Carotenoids and chlorophylls are among the most widely distributed pigments in nature that play essential roles in the photosynthetic apparatus and confer diverse colours in plants.Among all vegetables,cauliflower(Bra...Carotenoids and chlorophylls are among the most widely distributed pigments in nature that play essential roles in the photosynthetic apparatus and confer diverse colours in plants.Among all vegetables,cauliflower(Brassica oleracea L.ssp.var.botrytis)is rich in phytochemicals and is an important crop grown all over the world.This study investigates carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations in differently pigmented cultivars and elucidates the role of transcriptional regulation of carotenoid accumulation including lutein andβ-carotene.Here,we characterised changes in pigments by UHPLC-DAD-ToF-MS and changes in transcript levels of carotenoid metabolic genes by qRT-PCR in florets and leaves of orange(‘Jaffa'and‘Sunset'),purple(‘Di Sicilia Violetto'and‘Graffiti'),green(‘Trevi')and white(‘Clapton')cultivars.Transcript levels of all carotenoid metabolic genes showed different transcript level patterns in the leaves and florets.Compared to the other cultivars,the orange cultivars had the highest levels ofβ-carotene in the florets and lutein in the leaves resulting in changes lutein/β-carotene ratios.In the green cultivar,higher transcript levels were also found,especially for phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase genes of the core biosynthesis pathway.However,no increased carotenoid concentrations were observed,possibly due to a higher carotenoid turnover induced by the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 in the green cultivar.In the white(‘Clapton')and purple(‘Di Sicilia Violetto'and‘Graffiti')cultivars the phytoene desaturase transcript levels as well as carotenoid concentrations were low.Chlorophyll concentrations changed in trend comparable to the carotenoid concentrations and were only significantly lower in the leaves of the orange cultivar‘Jaffa'.Also,the chlorophyll a/b ratio changed in‘Jaffa'.In florets the highest chlorophylls concentrations were observed for the green cultivar(‘Trevi')and the purple cultivar(‘Di Sicilia Violetto').Taken together,the study demonstrates the complex source-sink relationship of carotenoid accumulation in different coloured cauliflower.展开更多
The effects of treatment of chlorine dioxide （C1Oz） gas on postharvest physiology and preservation quality of green bell peppers were studied. Green bell peppers were collected in bags and treated with 0, 5, 10, 20,...The effects of treatment of chlorine dioxide （C1Oz） gas on postharvest physiology and preservation quality of green bell peppers were studied. Green bell peppers were collected in bags and treated with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg L^-1 ClO2 gas at 10±0.5℃ for over 40 d, and the changes in postharvest physiology and preservation quality of the peppers were evaluated during the storage. The inhibition of rot of the peppers was observed for all the tested ClO2 gas treatments. The rot rates of the treated samples were 50% lesser than those of the control after day 40 of storage. The highest inhibitory effect was obtained after 50 mg L^-1 ClO2 gas treatment, where the peppers did not decay until day 30 and showed only one-fourth of the rot rate of the control at day 40 of storage. The respiratory activity of the peppers was significantly （P〈0.05） inhibited by 20 and 50 mg L^-1 ClO2 treatments, whereas no significant effects on respiratory activity were observed with 5 and 10 mg L^-1 ClO2 treatments （P〉0.05）. Except for 50 mg L^-1 ClO2, malondialdenyde （MDA） contents in the peppers treated with 5, 10, or 20 mg L^-1 ClO2 were not significantly （P〉0.05） different from those in the control. Degradation of chlorophyll in the peppers was delayed by 5 mg L-1ClO2, but promoted by 10, 20, or 50 mg L^-1 ClO2. The vitamin C content, titratable acidity, and total soluble solids of the peppers treated by all the tested ClO2 gas did not significantly change during the storage. The results suggested that ClO2 gas treatment effectively delayed the postharvest physiological transformation of green peppers, inhibited decay and respiration, maintained some nutritional and sensory quality, and retarded MDA accumulation.展开更多
