车前(lantago asiatica L.)毛状根诱导技术研究

为建立发根农杆菌Ri质粒介导的车前(lantago asiatica L.)转化体系,通过发根农杆菌A4和R1601侵染车前无菌苗的外植体诱导毛状根.实验结果表明,车前外植体最佳侵染时间为8 min;两种菌液均可以诱导车前叶片、叶柄和根产生毛状根,车前叶片和叶柄毛状根的诱导率低于40%,车前根部毛状根的诱导率高于80%;经过分子鉴定,Ri质粒T-DNA的rolB基因已成功整合到毛状根中,表明车前的根是适宜毛状根诱导的最佳外植体,可为今后车前毛状根的扩大培养奠定基础.

甘蓝型油菜RIL群体苗期根系耐铝性鉴定及评价方法研究

为减少铵肥的大量施用以及酸雨频降引发的耕地酸化,从而影响作物的生长,利用综合评价方法通过幼苗期根系表型筛选耐铝种质.以甘蓝型油菜重组自交系(RIL)亲本10D130和中双11为材料筛选苗期适宜的铝胁迫浓度,使用该浓度处理RIL内138个品种(系)幼苗,对其根长、根表面积、根平均直径、根体积、根交叉数、根尖数和根干质量7个根系指标的铝毒单项耐性系数进行变异系数分析、相关性分析、主成分分析、系统聚类分析和逐步回归分析,并采用隶属函数法综合评价不同油菜品种(系)根系的耐铝特性.结果表明:138份油菜品种(系)间各项根系指标差异有统计学意义(p<0.05);筛选出甘蓝型油菜幼苗期耐铝毒品种(系)27034,27036和27007等.根据灰色关联度及逐步回归分析结果,认为根据根长、根表面积、根体积、根交叉数等7个关键指标,可以初步判断甘蓝型油菜种质幼苗期的耐铝毒特性.通过这些方法综合评价油菜对铝的耐受性,可以避免单一指标的片面性和不稳定性,结果更为可靠.

L型互质阵的虚拟共轭插值二维DOA估计方法

针对现有互质阵DOA估计方法无法充分利用非连续阵元信息和信号时域信息,而导致的DOA估计精度低、虚拟阵列的阵列孔径小和自由度少的问题,本文提出了一种L型互质阵的虚拟共轭插值二维DOA估计方法。该方法首先以L型互质阵的阵列接收数据为基础,通过求解其互相关函数,来构造虚拟共轭增广阵列的接收数据矩阵;然后通过阵列插值补零和选取协方差矩阵非零列,得到含有部分缺失项的虚拟均匀线阵接收数据矩阵,并依据原子范数的思想,构造无网格凸优化问题,对虚拟均匀线阵协方差矩阵的缺失项进行填充,再使用求根多重信号分类方法得到入射信号与x轴和z轴正方向夹角的估计值;最终基于虚拟信源功率的唯一性,通过构建相关代价函数实现各轴夹角估计值的匹配,进而根据各轴夹角与方位角和俯仰角的关系,得到相匹配的方位角和俯仰角估计值。本文方法提高了DOA估计精度,扩展了阵列孔径,提高了自由度,且通过求根多重信号分类方法,降低了计算复杂度。仿真实验结果表明,本文方法能够实现二维DOA估计与角度匹配,且相比于对比方法,本文方法能够估计更多的信号源,拥有更加优越的DOA估计性能。

基于L型阵的二维Root-MUSIC波达方向估计算法

提出一种适用于L型阵列的基于Root-MUSIC的二维DOA估计算法。该算法先利用L型阵列的两个相互垂直的线阵独立的估计波达方向,然后利用该L阵构造二维MUSIC谱峰搜索表达式实现先前两个独立线阵计算出来角度的配对。本算法不仅具有MUSIC算法高分辨率的优点,还有运算量小、方法简单的特点。

Adventitious root formation in rice requires OsGNOM1 and is mediated by the OsPINs family

