two substructures to simplify analysis. The coupled bending moment was then deduced by applying a continuous vibration property on the common edge. Next, the response on any point of the plate and the input and transmitted power flow formulas were calculated. Numerical simulations showed the distribution of the coupled bending moment and the response of the whole structure. The validity of this method was verified by the SEA approach.

Laboratory test on the combined cooling effect of L-shaped thermosyphons and thermal insulation on high-grade roadway construction in permafrost regions

With the completion of the Qinghai-Tibetan Railway,economic development of related areas has been greatly accelerated.This,in return,calls for building or upgrading more roadways,especially high-grade roadways.In cold regions,the thawing of permafrost can induce settlement damage of and even failure to railway (or roadway) embankments.Thermosyphons (self-powered refrigera-tion devices that are used to help keep the permafrost cool) have proved effective in mitigating thaw settlement by maintaining the thermal stability of the embankments.However,for high-grade roadway embankments of great width,stabilizing or cooling ef-fects of traditional geotechnological measures may be limited.To enhance the cooling effect of thermosyphons,an L-shaped thermosyphon was designed.A laboratory test was carried out to study the combined cooling effect of the L-shaped thermosyphon and thermal insulation applying to roadbed construction.The angle between the evaporator and condenser sections of the L-shaped thermosyphon is 134 degrees,and the L-shaped thermosyphon was inserted into the soil at an angle of 5 degrees with the road surface.The tested results show that the L-shaped thermosyphon is effective in removing heat from a roadway in winter.When the ambient air temperature is lower than the soil temperature,the thermosyphon is active and extracts the heat in the soil around it.When the ambient air temperature is higher than the soil temperature,the thermosyphon is inactive,and no heat is in-jected into the soil through the L-shaped thermosyphon.Compared to embankments with straight thermosyphons,the inner parts of the embankments with L-shaped thermosyphons were significantly cooled.It is hoped that the present study would be useful to the application of L-shaped thermosyphons in the construction of high-grade roadways in cold regions.

Test on mechanical behavior of SRC L-shaped columns under combined torsion and bending moment

Investigations of the seismic behavior of steel reinforced concrete L-shaped columns under constant axial compression and cycled bending-shear-torsion load were performed.Six specimens,which considered two parameters,i.e.,the moment ratio of torsion to bending(γ)and the aspect ratio(column length-to-depth ratio,φ),were prepared for the experiment.In this study,the failure process,torsion-displacement hysteresis curves,and flexure-displacement hysteresis curves were obtained.The failure characteristics,mechanical behavior of specimens such as the failure patterns,hysteresis curves,rigidity degradation,ductility and energy dissipation,are analyzed.The experimental research indicated that the major failures of the specimens were bending failure,bending-shear failure and bending-torsion failure as the moment ratio of torsion to bending(γ)increased.The torsion-displacement hysteresis curves were pinched in the middle,formed a slip platform,and the phenomenon of“load drop”occurred after the peak load.The bending-displacement hysteresis curves were plump,which showed that bending capacity of the specimen was better than its torsion capacity.Additionally,the energy dissipation of the specimen was dominated by torsion in the early stage and ultimately governed by the bending moment in the later phase.Test results also indicated that the displacement ductility coefficient and interstory rotation angle of the failure point were less than 3.0 and 1/50,respectively,which means the test specimen performance does not meet the requirement of the Chinese Code for Seismic Design of Buildings(GB 50011-2014)in this respect.

Bandwidth Numerical Analysis of Triangular Patch Antenna Fed by L-Shaped Probe

A single layer triangular patch antenna fed by an L-shaped probe was investigated numerically by using FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) method. It achieves >40% impedance bandwidth (VSWR<2) and stable radiation pattern across the passband. The triangular patch antenna with two orientations of L-shaped probe has almost the same characteristics, such as impedance bandwidth and radiation pattern. The bandwidth vs feeding position was also investigated, the broadband characteristic can be observed when the feeding position is only in a small segment along the centerline.

The Effects of Cross Sectional Dimensions on the Behavior of L-Shaped RC Structural Members

The behavior of L-Shaped RC （reinforced concrete） shear walls was investigated in the Erciyes University Earthquake Investigation Laboratory under the influence of constant axial load together with reversed cyclic lateral load. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cross sectional dimensions on the behavior of L-shaped structural members and to assess their earthquake performance. In order to investigate L-shaped RC structural members, the special experiment setup and four type of 1/2 scaled specimens which have different aspect ratio were constructed. The specimens were loaded in line with the major principal axes direction laterally. Axial load ratio was 0.1 and cross section height to thickness ratios were＇ 3：1, 5：1, 8：1, 10：1. Cross section thickness was 120 mm which corresponds to （360：120）, （600：120）, （960：120）, （1,200：120） wall legs cross sectional dimensions in mm. The specimens height was 1,500 mm, together with upper and lower slabs overall height was 2,000 mm. Concrete compression strength was 30 N/mm2, steel yield stress 420 N/mm2 and vertical reinforcement ratio was 1% for all specimens. According to the test results, the specimen of which the aspect ratio is 3 （360：120） has shown column behavior, the specimen of which the aspect ratio is 5 （600：120） has shown slender wall behavior and last two specimens of which the aspect ratios are 8 （960：120） and 10 （1,200：120） have shown squat wall behavior. When considering the cracking patterns and hysteretic behavior, since the aspect ratio 8, the specimens show flexure-shear interaction behavior and prone to brittle failure.