Estimation of the transpiration rate for a tree is generally based on sap flow measurements within the hydro-active stem xylem. In this study, radial variation of sap flow velocity（Js） was investigated at five depth...Estimation of the transpiration rate for a tree is generally based on sap flow measurements within the hydro-active stem xylem. In this study, radial variation of sap flow velocity（Js） was investigated at five depths of the xylem（1, 2, 3, 5 and 8 cm under the cambium） in three mature Xinjiang poplar（Populus alba L. var. pyramidalis） trees grown at the Gansu Minqin National Studies Station for Desert Steppe Ecosystem from May to October 2011. Thermal dissipation probes of various lengths manufactured according to the Granier＇s design were installed into each tree for simultaneous observation of the radial patterns of Js through the xylem. The radial patterns were found to fit the four-parameter GaussAmp equation. The peak Js was about 27.02±0.95 kg/（dm2？d） at approximately 3 to 5 cm deep from the cambium of the three trees,and the lowest Js appeared at 1 cm deep in most of the time. Approximately 50% of the total sap flow in Xinjiang poplar occurred within one-third of the xylem from its outer radius, whereas 90% of the total sap flow occurred within two-fifth of the xylem. In addition, the innermost point of the xylem（at 8-cm depth）, which appeared as the penultimate sap flow in most cases during the study period, was hydro-active with Js,8 of 7.55±3.83 kg/（dm2？d）. The radial pattern of Js was found to be steeper in midday than in other time of the day, and steeper diurnal fluctuations were recorded in June, July and August（the mid-growing season）. Maximum differences between the lowest Js（Js,1 or Js,8） and the highest Js（Js,3 or Js,5） from May through October were 12.41, 17.35, 16.30, 18.52, 12.60 and 16.04 g/（cm2？h）, respectively. The time-dependent changes of Js along the radial profile（except at 1-cm depth） were strongly related to the reference evapotranspiration（ET0）. Due to significant radial variability of Js, the mean daily sap flow at the whole-tree level could be over-estimated by up to 29.69% when only a single probe at depth of 2 cm was used. However, the accuracy of the estimation of sap flow in Xinjiang poplar could be significantly improved using a correction coefficient of 0.885.展开更多
Allium cepa L.var.agrogatum Don(ALAP)is commonly consumed in China as well as other regions and has various beneficial health effects.A novel acidic polysaccharide(named ALAP-21)was obtained from ALAP by ultrasonic an...Allium cepa L.var.agrogatum Don(ALAP)is commonly consumed in China as well as other regions and has various beneficial health effects.A novel acidic polysaccharide(named ALAP-21)was obtained from ALAP by ultrasonic and microwave-assisted extraction and purification using DEAE-52 anion exchange and Sephadex G-100 columns.The monosaccharide composition,structural and antioxidative properties of ALAP-21 were investigated by GC–MS chromatography,FT-IR and NMR spectroscopies and three antioxidative activity tests in vitro.The results showed that ALAP-21 was a heteropolysaccharide composed of glucose,galacturonic acid,mannose,galactose,arabinose,rhamnose,xylose,fructose and glucuronic acid with a relative molar ratio of 26.282:27.546:11.400:4.781:2.467:2.445:3.622:1.106:1.753,owning(1→4)-β-d-Glcp,(1→4)-β-d-GalAp6Me3OA,(1→4)-β-d-Galp6OMe,(1→2)-β-l-Rhap,(1→4)-β-d-Manp glycosidic linkages.(1→4)-β-d-Glcp and(1→4)-β-d-GalAp6Me3OA residues might be the main components of the sugar chain backbone of ALAP-21.Furthermore,ALAP-21 exhibited high potential for DPPH radicals(82.02%),hydroxyl radicals(53.33%)and superoxide anion radicals(50.28%).These results provide a reference for further research and rational development of ALAP polysaccharides.展开更多
A new diterpenoid, 15-O-acetylspiraminol (1), was isolated from the aerial parts of Spireae japonica L. f. var. ovalifolia. The structure was charaterized mainly based on spectral analysis.
