浅论J.L.Austin的意义观

英国哲学家J.L.Austin(1911～1960)一般被认为是言语行为理论的开创者和语用学的先驱之一。人们也多从语用学的角度去分析应用他的言语行为理论。然而实际上他的言语行为理论的提出是基于他对逻辑实证主义意义观的批判之上的,他的初衷是要开创一种全新的意义观。文章简要回顾对于"意义"的各种哲学探讨,重点讨论Austin的意义观。

2004全明星总纪录 L.A.星光风暴

1.第一届全明星周末是在哪一年,在哪里举力的?2.第一个全明星MVP属于哪位球星?3.历史上参加全明星比赛次数最多的是谁?4.全明星历史上出现过三双吗?5.全明星历史上的单人最高分是什么?6.全明星的助攻纪录是谁创造的?7.全明星的篮板纪录是谁创造的?8.全明星历史上的半场得分最高是多少?9.现在,扣篮大赛已成为全明星最具人气的节目,它是哪年开始举办的?10.第一次尹始三分球比赛的全明星周末是在哪座城市?11.第一个三分球比赛的三冠王是谁?

WTAPS L.A.M.F 重头戏上演

等了好长一段时间，WTAPS才终于发布了新品，大家在看过了WTAPS新一季的collection之后绝对会喜出望外，除去WTAPS常规的军事元素之外，WTAPS本季更是将户外、工装发扬光大，怀旧味道与街头时尚完美结合，苦等多日总算还是值得。本季以L．A．M．F．为主题，名字出自美国punkrockband—Heartbreakers同名大碟《L．A．M．F》。

Isozyme analysis on progenes of somatic hybrids of Oryza sativa L.and O.officinalis

Some wild species of Oryza possess agronomi-cally useful traits such as disease/insect resis-tance and salt tolerance.However,the use ofwild Oryza species for rice improvement hasbeen hampered by the sexual incompatibility orsterility of hybrids obtained by conventionalmethods.We have used protoplast fusion as amethod to incorporate useful trait of wild O-ryza species into cultivated rice and~ obtainedsomatic hybrid plants between O.sativa and

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L.as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand culture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in Ashyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate （As（V）） and arsenite （As（Ⅲ）） were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As（Ⅲ） more than As（Ⅴ）, while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate （≥1.0 mmol/L）. Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As（Ⅴ）. It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As（Ⅴ） during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As（Ⅲ）. Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposed to As（Ⅴ）, but the suppression of phosphate to As transport may be insignificant when P. vittata exposed to As（Ⅲ） under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.

Identification of a Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Line NEA in Brassica napus L.and Its Genetic Studies

Male sterile NEA plants were identified in progenies of the radiated 92P x Aggregate-silique in Brassica napus L. in 1993. Their progeny plants from test crossing and open pollination were 100% male sterile. The double-low male sterile lines JL-4 and JL-18 were bred through successive backcrossing of the double -low variety No.4 and No. 18 in Brassica napus L.to NEA. Restorer lines 6720 and 6722 with significant heterosis in F1 were developed. The results from investigating the restoring-ntaintaining relationship and inheritance of the restorer gene indicated that JL-4 and JL-18 were different from both PolCMS and Shan 2A type, and their restorer gene was controlled by a pair of dominant genie genes.

Antibacterial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L.alone and in combination with cefuroxime against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Objective:To determine the antimicrobial activity of rosemary(Rosmarinus of ficinalis L.) and to investigate the synergistic effects of this extract combined with ceforuxime against methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA).Methods:The inhibitory and bactericidal activities of rosemary ethanol extract,alone and in combination with cefuroxime,were studied.Results:The minimum inhibitory concentrations(MICs) of the ethanol extract of rosemary were in the range of 0.39-3.13 mg/mL.The minimum bactericidal concentrations(MBCs) were usually equal to or double that MICs.The antimicrobial activity of combinations of the ethanol extract of rosemary and cefuroxime indicated their synergistic effects against all MRSAs.Conclusions:The present work clearly demonstrates that rosemary has a key role in the elevation of susceptibility toβ-lactams.

A new isochroman-4-one derivative from the peel of Musa sapientum L.and its total synthesis

A new isochroman-4-one, 7,8-dihydroxy-3-methylisochroman-4-one was isolated from water soluble fraction of Musa sapientum L. Its structure was determined by spectroscopic evidences and its total synthesis has also been reported. The compound showed potent antihypertensive activity.