The fibrous root system in cereals comprises primarily adventitious roots （ARs）, which play important roles in nutrient and water uptake. Current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism underlying AR development is still limited. We report here the isolation of four rice （Oryza sativa L.） mutants, from different genetic backgrounds, all of which were defective in AR formation. These mutants exhibited reduced numbers of lateral roots （LRs） and partial loss of gravitropism. The mutants also displayed enhanced sensitivity to N-l-naphthylphthalamic acid, an inhibitor of polar auxin transport （PAT）, indicating that the mutations affected auxin transport. Positional cloning using one of the four mutants revealed that it was caused by loss-of-function of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for ADP- ribosylation factor （OsGNOM1）. RT-PCR and analysis of promoter：：GUS transgenic plants showed that OsGNOM1 is expressed in AR primordia, vascular tissues, LRs, root tips, leaves, anthers and lemma veins, with a distribution pattern similar to that of auxin. In addition, the expressions of OsPIN2, OsPIN5b and OsPIN9 were altered in the mutants. Taken together, these findings indicate that OsGNOM1 affects the formation of ARs through regulating PAT.

Genome-wide identification and comparative analysis of drought related genes in roots of two maize inbred lines with contrasting drought tolerance by RNA sequencing

Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses affecting maize growth and development and therefore resulting in yield loss.Thus it is essential to understand molecular mechanisms of drought stress responses in maize for drought tolerance improvement.The root plays a critical role in plants sensing water deficit.In the present study,two maize inbred lines,H082183,a drought-tolerant line,and Lv28,a drought-sensitive line,were grown in the field and treated with different water conditions(moderate drought,severe drought,and well-watered conditions)during vegetative stage.The transcriptomes of their roots were investigated by RNA sequencing.There were 1428 and 512 drought-responsive genes(DRGs)in Lv28,688 and 3363 DRGs in H082183 under moderate drought and severe drought,respectively.A total of 31 Gene Ontology(GO)terms were significantly over-represented in the two lines,13 of which were enriched only in the DRGs of H082183.Based on results of Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis,"plant hormone signal transduction"and"starch and sucrose metabolism"were enriched in both of the two lines,while"phenylpropanoid biosynthesis"was only enriched in H082183.Further analysis revealed the different expression patterns of genes related to abscisic acid(ABA)signal pathway,trehalose biosynthesis,reactive oxygen scavenging,and transcription factors might contribute to drought tolerance in maize.Our results contribute to illustrating drought-responsive molecular mechanisms and providing gene resources for maize drought improvement.

基于化学模式识别的黄丝郁金醋炙前后HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:建立黄丝郁金、醋黄丝郁金HPLC指纹图谱,并结合化学计量学探讨黄丝郁金醋炙前后化学成分的差异及潜在质量差异标志物。方法:收集15批四川产黄丝郁金药材并制备醋炙品,建立指纹图谱,进行相似度评价,采用SIMCA-P 14.1软件进行聚类分析、主成分分析、正交偏最小二乘判别分析。结果:建立了黄丝郁金、醋黄丝郁金指纹图谱,均确定了20个共有峰,并指认出2号峰为Bisacurone、3号峰为Bisacurone B、6号峰为双去甲氧基姜黄素、7号峰为去甲氧基姜黄素、8号峰为姜黄素、9号峰为莪术二酮、14号峰为芳姜黄酮、15号峰为吉马酮。相似度均≥0.939。聚类分析和主成分分析可基本上区分黄丝郁金、醋黄丝郁金,正交偏最小二乘判别分析共筛选出黄丝郁金醋炙前后7个质量差异标志物。结论:该研究建立的黄丝郁金、醋黄丝郁金HPLC指纹图谱结合化学计量学方法可用于探索黄丝郁金醋炙前后潜在质量标志物。

Humic Acid-Induced Hairy Root Growth in Basil Ismodulated by Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species