Five new diterpenoid alkaloids. 19-O-deethlyspiramine N (1), deacetylspiramine S (2), spiramidine A (3), spiramidine B (4) and deacetylspiramine F (5) were isolated from the aerial parts of Spirae japonica L. f. var o...Five new diterpenoid alkaloids. 19-O-deethlyspiramine N (1), deacetylspiramine S (2), spiramidine A (3), spiramidine B (4) and deacetylspiramine F (5) were isolated from the aerial parts of Spirae japonica L. f. var ovalifolia. Their structures were charaterized mainly based on spectral analysis.展开更多
Two new isobutyltartrate monoesters, coelovirin A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the rhizomes of Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. var. bracteatum (Willd.) Richter (Orchidaceae). Their structures were elucidated as ...Two new isobutyltartrate monoesters, coelovirin A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the rhizomes of Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. var. bracteatum (Willd.) Richter (Orchidaceae). Their structures were elucidated as (2R, 3S)-2-isobutyltartrate1-(4-b-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl) ester 1 and (2R, 3S)-2-isobutyltartrate4-(4-b-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl) ester 2 on the basis of physical constants and spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR techniques.展开更多
The components of the essential oils obtained from different parts of Daacus carota L.var. saliva Hoffm were analyzed. The percentages of the essential oils extracted are 0. 27% （ mL/100 g material） for the flowers,...The components of the essential oils obtained from different parts of Daacus carota L.var. saliva Hoffm were analyzed. The percentages of the essential oils extracted are 0. 27% （ mL/100 g material） for the flowers, 0. 0/% for the stems and leaves and 0. 01% for the roots. Fifty-four, Sixty-six and Thirty-three compounds were,respectively, separated and identified from the flowers, the stems and leaves and the roots, among which unsaturated alkene compounds are thirty-nine, thirty-nine and twenty-one, respectively, accounting in turn for up to 90. 21%, 90. 49% and 72. 65% of the total essential oils. Because alkene compounds have double bonds that are easily oxidized, it can he inferred that the components of the essential oils in the different parts of Daucus carota L. var. saliva Hoffm should show an activity of the antioformation of free radicals to some extent.展开更多
Two new eudesmane sesquiterpene lactones were isolated from the stalk of Lactuca sativa vat anagustata L and their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods, including 2D NMR （1H-1H COSY, HMBC and ...Two new eudesmane sesquiterpene lactones were isolated from the stalk of Lactuca sativa vat anagustata L and their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods, including 2D NMR （1H-1H COSY, HMBC and NOESY） as 1β-O-β-D- glucopyranosyl-4α-hydroxyl-5α, 6β, 11βH-eudesma-12, 6α-olide （1） and 1β-hydroxyl-15-O-（p-methoxyphenylacetyl）-5α, 6β, 11 βH-eudesma-3-en- 12, 6a-olide （2）.展开更多
The biomass and net primary production of Mongolian scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L. var mongolica) plantations of west Kerqin sandy land were measured. According to average standard trees, the biomass, netprimary pro...The biomass and net primary production of Mongolian scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L. var mongolica) plantations of west Kerqin sandy land were measured. According to average standard trees, the biomass, netprimary production and their distributions of trunk, bark, branch, leaf and root of 16-year-old stand were analyzed.The regressive equation for the estimation of each organ biomass was established through djmensional analysis.Preferable equation with higher precision was selected. The study results showed that the total biomass of theforest community was 62.023 t/hm2 and net primary production was 5.045 V(hm2. a). which indicates that thecommunity of plantation possesses high bio-productivity.展开更多