Use of Support Vector Regression Based on Mean Impact Value Model to Identify Active Compounds in a Combination of Curcuma longa L.and Glycyrrhiza extracts

A support vector regression based on the mean impact value (MIV) model was constructed to identify the bioactive compounds inhibiting proliferation of He La cells in a combination of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)and liquorice (Glycyrrhiza) extracts.The quantitative chemical fingerprint from 50 batches of turmeric and liquorice extracts was established using high performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to an ultraviolet visible detector.Qualitative results were obtained using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry.A total of 46 peaks (peaks 1–15 from turmeric and 16–46 from liquorice) were selected as "common peaks" for analysis.The inhibitory effect of the combined extracts on He La cells was measured by MTT (3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay.It was found that 15 compounds (peaks:8,12,30,24,46,11,14,9,3,1,44,18,7,45 and 43)possessing high absolute MIV exhibited a significant correlation with the cytotoxicity against He La cells; most of these have already been confirmed with potential cytotoxicity in previous research.The important potential application of the present model can be extended to help discover active compounds from complex herbal medicine prior to traditional bioassay-guided separation.It is considered that this could be a useful tool for redeveloping herbal medicine based on the use of these active compounds.

Aromatic compounds from Solanum nigrum L.and their antioxidant activities

Solanum nigrum L.,belonging to the genus Solanum of Solanaceae family,is widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions of the world.It possesses the effects of clearing away heat and detoxification.A wide spectrum of chemical constituents have been isolated from the Solanum nigrum L.,including lignans,steroids,etc.The structures of the eight compounds were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses.It is noteworthy that compounds 1–4,6 and 8 have been isolated from Solanum nigrum L.for the first time.All compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activities by ABTS and DPPH assays.Based on the results,Solanum nigrum L.could be used as a new natural antioxidant in biomedical applications.

Virtual screening of flavonoids from Jatropha gossypiifolia L.as potential drugs for diabetic complications

Background:Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that is a risk factor for epidemic pathologies.Under hyperglycemic conditions,the enzyme aldose reductase catalyzes the formation of sorbitol in the metabolism of glucose via polyols,leading to the development of diabetic complications.Therefore,inhibitors of this enzyme are therapeutic targets for the prophylaxis and treatment of these conditions.Methods:In this study,a generalized linear regression model was developed to analyze flavonoids-obtained from a database-that have been tested as inhibitors of aldose reductase.In this sense,the molecular descriptors implemented in DRAGON and MATLAB software were used to determine the correlation between the chemical structure of the inhibitors and their pharmacological activity.The model was validated according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Standards and subsequently used for the virtual screening of the flavonoids identified in Jatropha gossypiifolia L.Results:The proposed model showed a good fit for its statistical parameters(R2=0.95).In addition,it showed good predictive power(R2 ext=0.94)and robustness(Q2 LOO=0.92).The experimental chemical space wherein the predictions were reliable(domain of application)was also defined.Finally,the model was used to identify 10 flavonoids from Jatropha gossypiifolia L.as candidates for natural drugs.Compounds with a low probability of oral absorption were identified,among which the elagic acid biflavonoid showed the greatest promise(pIC50 predicted=9.75).Conclusion:The Jatropha gossypiifolia L.species harbors flavonoids with high potential as inhibitors of the aldose reductase enzyme,in which the biflavonoid ellagic acid was shown to be the most promising inhibitor of the aldose reductase enzyme,suggesting its possible use in the treatment of the late complications of diabetes mellitus.

Pharmacognostic Identification of Euphorbia maculata L.and Its Related Species

[Objectives]To make pharmacognostic identification of Euphorbia maculata L.and its related species.[Methods]The classical pharmacognostic identification method was adopted.[Results]The four main medicinal materials are very similar,the fluff can be seen in E.maculata and Euphorbia thymifolia L.,but not in Euphorbia prostrata Ait.and Euphorbia taihsiensis(Chaw et Koutnik)Oudejians;the tissue structure is basically the same;except for E.taihsiensis without non-glandular hairs,the powder has secretory cells,laticifers,cells,calcium oxalate crystals,fibers,vessels,and seed coat fragments.Through ultrasonic extraction with 80%ethanol,extraction with isobutanol,extending with chloroform∶ethyl acetate∶formic acid(5∶3∶0.3),developing color with 3%aluminum trichloride ethanol solution,under ultraviolet light(365 nm),the fluorescent spots of the same color appeared on the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the reference substance(quercetin,kaempferol).[Conclusions]It is not easy to distinguish the four medicinal materials by character identification and microscopic identification,while the thin-layer chromatography(TLC)is more reliable.

Medicinal and Edible Plant——Physalis alkekengi L.and Its Cultivation Techniques

Botanical morphological characteristics of Physalis alkekengi L.is first introduced,and its medicinal and edible value is elaborated.Cultivation techniques of P.alkekengi L.are mainly introduced.The research aims to provide a certain basis for the better development and application of P.alkekengi L.