The bioactivity of humic acids (HA) is mainly due to the presence of auxin analogs. In turn, nitric oxide (NO) production in plants affects root growth and may result from endogenous auxin production or the application of synthetic auxin analogs or HA. Nitric oxide signaling may be related to the bioactivity of the HA. Although the auxin, NO, and ROS-mediated activity of HA has been studied, no studies exist on their effects in Ocimum basilicum L., commonly known as basil. A study under controlled in vitro conditions was performed using hairy roots (hairy roots) of basil grown in medium with N-NO3- (0.5 or 5.0 mM) and subjected to treatments with HA (3 mMC·L-1) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP;100 μM), an NO donor, either without or with 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO;200 μM), an NO scavenger. The addition of HA and SNP resulted in significant increases in the root growth, associated with increased NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents. The application of the NO scavenger cPTIO with the SNP and HA decreased the effects of both substances on the root growth and endogenous levels of the NO and ROS. The increased root growth promoted by the NO donor (SNP) and HA was also associated with increased proton pump and catalase activity for both N-NO3- levels tested. The results showed that the effects of HA are dependent on NO and ROS, which act as messengers, inducing root growth.

Exogenous strigolactones promote lateral root growth by reducing the endogenous auxin level in rapeseed

Strigolactones(SLs)are newly discovered plant hormones which regulate the normal development of different plant organs,especially root architecture.Lateral root formation of rapeseed seedlings before winter has great effects on the plant growth and seed yield.Here,we treated the seedlings of Zhongshuang 11(ZS11),an elite conventional rapeseed cultivar,with different concentrations of GR24(a synthetic analogue of strigolactones),and found that a low concentration(0.18μmol L–1)of GR24 could significantly increase the lateral root growth,shoot growth,and root/shoot ratio of seedlings.RNA-Seq analysis of lateral roots at 12 h,1 d,4 d,and 7 d after GR24 treatment showed that 2301,4626,1595,and 783 genes were significantly differentially expressed,respectively.Function enrichment analysis revealed that the plant hormone transduction pathway,tryptophan metabolism,and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were over-represented.Moreover,transcription factors,including AP2/ERF,AUX/IAA,NAC,MYB,and WRKY,were up-regulated at 1 d after GR24 treatment.Metabolomics profiling further demonstrated that the amounts of various metabolites,such as indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)and cis-zeatin were drastically altered.In particular,the concentrations of endogenous IAA significantly decreased by 52.4 and 75.8%at 12 h and 1 d after GR24 treatment,respectively.Our study indicated that low concentrations of exogenous SLs could promote the lateral root growth of rapeseed through interaction with other phytohormones,which provides useful clues for the effects of SLs on root architecture and crop productivity.

Effects of Soil Water Content on Cotton Root Growth and Distribution Under Mulched Drip Irrigation

The relation between soil water content and the growth of cotton root was studied for the scheme of field water and cotton yield under mulched drip irrigation. Based on the field experiments, three treatments of soil water content were conducted with 90%, 75%θf, and 60%θf （θfis field water capacity）. Cotton roots and root-shoot ratio were studied with digging method, and the soil moisture was observed with TDR （time domain reflector）, and cotton yield was measured. The results indicated that the growth of cotton root accorded with Logistic growth curve in the three treatments, the cotton root grew quickly and its weight was very high under 75%θf because of the suitable soil water condition, while grew slowly and its weight was lower under 90%θf due to water moisture beyond the suitable condition, and the root weight was in between under 60%θf For the three water treatments, the cotton root weight decreased with soil depth, and decreased more significantly in deeper soil layer with the soil moisture increasing. And the ratio of cotton root weight in 0-30 cm soil layer to the total root weight was the highest under 75%θf. The cotton root system was distributed mainly in the soil of narrow row and wide row mulched with plastic film, and little in the soil outside plastic film. The weight of cotton root was the highest in the soil of narrow row or wide row mulched with plastic film under 75%θf. Root-shoot ratio decreased with the soil moisture increasing. The soil water content affected cotton yields, and cotton yield was the highest under 75%θf. The higher soil moisture level is unfavorable to the growth of cotton root system and yield of cotton under mulched drip irrigation.