Objective To examine the effects of Veratrum nigrum L.Var.ussurience Nakai alkaloids(VnA)on angiotensin Ⅱ(AngⅡ)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and to explore its possible mechanism.Methods The cadiocytes were ind...Objective To examine the effects of Veratrum nigrum L.Var.ussurience Nakai alkaloids(VnA)on angiotensin Ⅱ(AngⅡ)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and to explore its possible mechanism.Methods The cadiocytes were induced by AngⅡ to set up myocardial hypertrophy model,the animals were divided into six groups according to the different treatments:control group,model group,positive control group,VnA group(low,middle and high dose).The cell protein content,the cell diameter and the expression of calcineurin(CaN)were measured respectively by BCA method,the micrometer and immunofluorescence analysis.Results VnA(middle and high dose)and Captopril inhibited significantly the increase in the protein content induced by AngⅡ(P<0.01).VnA and Captopril inhibited significantly the increase in the diameters induced by AngⅡ(P<0.01).By immunofluorescence analysis,the expression of calcineurin(CaN)was obviously increased in the AngⅡ-induced model group.VnA decreased the expression of CaN significantly.Conclusions VnA could inhibit the cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by AngⅡ significantly in a dose-dependent manner.The possible mechanism may be related to the inhibition of CaN expression.展开更多
基金supported by the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food(BLE)of Germany[Grant No.2816DOKI07(Carcauli)]。
文摘Carotenoids and chlorophylls are among the most widely distributed pigments in nature that play essential roles in the photosynthetic apparatus and confer diverse colours in plants.Among all vegetables,cauliflower(Brassica oleracea L.ssp.var.botrytis)is rich in phytochemicals and is an important crop grown all over the world.This study investigates carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations in differently pigmented cultivars and elucidates the role of transcriptional regulation of carotenoid accumulation including lutein andβ-carotene.Here,we characterised changes in pigments by UHPLC-DAD-ToF-MS and changes in transcript levels of carotenoid metabolic genes by qRT-PCR in florets and leaves of orange(‘Jaffa'and‘Sunset'),purple(‘Di Sicilia Violetto'and‘Graffiti'),green(‘Trevi')and white(‘Clapton')cultivars.Transcript levels of all carotenoid metabolic genes showed different transcript level patterns in the leaves and florets.Compared to the other cultivars,the orange cultivars had the highest levels ofβ-carotene in the florets and lutein in the leaves resulting in changes lutein/β-carotene ratios.In the green cultivar,higher transcript levels were also found,especially for phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase genes of the core biosynthesis pathway.However,no increased carotenoid concentrations were observed,possibly due to a higher carotenoid turnover induced by the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 in the green cultivar.In the white(‘Clapton')and purple(‘Di Sicilia Violetto'and‘Graffiti')cultivars the phytoene desaturase transcript levels as well as carotenoid concentrations were low.Chlorophyll concentrations changed in trend comparable to the carotenoid concentrations and were only significantly lower in the leaves of the orange cultivar‘Jaffa'.Also,the chlorophyll a/b ratio changed in‘Jaffa'.In florets the highest chlorophylls concentrations were observed for the green cultivar(‘Trevi')and the purple cultivar(‘Di Sicilia Violetto').Taken together,the study demonstrates the complex source-sink relationship of carotenoid accumulation in different coloured cauliflower.
文摘The effects of treatment of chlorine dioxide （C1Oz） gas on postharvest physiology and preservation quality of green bell peppers were studied. Green bell peppers were collected in bags and treated with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg L^-1 ClO2 gas at 10±0.5℃ for over 40 d, and the changes in postharvest physiology and preservation quality of the peppers were evaluated during the storage. The inhibition of rot of the peppers was observed for all the tested ClO2 gas treatments. The rot rates of the treated samples were 50% lesser than those of the control after day 40 of storage. The highest inhibitory effect was obtained after 50 mg L^-1 ClO2 gas treatment, where the peppers did not decay until day 30 and showed only one-fourth of the rot rate of the control at day 40 of storage. The respiratory activity of the peppers was significantly （P〈0.05） inhibited by 20 and 50 mg L^-1 ClO2 treatments, whereas no significant effects on respiratory activity were observed with 5 and 10 mg L^-1 ClO2 treatments （P〉0.05）. Except for 50 mg L^-1 ClO2, malondialdenyde （MDA） contents in the peppers treated with 5, 10, or 20 mg L^-1 ClO2 were not significantly （P〉0.05） different from those in the control. Degradation of chlorophyll in the peppers was delayed by 5 mg L-1ClO2, but promoted by 10, 20, or 50 mg L^-1 ClO2. The vitamin C content, titratable acidity, and total soluble solids of the peppers treated by all the tested ClO2 gas did not significantly change during the storage. The results suggested that ClO2 gas treatment effectively delayed the postharvest physiological transformation of green peppers, inhibited decay and respiration, maintained some nutritional and sensory quality, and retarded MDA accumulation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31070628)Field support for this research was provided by Gansu Minqin National Studies Station for Desert Steppe Ecosystem