Attendance or Tradition:Who Is Interested in Church Music Today

Religious practices in general,but primarily Christian ones,are undergoing major changes in the modern world,which is rapidly changing day by day.One of the most revealing manifestations of these changes is liturgical music,which has always been considered“traditional”,whereas the boundaries of the tradition have been subject to sharp disputes between those responsible for the church ritual and its accessories.The palette of the musical environment of modern church in terms of attendance and congregational acceptability in its sustainable development is addressed in the article based on recent research,in particular,several related studies by A.Rosenblatt,who over the past two decades has explored different aspects of church music heard in the field and presented in various hymnal books.Summary of this review allows us to consider a tangle of reasons to the preference for this or that musical style,which often completely excludes purely musical tastes and preferences.

Multicut L-Shaped Algorithm for Stochastic Convex Programming with Fuzzy Probability Distribution

Two-stage problem of stochastic convex programming with fuzzy probability distribution is studied in this paper. Multicut L-shaped algorithm is proposed to solve the problem based on the fuzzy cutting and the minimax rule. Theorem of the convergence for the algorithm is proved. Finally, a numerical example about two-stage convex recourse problem shows the essential character and the efficiency.

Tree-based ecosystem services supply and multifunctionality of church forests and their agricultural matrix near Lake Tana,Ethiopia

Ecosystem services(ES)are the connection between nature and society,and are essential for the well-being of local communities that depend on them.In Ethiopia,church forests and the surrounding agricultural matrix supply numerous ES.However,the ES delivered by both land use types have not yet been assessed simultaneously.Here we surveyed both church forests and their agricultural matrices,aiming to quantify,compare and unravel the drivers underlying tree-based ES supply,density and multifunctionality.We found that almost all church forests and half of the agricultural matrices provided high ES densities.ES multifunctionality was higher in the agricultural matrices,suggesting that people deliberately conserve or plant multifunctional tree species.Furthermore,the supply of all categories of ES was positively correlated with church forest age(p-value<0.001)in the agricultural matrix,while the extent of church forest was positively correlated with the density of all categories ecosystem services score in the church forests(p-value<0.001).Our results can be used to prioritize conservation efforts at sites that provide high levels of ES supply,ES density and ES multifunctionality,and to prioritize restoration efforts at sites with low levels thereof.

The Effect of Global Insecurities on the Church in the Post-Corona World:A Study Case of the Church in Africa

This paper is on“The Effect of Global Insecurities on the Church in the Post-Corona World:A Study Case of the Church in Africa”.Wuhan,China was where the pandemic started in December 2019.The pandemic spread to all the nations of the world contextually;it has caused human deaths,disrupted health security and social life,hindered African cultural security,caused economic down tone,and plagued religious congregational meetings leading to a decline in the Church’s income,etc.,in Africa.Obviously,the world has not overcome the negative psychological and economic shock caused by this deadly disease.Yet,an increase in the global insecurities from other agents of insecurity in the post-corona world has been recorded.The world,contextually,the church in Africa is plagued by the rise of insecurities that have made development unattainable.Today,Africa is faced with many challenges which have great negative effects on the church and holistic growth.Terrorism,conflict,border closures,health challenges,economic crises,political uproar,and so on have great negative influence on the church in Africa and other sectors of the nations of the world.The paper investigates into the pre-security challenges era of the church in Africa.Moreover,the paper investigates how the church in Africa has deviated from fundamental Christian cultural originality as a consequence of the post-corona effects and negative influence of the other agents of insecurity on the church in Africa.The concomitant effect of the aforementioned agents of insecurity on the church and the general societies in Africa are examined.Furthermore,this paper hopes to give some suggestive panaceas to ameliorate effects of the agents of insecurity on the church in Africa.The research methods utilized in this paper consist of the socio-historical,internet explorations,interviews,and analytical approaches.

