Determination of epristeride by its quenching effect on the fluorescence of L-tryptophan

A rapid, novel spectrofluorimetric method to determine epristeride （EP） in biological fluids and a pharmaceutical formulation was developed, based on the fact that fluorescence intensity of L-tryptophan could be quenched by EP in the medium of pH=9.0. The various factors influencing fluorescence quenching were discussed. The quenching mechanism was investigated with the quenching type, synchronous fluorescence spectra and quantum efficiency. Under the optimized conditions, fluorescence quenching value （AF^---FL_tryptophan--FEP_L_tryptophan） showed a good linear relationship with the EP concentration ranging from 0.4 to 12.0 lag/mL. The linearity, recovery and limit of detection demonstrated that the proposed method was suitable for EP determination in biological fluids and EP tablets. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of EP in real samples and the obtained results were in good agreement with the results of the official method.

Co-ordinated combination of Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and pentose phosphate pathway in Escherichia coli to promote L-tryptophan production

In this study,phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate are efficiently supplied by collaborative design of Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas(EMP)pathway and pentose phosphate(PP)pathway in Escherichia coli,thus increasing the L-tryptophan production.Firstly,the effects of disrupting EMP pathway on L-tryptophan production were studied,and the results indicated that the strain with deletion of phosphofructokinase A(i.e.,E.coli JW-5ΔpfkA)produced 23.4±2.1 g/L of L-tryptophan production.However,deletion of phosphofructokinase A and glucosephosphate isomerase is not conducive to glucose consumption and cell growth,especially deletion of glucosephosphate isomerase.Next,the carbon flux in PP pathway was enhanced by introduction of the desensitized glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(zwf)and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase(gnd)and thus increasing the L-tryptophan production(i.e.,26.5±3.2 g/L vs.21.7±1.3 g/L)without obviously changing the cell growth(i.e.,0.41 h^(-1) vs.0.44 h^(-1))as compared with the original strain JW-5.Finally,the effects of co-modifying EMP pathway and PP pathway on L-tryptophan production were investigated.It was found that the strain with deletion of phosphofructokinase A as well as introduction of the desensitized zwf and gnd(i.e.,E.coli JW-5 zwf243 gnd361ΔpfkA)produced 31.9±2.7 g/L of L-tryptophan,which was 47.0%higher than that of strain JW-5.In addition,the glucose consumption rate of strain JW-5 zwf243 gnd361ΔpfkA was obviously increased despite of the bad cell growth as compared with strain JW-5.The results of this study have important reference value for the following application of metabolic engineering to improve aromatic amino acids producing strains.

Synthesis of Coumarin-functionalized Calix[4]arene and Selective Recognition for L-Tryptophan

5,11,17,23-Tetra-tert-butyl-25, 27-bis（7＇-methoxycoumarin-3＇-methyloxy）-26, 28-dihydroxycalix[4]arene was synthesized and characterized. The derivative could recognize L-tryptophan with a 1：1 complexing ratio and an apparent equilibrium constant of 111 L mol^-1 in DMF acetonitrile as solvent by UV-visible and fluorescent spectrophotometry.

Morphological Control of Gold Nanoparticles by Green Synthesis Using L-Tryptophan and Other Additives

This study focuses on shape-controlled synthesis of gold nanoparticles, using the green reducing agent L-Tryptophan(L-Trp), which is non-toxic and eco-friendly. This specific agent was investigated to realize certain morphology controlling effects by changing the relative growth rates among various crystal planes. Experimental samples were characterized by transmission electron microscope, UV-Vis spectrophotometer and X-ray diffraction(XRD) for size and morphological information. The effects of the specific additives of PVP((C_6 H_9 NO)_n), CTAB(C_(16)H_(33)(CH_3)_3 NBr), and KBr were examined for their morphological control individually and synergistically in this system. Hexagonal gold nanoparticles were successfully obtained via the PVP/CTAB and PVP/KBr systems. Particular amounts of PVP/KBr produced various polyhedron structures, such as cubes, and others with triangular and rhombic straight-side cross sections.