文摘Estimation of the transpiration rate for a tree is generally based on sap flow measurements within the hydro-active stem xylem. In this study, radial variation of sap flow velocity（Js） was investigated at five depths of the xylem（1, 2, 3, 5 and 8 cm under the cambium） in three mature Xinjiang poplar（Populus alba L. var. pyramidalis） trees grown at the Gansu Minqin National Studies Station for Desert Steppe Ecosystem from May to October 2011. Thermal dissipation probes of various lengths manufactured according to the Granier＇s design were installed into each tree for simultaneous observation of the radial patterns of Js through the xylem. The radial patterns were found to fit the four-parameter GaussAmp equation. The peak Js was about 27.02±0.95 kg/（dm2？d） at approximately 3 to 5 cm deep from the cambium of the three trees,and the lowest Js appeared at 1 cm deep in most of the time. Approximately 50% of the total sap flow in Xinjiang poplar occurred within one-third of the xylem from its outer radius, whereas 90% of the total sap flow occurred within two-fifth of the xylem. In addition, the innermost point of the xylem（at 8-cm depth）, which appeared as the penultimate sap flow in most cases during the study period, was hydro-active with Js,8 of 7.55±3.83 kg/（dm2？d）. The radial pattern of Js was found to be steeper in midday than in other time of the day, and steeper diurnal fluctuations were recorded in June, July and August（the mid-growing season）. Maximum differences between the lowest Js（Js,1 or Js,8） and the highest Js（Js,3 or Js,5） from May through October were 12.41, 17.35, 16.30, 18.52, 12.60 and 16.04 g/（cm2？h）, respectively. The time-dependent changes of Js along the radial profile（except at 1-cm depth） were strongly related to the reference evapotranspiration（ET0）. Due to significant radial variability of Js, the mean daily sap flow at the whole-tree level could be over-estimated by up to 29.69% when only a single probe at depth of 2 cm was used. However, the accuracy of the estimation of sap flow in Xinjiang poplar could be significantly improved using a correction coefficient of 0.885.
基金the National Science and Technology Support Program of China(Grant No.2013BAD16B08).
文摘Allium cepa L.var.agrogatum Don(ALAP)is commonly consumed in China as well as other regions and has various beneficial health effects.A novel acidic polysaccharide(named ALAP-21)was obtained from ALAP by ultrasonic and microwave-assisted extraction and purification using DEAE-52 anion exchange and Sephadex G-100 columns.The monosaccharide composition,structural and antioxidative properties of ALAP-21 were investigated by GC–MS chromatography,FT-IR and NMR spectroscopies and three antioxidative activity tests in vitro.The results showed that ALAP-21 was a heteropolysaccharide composed of glucose,galacturonic acid,mannose,galactose,arabinose,rhamnose,xylose,fructose and glucuronic acid with a relative molar ratio of 26.282:27.546:11.400:4.781:2.467:2.445:3.622:1.106:1.753,owning(1→4)-β-d-Glcp,(1→4)-β-d-GalAp6Me3OA,(1→4)-β-d-Galp6OMe,(1→2)-β-l-Rhap,(1→4)-β-d-Manp glycosidic linkages.(1→4)-β-d-Glcp and(1→4)-β-d-GalAp6Me3OA residues might be the main components of the sugar chain backbone of ALAP-21.Furthermore,ALAP-21 exhibited high potential for DPPH radicals(82.02%),hydroxyl radicals(53.33%)and superoxide anion radicals(50.28%).These results provide a reference for further research and rational development of ALAP polysaccharides.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) for outstanding young scientists to X. J. Hao (No. 39525025) which is gratefully acknowledged. All spectra were recorded by the analytical group of the Stat
文摘A new diterpenoid, 15-O-acetylspiraminol (1), was isolated from the aerial parts of Spireae japonica L. f. var. ovalifolia. The structure was charaterized mainly based on spectral analysis.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) for outstanding young scientists to X. J. Hao (No. 39525025), which is g
文摘Five new diterpenoid alkaloids. 19-O-deethlyspiramine N (1), deacetylspiramine S (2), spiramidine A (3), spiramidine B (4) and deacetylspiramine F (5) were isolated from the aerial parts of Spirae japonica L. f. var ovalifolia. Their structures were charaterized mainly based on spectral analysis.