Allelopathic Effects of Adonis vernalis L.: Root Growth Inhibition and Cytogenetic Alterations

A possible alternative to synthetic agricultural chemicals is through the use of allelopathy. Adonis species are rich sources of secondary metabolites. Such allelochemicals offer potential for the development of future pesticides. Allelochemicals influence plant growth and cause morphological alterations. This visible effect could be due to primary effects at cellular or molecular level. Changes in the mitotic activity and disturbances in different phases of mitotic division are accepted as indicators of cytotoxic influence. Mitotic abnormalities and induction of micronuclei in interphase cells are parameters used to determine genotoxicity. The purpose of the current study was to establish the possible allelopathic effect of Adonis vernalis L. water extracts through evaluation of root growth inhibition effect and cytogenetic alterations. Adonis vernalis L. growing wild in Bulgaria was used in the present study. Two types of water extracts were prepared: Hot and Cold Water Extract of A. vernalis (HWЕА and СWЕА). A 72-h root growth inhibition test was provided in order to determine the toxicity level of extracts. EC50 values were determined. For toxicity test, seeds of Triticum aestivum L. cv. GTW were used. Cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of water extracts (EC50) were evaluated using Allium cepa L.-test. The EC50 for HWEA and CWEA was determined 1.83 g/l and 0.78 g/l respectively. Significant influence on mitotic activity values and a marked decrease in percentage of telophase cells were observed after treatment with both extracts. Adonis extracts also induced different mitotic abnormalities in root-tip cells of Allium cepa L. The percent of interphase cells with micronuclei increased significantly only after treatment with HWEA. The results indicated growth inhibitory, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of crude water extracts of A. vernalis L. These effects demonstrated the presence of water soluble allelochemicals in Adonis aerial parts.

Transformation of Ginkgo Hairy Root and Establishment of Its Suspension Culture Clone

Tender leaves,buds and stems of ginkgo biloba L .were transformed successfully by Agrobacterium rhizogenes with Ri plasmid,and its suspension cultured clone was eastablished.The result of detection of opines suggested that A.rhizogenes had integrated the T DNA of the Ri plasmid into genomic DNA of ginkgo cells.A new way is offered to exploit ginkgo resources with biological technology.

Transcriptomic profiling of sorghum leaves and roots responsive to drought stress at the seedling stage

Drought stress affects the growth and productivity of crop plants including sorghum.To study the molecular basis of drought tolerance in sorghum,we conducted the transcriptomic profiling of sorghum leaves and roots under drought stress using RNA-Seq method.A total of 510,559,and 3 687 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in leaves,3 368,5 093,and 4 635 DEGs in roots responding to mild drought,severe drought,and re-watering treatments were identified,respectively.Among them,190 common DEGs in leaves and 1 644 common DEGs in roots were responsive to mild drought,severe drought,and re-watering environment.Gene Ontology(GO)enrichment analysis revealed that the GO categories related to drought tolerance include terms related to response to stimulus especially response to water deprivation,abscisic acid stimulus,and reactive oxygen species.The major transcription factor genes responsive to drought stress include heat stress transcription factor(HSF),ethylene-responsive transcription factor(ERF),Petunia NAM,Arabidopsis ATAF1/2 and CUC2(NAC),WRKY transcription factor(WRKY),homeodomain leucine zipper transcription factor(HD-ZIP),basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor(bHLH),and V-myb myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog transcription facotr(MYB).Functional protein genes for heat shock protein(HSPs),late-embryogenesis-abundant protein(LEAs),chaperones,aquaporins,and expansins might play important roles in sorghum drought tolerance.Moreover,the genomic regions enriched with HSP,expansin,and aquaporin genes responsive to drought stress could be used as powerful targets for improvement of drought tolerance in sorghum and other cereals.Overall,our results provide a genome-wide analysis of DEGs in sorghum leaves and roots under mild drought,severe drought,and re-watering environments.This study contributes to a better understanding of the molecular basis of drought tolerance of sorghum and can be useful for crop improvement.