Gold Nanoparticles of Multiple Shapes Synthesized in L-Tryptophan Aqueous Solution

In this paper, we describe a simple and efficient synthesis of gold nanoparticles(GNPs) of various shapes(spherical, rod-like, hexagonal, truncated triangular, and triangular) using Au(Ⅲ) reduction in aqueous solutions by L-tryptophan. We evaluated the influences of reaction temperature, foreign metal ions Ag(Ⅰ), and surfactants of nonionic(polyethylene glycol, PEG), anionic(sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS), and cationic(cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, CTAB) on GNPs synthesis. We characterized the resultant GNPs using UV–visible adsorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy/high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, selected-area electron diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. We fabricated the variously sized GNPs by controlling the rate of the reduction of gold ions in aqueous solution by varying the reaction temperature: the higher the temperature, the smaller the gold nanospheres. We found the existence of Ag(Ⅰ) to reinforce the reduction of Au(Ⅲ) and to correspond with the appearance of some amorphous bimetallic Au/Ag nanoparticles. Additionally, we found the presence of surfactants to greatly influence the shape of the formed GNPs, especially the presence of CTAB, which results in the anisotropic growth of gold nanocrystals into hexagonal, truncated triangular, and triangular nanoplates. In addition, with the increase in CTAB concentration, we found the amount of gold nanoplates to first increase and then decrease. Finally, we performed preliminary explorations of the reduction process and morphological evolution to propose possible corresponding reduction and morphological evolution pathways.

Study on Interaction of L-Tryptophan with p-Suffonatocalix[4]arene by Spectrofluorometry

The interactions between L-tryptophan（L-Trp） and water-soluble p-sulfonatocalix[4]- arene （SCX4） were investigated by spectrofluorometry. The effect of pH was discussed. The interaction process was estimated from the thermodynamic viewpoint. The SCX4 was found to be able to adjust its conformation to fit the size of L-Trp, and the benzene of L-Trp penetrated into the hydrophobic cavity of SCX4. Meanwhile, the binding mechanism was further elucidated by IHNMR and molecular mechanics calculations.

Conversion of L-Tryptophan into Melatonin Is the Possible Action Pathway Involved in the Effect of L-Tryptophan on Antidepressant-Related Behavior in Female Rats: Analysis of the Influence of Treatment Duration

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pharmacological doses of melatonin (MEL) and L-tryptophan (L-TRP) on depression-like behavior in female rats submitted to the forced swimming test (FST) after 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks of treatment. This will allow exploring the different mechanisms of L-TRP actions particularly that due to its conversion into MEL. For this purpose, four groups of 24 rats each were constituted;(Group 1: Control): received saline solution NaCl (0.9%), (Group 2: MEL4): received 4 mg/Kg of MEL, (Group 3: L-TRP4): received 4 mg/Kg of L-TRP and (Group 4: L-TRP20): received 20 mg/Kg of L-TRP. Animals of each group were distributed on 4 subgroups of 6 rats submitted to different time treatments. The duration of immobility (TIM) and struggling period (TST) of rats in FST were measured after 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of drug treatment and the effects of MEL and L-TRP were compared. Chronical administration of different doses of MEL or L-TRP failed to induce any anti-depressant activity in rats subjected to FST after 2 weeks of treatment. However, after 4 weeks, daily administration of MEL at 4 mg/Kg significantly reduced the immobility period and enhanced struggling time. After 6 weeks, MEL at 4 mg/Kg and L-TRP at 20 mg/Kg were both effective in reducing immobility and increasing struggling movement, their effects being statistically comparable. All treatments were able to significantly reduce immobility time and increase struggling duration after 8 weeks, but L-TRP at 4 mg/Kg was less potent than MEL and L-TRP at 20 g/Kg. The antidepressant-like activity of L-TRP was dose and time dependent, and that of MEL was time dependent. In conclusion, the study showed that at pharmacological doses, MEL and L-TRP have anti-depressant action, and such effect is dependent on time treatment;MEL?is more effective than L-TRP. In conclusion, L-TRP, through MEL, 5-HT or by itself could modulate aminergic neurotransmission in the different brain areas to ensure its behavioral effects.