Research on the Origin of Mongolian Medicine Veratrum nigrum L.and Its Recent Research Progress

On the basis of research on the origin of Mongolian medicine Veratrum nigrum L.,this paper summarizes the research situation of Mongolian medicine Veratrum nigrum L.from the aspects of clinical application,chemical composition,pharmacological action and toxicological action,so as to provide a reference basis for further research and further development and utilization of Mongolian medicine.

Research progress on chemical constituents in Sophora alopecuroides L.and their pharmacological activities

Sophora alopecuroides L.,a perennial plant belonging to Leguminosae family,is used as medicinal materials to treat a variety of skin diseases.Its chemical components are complex and diverse,mainly including alkaloids and flavonoids.Modern pharmacological studies have found that the isolated compounds from S.alopecuroides have a variety of pharmacological activities.In particular,alkaloids represented by matrine,aloperine and oxymatrine have significant anti-inflammatory,anti-viral,anti-tumor,anti-bacterial and immunomodulatory activities.This paper summarized the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of S.alopecuroides,aiming to provide the basis for further research.

Network pharmacology-based virtual screening of active alkaloid ingredients from Piper nigrum L.and the potential targets against Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a common neurodegenerative disease.Despite a great deal of research on this disease,there is still no definitive treatment plan.Literature investigations have shown that Piper nigrum L.has a protective effect on the nerve center.Therefore,network pharmacology was used in this study to investigate the therapeutic potential of P.nigrum for PD.As a result,six active alkaloid ingredients and four potential targets were obtained.This study laid the foundation for finding the lead compounds from P.nigrum to treat PD.

Essential Oils from Mentha viridis(L).L.and Mentha pulegium L.:Cytogenotoxic Effects on Human Cells

The essential oils from Mentha viridis (L). L. and Mentha pulegium L. were studied to assess their inhibitory potential on phospholipase from snake venoms and to determine their cytogenotoxic action on human cells. These essential oils were able to inhibit the breakdown of phospholipids induced by venoms of snakes of the Bothrops genus. Both oils presented hemolytic activity, although the Mentha viridis (L). L. oil induced hemolysis only at the highest concentrations (14.6 and 29 μL&#183mL-1). The essential oil from M. viridis induced 3.9;8.6 and 16.2 times greater damage to human leukocyte DNA than that observed with the positive control (100 μg&#183μL-1 doxorubicin) at concentrations of 0.25;0.5 and 1.0 μL&#183mL-1, respectively. A similar effect was observed for the oil from M. pulegium (2.1, 2.5 and 15.8 times greater damage). The results extend the characterization of these essential oils and demonstrate their potential use in industries.

Virtual screening of active ingredients,potential targets and pathways from Elephantopus scaber L.against liver cancer based on network pharmacology

Elephantopus scaber L.,belonging to Elephantopus plant of Compositae,is widely used as the common Chinese herbal medicine in folk.According to the phytochemical investigations,E.scaber is used to treat several cancers,anemia and diarrhea on account of the property of the complex components and multi-targets.However,the underlying molecular mechanisms of herb remain unclear.In this report,network pharmacology method is used to analyze the relation among the small-molecule compounds of E.scaber,target proteins,biological pathways and liver cancer.The potential active compounds from the E.scaber,potential target proteins and the key pathways were predicted by network pharmacology models.We believe that our present study is useful to find novel lead compounds for liver cancer.

Two pyrrole acids isolated from Phyllanthus emblica L.and their bioactivities

An undescribed pyrrole acid,1-(4′-methoxy-4′-oxobutyl)-1 H-pyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acid(1)and one known pyr-role acid(2)were isolated from the fruits of Phyllanthus emblica.The structures of these compounds were elucidated via the comprehensive analyses of IR,HRESIMS,1D and 2D spectroscopic data.A series of biological assays revealed that compounds 1 and 2 could inhibit LPS-induced over-production of nitric oxide(NO),interleukin-6(IL-6),monocyte chemotactic protein 1(MCP-1)and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)by reducing the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases(ERK)and c-Jun N-terminal kinases(JNK)in RAW 264.7 cells.Additionally,compounds 1 and 2 were found to reduce lipid deposition and increase the mRNA expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 in oxidized low-density lipoprotein-treated RAW264.7 macrophages.

A Medicinal and Edible Plant Crocus sativus L.and Its Therapeutic Effects on Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases

This paper introduces the biological characteristics,medicinal value,chemical component,and pharmacological effects of Crocus sativus L.,and explores its therapeutic effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as angina pectoris and coronary heart disease.