Studies on Biological Characteristics of Ginkgo Hairy Root Culture

The comparative studies on properties of growth and cultivated conditions of seven transformed ginkgo hairy root clones were reported. Different clones display various phenotypes characterized by growth rate.The results show that the suitable inoculum is benefical to the growth of ginkgo hairy root.NH + 4/NO - 3, pH ,sucrose, and inositol have important effects on the growth of ginkgo hairy root.

Research Advances of Root Rot in Medicago sativa L.

As the most famous perennial leguminous forage in the world, Medicago sativa L. ranks the first in both yield and nutritional value, and can be used for many years once planted in field production. However, root rot has become a very important reason for yield decrease and plant de-cline of alfalfa due to long service life. According to the research progress at home and abroad, the main pathogen distribution, harms and control methods of root rot in M. sativa at home and abroad were systematically expounded, in order to provide a theoretical basis for further research of the disease.

Cell Production and Expansion in the Primary Root of Maize in Response to Low-Nitrogen Stress

Maize plants respond to low-nitrogen stress by enhancing root elongation. The underlying physiological mechanism remains unknown. Seedlings of maize （Zea mays L., cv. Zhengdan 958） were grown in hydroponics with the control （4 mmol L-1） or low-nitrogen （40 μmol L-1） for 12 d, supplied as nitrate. Low nitrogen enhanced root elongation rate by 4.1-fold, accompanied by increases in cell production rate by 2.2-fold, maximal elemental elongation rate （by 2.5-fold）, the length of elongation zone （by 1.5-fold）, and ifnal cell length by 1.8-fold. On low nitrogen, the higher cell production rate resulted from a higher cell division rate and in fact the number of dividing cells was reduced. Consequently, the residence time of a cell in the division zone tended to be shorter under low nitrogen. In addition, low nitrogen increased root diameter, an increase that occurred speciifcally in the cortex and was accompanied by an increase in cell number. It is concluded that roots elongates in response to low-nitrogen stress by accelerating cell production and expansion.

Comparison of Three Methods for Determination of Root Hydraulic Conductivity of Maize(Zea mays L.)Root System

Three techniques of root pressure probe, pressure chamber and high pressure flow meter were used to measure the hydraulic conductivities （Lpr） of whole root systems of young maize （Zea mays L.） seedlings grown hydroponically under either drought or normal water conditions. Compared to normal water conditions, drought stress simulated by polyethylene glycol 6 000 （osmotic potential =-0.2 MPa） reduced Lpr in the root system by over 50%. It indicated that water permeability in the roots decreased significantly when plants suffered from water shortages. Moreover, there was no significant difference （P〈 0.05） on the Lpr values in the root systems developed under a given water stress regime among the three techniques used. Therefore, all three methods are acceptable to study the hydraulic conductivity of maize seedling root systems. We have also highlighted some of the technical limitations of each method. It can be inferred that the root pressure probe is preferable for young maize seedlings because it is subtle and has the additional ability to determine solute transport properties, but the method is time consuming. Other advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed in order to acquaint researchers with basic information that could contribute to their choice of an appropriate technique for future studies.

Identification of suitable reference genes in leaves and roots of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under different nutrient deficiencies