Syntheses,Crystal Structures and Anticoagulant Activities of Two L-tryptophan Derivatives

Two new L-tryptophan derivatives,（S）-2-（4-acetoxybenzamido）-3-（1 H-indol-3-yl）propanoic acid（I） and（S）-2-（3-acetoxybenzamido）-3-（1H-indol-3-yl）propanoic acid（II）, were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, NMR and MS. The single crystals were cultivated and determined with X-ray diffraction. It was determined that the two compounds crystallized in monoclinic space group P21. Compound I（C（21）H（20）N2O5, Mr = 380.39） with a = 8.5227（6）, b = 7.8310（6）, c = 15.2527（11） A°, Z = 2, V = 1017.81（13） A°^3, μ = 0.090 mm^-1, Dc = 1.241 g/cm^3, F（000） = 400, the final R = 0.0412 and w R = 0.1170 for all data. Compound II（C（21）H（20）N2O5, Mr = 380.39） with a = 9.5112（5）, b = 9.2197（4）, c = 10.9115（5） A°, Z = 2, V = 952.13（8） A°^3, μ = 0.096 mm^-1, Dc = 1.327 g/cm^3, F（000） = 400, the final R = 0.0377 and w R = 0.1009 for all data. The anticoagulant activities of L-tryptophan derivatives were evaluated by plasma re-calcification time（PRT） and blood concretion four items（APTT, PT, TT and FIB）. The results exhibited that L-tryptophan derivatives showed anticoagulant activity in normal coagulation pathway.

Lipid-Polymer Membranes as Carriers for L-Tryptophan: Molecular and Metabolic Properties

Polymerized liposomes encapsulating L-tryptophan were studied with the aim to characterize them as drug delivery systems for the treatment of several metabolic diseases that need an increased systemic L-tryptophan concentration. polymerized liposomes were obtained by UV irradiation of vesicles containing 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DC8,9PC) and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) in a 1:1 molar ratio, in the presence of 10 and 50 mol% of L-tryptophan (respect to total lipid concentration). Polymerization efficiency was studied spectrophotometrically. Also, bilayer packing at the polar head region was followed with the Merocyanine 540 (MC540) and specific interactions in the lipopolymers were studied by FTIR. High L-tryptophan concentrations (50 mol% respect to total lipid concentration) induced a higher amount of six- and nine-unit polymers. This phenomenon was induced because the L-tryptophan located outside the lipid membrane was included in it during the polymerization process and was thus responsible for the better accommodate of the polar head region. This was not possible with the lower amount of L-tryptophan (10 mol%). The stability of lipopolymers with different amounts of L-tryptophan was studied through release profiles. Polymerized liposomes with 50 mol% of L-tryptophan were able to retain around 80% of the amino acid after 24 hours, whereas those with 10 mol % of the amino acid were able to retain 20%. The metabolic activity of the Caco-2 cell line was also studied. Cytotoxic effects were low in the presence of polymerized liposomes, rendering a maximum percentage of cell death of 30%. In summary, this work stresses the relevance of nonspecific drug-polymerized membrane binding on L-tryptophan pharmacological interaction with possible pharmaceutical applications in liposomal drug delivery. Moreover, the absence of significant cytotoxic effects allows the system proposed to be applied in human health.

Synthetic auxotrophs accelerate cell factory development through growth-coupled models

The engineering of microbial cell factories for the production of high-value chemicals from renewable resources presents several challenges,including the optimization of key enzymes,pathway fluxes and metabolic networks.Addressing these challenges involves the development of synthetic auxotrophs,a strategy that links cell growth with enzyme properties or biosynthetic pathways.This linkage allows for the improvement of enzyme properties by in vivo directed enzyme evolution,the enhancement of metabolic pathway fluxes under growth pressure,and remodeling of metabolic networks through directed strain evolution.The advantage of employing synthetic auxotrophs lies in the power of growth-coupled selection,which is not only high-throughput but also labor-saving,greatly simplifying the development of both strains and enzymes.Synthetic auxotrophs play a pivotal role in advancing microbial cell factories,offering benefits from enzyme optimization to the manipulation of metabolic networks within single microbes.Furthermore,this strategy extends to coculture systems,enabling collaboration within microbial communities.This review highlights the recently developed applications of synthetic auxotrophs as microbial cell factories,and discusses future perspectives,aiming to provide a practical guide for growth-coupled models to produce value-added chemicals as part of a sustainable biorefinery.