高昌回鹘汗国的东方教会叙利亚文《圣经》文库

从吐鲁番发现的大量叙利亚文基督教文献表明,9世纪末至13世纪中后期,高昌回鹘地方政权范围内的吐鲁番布拉依克等地有东方教会(即东叙利亚基督教会的社团)活动,大量叙利亚文圣经《佩希塔》文本和用于祈祷书《胡德拉》的《诗篇》文本向我们展示了当地民族和语言的多样性及其与遥远美索不达米亚东方教会的神学传统的一致性。吐鲁番的基督教写本残片是一个丰富的信息文库,它揭示了东方教会神学传统中的一个社区是如何在远离该传统教会故土自我运行的。

王阳明与马丁·路德比较研究

马丁·路德与王阳明均弱化或消解了外在权威对人的束缚,高扬了个体主义与主体性精神,这与前近代的思想解放运动相一致。二者的思想差异有三:一是权威主义良心与人道主义良心之别;二是性恶论与性善论之别;三是冲击教权与弱化王权之别。

近代中国教会大学的本土化之路——教育学科的视角

在外部环境刺激和内部高层管理人员的共同推动下,近代中国教会大学开启了本土化之路,其教育学科的本土化则主要是围绕如何处理“中西”关系进行的。在人才培养目标上,教会大学的教育学科实现了从满足传教需求到适应中国社会需求的转变;在通识课程上,教会大学教育学科的本土化表现为从“西体中用”到“扬中抑西”的过程;在专业课程上,教育学科从最初的“照搬西方”逐渐转向“西学中用”,旨在运用西方教育学理论解决中国的教育问题。然而,教会大学教育学科的本土化存在明显的局限性:一是人才培养目标的貌合神离,二是三民主义教育与基督教教育的理论纠葛与执行偏差,三是世界主义和国家主义的摇摆。近代中国教会大学教育学科的本土化历程凸显了摆脱西方路径依赖、扎根本土办教育的紧迫性和必要性,也为我们构建中国教育学自主知识体系提供了历史依据。

时变交通拥挤和需求随机的移动设施运营优化

为了优化移动设施(Mobile Facility,MF)的运营,在充分考虑时变交通状况和用户需求随机性的基础上,构建了一个两阶段随机规划模型,以期为决策者提供有力的工具。在第一阶段,模型针对MF的数量、时刻表和路径进行决策;第二阶段则聚焦于用户需求的分配和未满足服务量的确定。在求解此模型的过程中,本研究结合了时间依赖最短路径算法与L-shaped算法。在解决MF的移动路径和用户到达服务点的时间依赖最短路径问题时,将时变路段行驶速度离散化为分段函数,使得路段行驶时间成为连续分段线性函数,并且满足网络先进先出的原则,从而可以修改现有最短路径算法高效求解时间依赖最短路径。在L-shaped算法中,视一阶段模型为主问题,二阶段模型为子问题。首先通过求解主问题获得一阶段的决策变量,然后利用这些变量求解子问题,为主问题生成最优割。通过主、子问题的迭代交互,实现了对模型全局最优解的收敛,同时,通过加入有效不等式,使得算法能够快速收敛。在上海市嘉定区COVID-19核酸检测服务的MF实例中,对所提出的模型和算法进行了实证研究。结果表明:多割L-shaped算法结合有效不等式显著提升求解效率;同时,随着用户需求分布情况数量的增加,完美信息期望值和随机解价值均显著增加,这强调了在决策过程中获取准确信息和考虑时变交通状况与需求随机性的重要性。

库里森对阿尔托设计理念的继承与突破——以考尼爱宁教堂为例

后现代主义时期建筑师克里斯蒂安·库里森,是芬兰建筑师的代表人物之一,师承于阿尔瓦·阿尔托。本文缕析了阿尔托对库里森设计理念形成的重要影响及库里森设计理念的流变,并以阿尔托的建筑设计作品为对照,探寻库里森成熟时期代表作考尼爱宁教堂对阿尔托场地设计、材料应用与光线设计理念的继承,揭示在不同社会背景下二者的建筑风格、空间体验和立面设计等方面的差异,以期为当代建筑师承前启后的创作思路提供借鉴与参考。

“政教分离”制度下自民党与统一教的“利益输送”

实行“政教分离”的日本,政党政治与宗教团体依然有着千丝万缕的联系。日本宪法规定了宗教不能干预国家政权的行政事务,但宗教团体参与社会政治的权利和自由并未被剥夺,由此产生政党与宗教团体之间错综复杂的互动关系问题。当宗教团体支持的政党执政后,往往会利用手中的权力为宗教团体提供特殊的政治保护。自民党与统一教正是通过相互“利益输送”连接起来的,自民党是统一教在政权领域的利益代表者和实现者,统一教则是自民党赢得政治权力所需要的社会支持者和财力后援,自民党议员利用政治权力,给予统一教政治和行政上的关照,以换取长期执政所需的“金钱”与“选票”,这明显违背了《日本国宪法》第二十条第一项。安倍遇刺使得自民党与统一教的“金权政治”交易大白于世,亦反映出日本政坛背离“政教分离”原则的政治腐败根深蒂固。