Nutrient deficiency stresses often occur simultaneously in soil. Thus, it＇s necessary to investigate the mechanisms underlying plant responses to multiple stresses through identification of some key stress-responsive genes. Quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） is essential for detecting the expression of the interested genes, of which the selection of suitable reference genes is a crucial step before qRT-PCR. To date, reliable reference genes to normalize qRT-PCR data under different nutrient deficiencies have not been reported in plants. In this study, expression of ten candidate reference genes was detected in leaves and roots of rapeseed （Brassica napus L.） after implementing different nutrient deficiencies for 14 days. These candidate genes, included two traditionally used reference genes and eight genes selected from an RNA- Seq dataset. Two software packages （GeNorm, NormFinder） were employed to evaluate candidate gene stability. Results showed that VHA-E1 was the highest-ranked gene in leaves of nutrient-deficient rapeseed, while VHA-G1 and UBC21 were most stable in nutrient-deficient roots. When rapeseed leaves and roots were combined, UBC21, HTB1, VHA-G1 and A CT7 were most stable among all samples. To evaluate the stabilities of the highest-ranked genes, the relative expression of two target genes, BnTrxl;1 and BnPhtl;3 Were further determined. The results showed that the relative expression of BnTrxl;1 depended on reference gene selection, suggesting that it＇s necessary to evaluate the stability of reference gene prior to qRT-PCR. This study provides suitable reference genes for gene expression analysis of rapeseed responses to different nutrient deficiencies, which is essential for elucidation of mechanisms underlying rapeseed responses to multiple nutrient deficiency stresses

Role of a Signalling System in Gene Interaction in Inheritance of Root System Characteristics of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.

The central problem of genetics is gene interaction since genes in the course of individual organism development interact with other genes, that’s why their effects may change. Studies for the last 100 years managed to discover that the entire diversity of inter-gene interactions is presented in four major forms: complementarity, epistasis, polymery, and modifying effect of genes. However, gene interaction mechanism which is reflected on the segregation nature of variously crossed hybrids has not been sufficiently studied. Exclusive of molecular genetics, biochemistry and physiology, a genetic analysis of inheritance of characteristics in gene interaction taken by itself cannot reveal nature of this interaction. Lately, molecular-genetic and physiological studies on A. thaliana mutants have enabled to isolate and sequence a wide range of genes controlling certain links of the signalling chain. At the same time, effect of the plant development regulation signalling system on interaction of these genes in inheritance of characteristics of Arabidopsis root system haven’t been studied so far which was a cause for our studies. Gene interaction problem is closely related to the plant development regulation signalling system. Mechanism involved in gene interaction may be explained based on current idea of molecular principles of biological response. Affected by mutations occurring in various genes that control certain links of the signalling chain, signalling path to the cell nucleus and response are blocked partially or in full which leads to distortion in expression of the characteristic on the plant level in general or its organ level. Such phenomenon is observed in realization of many characteristics in animals and plants, including in A. thaliana. In inheritance of such characteristics, as a rule, both allelic, and non-allelic gene interactions are observed. Results of a study of the plant signalling system interconnection and gene interaction in inheritance of characteristics of Arabidopsis root system are presented. It is established that complementary interaction of genes RHD3 and SAR1 is observed in the second crossing generation for plants of rhd3-1 × sar-1 mutant lines. When gpa1-3 × slr-1 mutant-line plants are crossed, recessive epistasis (slr-1 slr-1 > GPA1_) occurs in F2 generation. Polymeric interaction of genes SHY2 and MSG1 is observed in F2 in crossing of shy2-2 × msg1-2 mutant-line plants.

百脉根不定根发育相关基因LcC2DP1的克隆与功能初步分析

为研究百脉根(Lotus corniculatus L.)C2钙依赖蛋白激酶基因LcC2DP1在不定根形成过程中的功能,通过RACE法从百脉根中克隆LcC2DP1基因,利用qRT-PCR检测其时空表达模式,并通过农杆菌介导的瞬时表达系统在百脉根中过量表达LcC2DP1并鉴定其功能。结果显示:LcC2DP1基因全长705 bp,编码235个氨基酸,分子质量为25.95 ku,与蒺藜苜蓿同源性最高(82%);在百脉根不定根分化过程中持续表达,表达部位为根、茎和叶片;与野生型亲本(WT)相比,转LcC2DP1基因百脉根(TP)的不定根分化提前1~2 d;在不定根分化的9~15 d,其总根长分别是WT的168%、155%,根体积分别是WT的249%、161%,根尖数分别是WT的156%、137%。TP百脉根的总根长(P<0.01)、根体积(P<0.01)和根尖数(P<0.05)表现出一定的发育优势,表明LcC2DP1基因可能与百脉根不定根发育调控相关。