A novel CRISPR/Cas9 system with high genomic editing efficiency and recyclable auxotrophic selective marker for multiple-step metabolic rewriting in Pichia pastoris

The methylotrophic budding yeast Pichia pastoris has been utilized to the production of a variety of heterologous recombinant proteins owing to the strong inducible alcohol oxidase promoter(pAOX1).However,it is difficult to use P.pastoris as the chassis cell factory for high-valuable metabolite biosynthesis due to the low homologous recombination(HR)efficiency and the limitation of handy selective markers,especially in the condition of multistep biosynthetic pathways.Hence,we developed a novel CRISPR/Cas9 system with highly editing efficiencies and recyclable auxotrophic selective marker(HiEE-ReSM)to facilitate cell factory in P.pastoris.Firstly,we improved the HR rates of P.pastoris through knocking out the non-homologous-end-joining gene(Δku70)and overexpressing HR-related proteins(RAD52 and RAD59),resulting in higher positive rate compared to the basal strain,achieved 97%.Then,we used the uracil biosynthetic genes PpURA3 as the reverse screening marker,which can improve the recycling efficiency of marker.Meanwhile,the HR rate is still 100%in uracil auxotrophic yeast.Specially,we improved the growth rate of uracil auxotrophic yeast strains by overexpressing the uracil transporter(scFUR4)to increase the uptake of exogenous uracil from medium.Meanwhile,we explored the optimal concentration of uracil(90 mg/L)for strain growth.In the end,the HiEE-ReSM system has been applied for the inositol production(250 mg/L)derived from methanol in P.pastoris.The systems will contribute to P.pastoris as an attractive cell factory for the complex compound biosynthesis through multistep metabolic pathway engineering and will be a useful tool to improve one carbon(C1)bio-utilization.

A Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Cellulose Nanofibrils from Ammophila arenaria for the Sensitive Detection of L-Trytophan

L-tryptophan is an essential amino acid for human health. Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) from marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) extracted from plants harvested in the center of Tunisia was used for the first time for the modification of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), for the sensitive detection of L-tryptophan (Trp). After spectroscopic and morphological characterization of the extracted NFC, the GC electrode modification was monitored through cyclic voltammetry. The NFC-modified electrode exhibited good analytical performance in detecting Trp with a wide linear range between 7.5 × 10−4 mM and 10−2 mM, a detection limit of 0.2 µM, and a high sensitivity of 140.0 µA∙mM−1. Additionally, the NFC/GCE showed a good reproducibility, good selectivity versus other amino acids, uric acid, ascorbic acid, and good applicability to the detection of Trp in urine samples.

黑曲霉尿苷/尿嘧啶营养缺陷型转化系统的构建及应用

黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)是一种重要的工业发酵菌株,它具有强大的蛋白分泌表达能力。为了提高黑曲霉遗传操作效率及优化重组菌株的筛选策略,构建以尿苷/尿嘧啶营养缺陷型为筛选标记的转化系统。利用CRISPR/Cas9技术实现pyrG基因的敲除,在含有尿嘧啶核苷和5-氟乳清酸(5-FOA)的抗性培养基中筛选表型正确的转化子。经基因组PCR验证,黑曲霉营养缺陷型菌株可稳定遗传。利用该转化系统可成功实现增强型绿色荧光蛋白在黑曲霉中的表达。通过结合增强型绿色荧光蛋白和流式细胞仪建立了黑曲霉转化子的高通量筛选模型。

大肠杆菌L-丝氨酸脱水酶的表达改善甘氨酸营养缺陷型毕赤酵母L-丝氨酸的生长

氨基酸作为一种迟效碳源无法被微生物快速利用。L-丝氨酸脱水酶(L-serine dehydratase,L-SerDH)可以将L-丝氨酸一步催化为丙酮酸和氨进入中心碳代谢生成生物量,且此过程不需要消耗ATP和还原力。L-丝氨酸是甲酸利用途径(还原性甘氨酸途径)的关键中间体。因此,改善L-丝氨酸的利用可以为甲酸和丝氨酸作为碳源利用提供参考价值。该文对巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)进行了丝氨酸耐受性实验,结果显示毕赤酵母可以耐受20 g/L丝氨酸。对内源L-丝氨酸脱水酶在毕赤酵母中的表达进行了优化。在甘氨酸营养型毕赤酵母内分别表达了8种异源L-丝氨酸脱水酶,结果表示大肠杆菌tdcG基因编码的L-SerDH对丝氨酸利用改善效果最好,终OD 600提高至出发菌株的1.6倍。该研究验证了巴斯德毕赤酵母对L-丝氨酸的耐受性,并筛选得到了较优的L-丝氨酸脱水酶来源,为毕赤酵母的丝氨酸利用提供了更优的酶来源。