文摘Two new isobutyltartrate monoesters, coelovirin A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the rhizomes of Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. var. bracteatum (Willd.) Richter (Orchidaceae). Their structures were elucidated as (2R, 3S)-2-isobutyltartrate1-(4-b-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl) ester 1 and (2R, 3S)-2-isobutyltartrate4-(4-b-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl) ester 2 on the basis of physical constants and spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR techniques.
文摘The components of the essential oils obtained from different parts of Daacus carota L.var. saliva Hoffm were analyzed. The percentages of the essential oils extracted are 0. 27% （ mL/100 g material） for the flowers, 0. 0/% for the stems and leaves and 0. 01% for the roots. Fifty-four, Sixty-six and Thirty-three compounds were,respectively, separated and identified from the flowers, the stems and leaves and the roots, among which unsaturated alkene compounds are thirty-nine, thirty-nine and twenty-one, respectively, accounting in turn for up to 90. 21%, 90. 49% and 72. 65% of the total essential oils. Because alkene compounds have double bonds that are easily oxidized, it can he inferred that the components of the essential oils in the different parts of Daucus carota L. var. saliva Hoffm should show an activity of the antioformation of free radicals to some extent.
基金financed by the Science Foundation of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University(No.0613266-Y)the Talents Training Foundation of Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology (Zhejiang Sci-Tech University),Ministry of Education(No.2006QN04)
文摘Two new eudesmane sesquiterpene lactones were isolated from the stalk of Lactuca sativa vat anagustata L and their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods, including 2D NMR （1H-1H COSY, HMBC and NOESY） as 1β-O-β-D- glucopyranosyl-4α-hydroxyl-5α, 6β, 11βH-eudesma-12, 6α-olide （1） and 1β-hydroxyl-15-O-（p-methoxyphenylacetyl）-5α, 6β, 11 βH-eudesma-3-en- 12, 6a-olide （2）.
文摘The biomass and net primary production of Mongolian scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L. var mongolica) plantations of west Kerqin sandy land were measured. According to average standard trees, the biomass, netprimary production and their distributions of trunk, bark, branch, leaf and root of 16-year-old stand were analyzed.The regressive equation for the estimation of each organ biomass was established through djmensional analysis.Preferable equation with higher precision was selected. The study results showed that the total biomass of theforest community was 62.023 t/hm2 and net primary production was 5.045 V(hm2. a). which indicates that thecommunity of plantation possesses high bio-productivity.
文摘Objective To examine the effects of Veratrum nigrum L.Var.ussurience Nakai alkaloids(VnA)on angiotensin Ⅱ(AngⅡ)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and to explore its possible mechanism.Methods The cadiocytes were induced by AngⅡ to set up myocardial hypertrophy model,the animals were divided into six groups according to the different treatments:control group,model group,positive control group,VnA group(low,middle and high dose).The cell protein content,the cell diameter and the expression of calcineurin(CaN)were measured respectively by BCA method,the micrometer and immunofluorescence analysis.Results VnA(middle and high dose)and Captopril inhibited significantly the increase in the protein content induced by AngⅡ(P<0.01).VnA and Captopril inhibited significantly the increase in the diameters induced by AngⅡ(P<0.01).By immunofluorescence analysis,the expression of calcineurin(CaN)was obviously increased in the AngⅡ-induced model group.VnA decreased the expression of CaN significantly.Conclusions VnA could inhibit the cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by AngⅡ significantly in a dose-dependent manner.The possible mechanism may be related to the inhibition of CaN expression.