Effects of aroP gene disruption on L-tryptophan fermentation

The production of L-tryptophan through che- mical synthesis, direct fermentation, bioconversion and enzymatic conversion has been reported. However, the role of the transport system for the aromatic amino acids in L- tryptophan producing strains has not been fully explored. In this study, the atop gene of the L-tryptophan producing Escherichia coli TRTH strain was disrupted using Red recombination technology and an atoP mutant E. coli TRTH AaroP was constructed. Fed-batch fermentation of E. coli TRTH △aroP was carried out in 30-L fermentor to investigate the L-tryptophan production. Compared with E. coli TRTH, the atoP mutant was able to maintain a higher growth rate during the exponential phase of the fermentation and the L-tryptophan production increased by 13.3%.

非复制型尿嘧啶营养缺陷型弓形虫对雏鸡组织荷虫量及脾脏细胞因子表达水平的影响

将2周龄雏鸡随机分成3组,试验组雏鸡颈部皮下注射0.l mL 107个/mL非复制型尿嘧啶营养缺陷型弓形虫(NRTUAs),感染对照组和空白对照组分别注射等剂量的RH虫株和PBS;于感染的第4天采集各组雏鸡的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、睾丸、法氏囊、胸腺、脑、胸肌、腿肌组织,提取其DNA,采用绝对荧光定量PCR检测各器官组织的荷虫量;提取剩余脾脏组织的RNA,采用相对荧光定量PCR仪检测脾脏中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、CCL26、STAT1、IRF1、IFN-γ、IL-10的转录水平。结果表明,雏鸡感染弓形虫的第4天,各器官组织不能完全清除NRTUAs,除肝脏、睾丸、腿肌和脑组织外,NRTUAs组的组织荷虫量均显著低于RH组的;NRTUAs刺激脾脏不会使免疫相关细胞因子的转录水平显著上调或下调,说明NRTUAs是致病性较低的虫株,不会刺激雏鸡脾脏引发强烈的先天性免疫反应,不会引起促炎、抑炎因子的过量产生。

米曲霉RIB40高效同源重组和尿苷/尿嘧啶营养缺陷型菌株的构建

目的:以米曲霉RIB40为出发菌株,构建具有高同源重组效率的营养缺陷型菌株。方法:首先通过同源重组技术和5-氟乳清酸(5-Fluoroorotic Acid,5-FOA)对尿苷/尿嘧啶营养缺陷的筛选作用,获得AopyrG基因缺失的米曲霉RIB40。然后利用烟曲霉AfpyrG基因替换Aoku70得到ΔAoku70敲除菌株,再通过5-FOA的筛选作用使得ΔAoku70菌株基因组发生自身环化,丢失AfpyrG基因。最后为了检验ΔAoku70ΔAopyrG菌株的可用性,将编码红色荧光蛋白的mCherry基因敲入至双突变菌株的组蛋白H2B基因上,并通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察红色荧光蛋白质的亚细胞定位。结果:通过AopyrG和Aoku70的双基因敲除,获得了高同源重组效率的营养缺陷型菌株ΔAoku70ΔAopyrG。用激光共聚焦观察到红色荧光蛋白定位于细胞核,表明ΔAoku70ΔAopyrG菌株可用于米曲霉的基因改造。结论:ΔAoku70ΔAopyrG菌株可作为一个高同源重组效率的营养缺陷型出发菌株用于今后米曲霉RIB40的遗传改良。

非复制型尿嘧啶营养缺陷型弓形虫刺激雏鸡脾脏的转录组学分析

【目的】探究非复制型尿嘧啶营养缺陷型弓形虫(NRTUAs)感染雏鸡脾脏的转录组学变化,明确NRTUAs对雏鸡脾脏先天性免疫的调节效果,为研发家禽抗弓形虫疫苗提供理论依据。【方法】分别以NRTUAs和磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)感染14日龄雏鸡,感染后第3 d采集脾脏组织样品进行转录组测序,筛选出NRTUAs组与PBS组间的差异表达基因(DEGs),然后进行GO功能注释、KEGG信号通路富集及蛋白调控网络分析,并通过实时荧光定量PCR验证转录组测序的准确性。【结果】与PBS组相比,从感染NRTUAs的雏鸡脾脏中筛选出499个DEGs(286个为上调DEGs,213个为下调DEGs),且NRTUAs组中上调表达的DEGs多于下调表达的DEGs。GO功能注释分析发现,DEGs注释在生物过程(Biological process,BP)、细胞组分(Cellular component,CC)和分子功能(Molecular function,MF)三大类别的58个功能条目上,主要涉及端粒蛋白定位建立正调控、蛋白稳定、含伴侣蛋白T-复合物、内质网腔、内质网、内质网膜组成部分、纺锤中央区及未折叠蛋白结合等功能条目;KEGG信号通路富集分析显示,DEGs主要富集在内质网蛋白加工通路、RNA转运、细胞周期、钙信号通路、黏着斑、细胞衰老、神经活性配体—受体相互作用、细胞因子—细胞因子受体相互作用通路及氨基酸生物合成等通路中;蛋白互作网络分析结果表明,DEGs编码蛋白PLK1、CCNB1、CDK1、CDC20、CCNA2和NDC1均在细胞周期通路上调表达。实时荧光定量PCR验证结果显示,只有2个DEGs(CXCL12和VPREB3)呈上调表达,其余8个DEGs呈下调表达,与转录组测序结果基本一致。【结论】感染NRTUAs后雏鸡脾脏免疫相关基因表达上调,且多数DEGs富集在内质网蛋白合成与细胞周期等相关信号通路上,脾脏细胞活动明显增强,即通过加快建立细胞连接及启动先天性免疫反应而积极对抗弓形虫入侵。

米曲霉尿嘧啶营养缺陷型突变体筛选及转化体系建立

米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)是一种十分重要的工业微生物,但由于其菌丝体和孢子均含有多个细胞核,并且对多种抗性药物具有抗性,导致其遗传转化和分子生物学研究较其他模式丝状真菌困难。目前米曲霉遗传转化主要采用营养缺陷型作为筛选标记。尿嘧啶营养缺陷型是米曲霉转化中最常用的一种营养缺陷型标记,其筛选标记基因pyrG编码乳清酸核苷-5′-磷酸脱羧酶为尿嘧啶的前体尿苷合成所必需。本研究以米曲霉3.042为背景,利用紫外线诱变和5-氟乳清酸(5-FOA)胁迫筛选获得5株尿嘧啶营养缺陷型菌株,经DNA测序5株菌株均为pyrG基因不同位点突变,确定为尿嘧啶营养缺陷型。以筛选到的尿嘧啶营养缺陷型菌株为背景,利用农杆菌介导的米曲霉转化系统,成功构建了米曲霉尿嘧啶营养缺陷型为筛选标记的农杆菌转化体系。

一种快速、精确构建大肠杆菌组氨酸营养缺陷型的方法

将表达Red体内重组蛋白的质粒pKD46转化大肠杆菌DH5α,用 5′端与组氨酸基因同源 ,3′端与卡那霉素抗性基因同源的引物获得具有卡那霉素抗性基因的PCR产物 ,然后电击转化DH5α,在λRed重组系统的帮助下 ,通过卡那霉素抗性基因两侧的组氨酸基因序列在体内与大肠杆菌染色体上的组氨酸基因发生同源重组 ,置换了DH5α组氨酸操纵元中的hisDCB基因 ,最后利用卡那霉素抗性基因两端的FRT位点 ,通过FTP位点专一性重组将卡那霉素抗性基因去除 ,最终获得了不具抗性的大肠杆菌组氨酸营养缺陷型菌株。为在大肠杆菌及其他菌株中快速。