Cytotoxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin on the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7

The wide use and wide-spectrum toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids （SPs） insecticides make them an emerging ecotoxicological concern. Some previous studies showed that SPs possessed cytotoxicity in some immune cells such as human lymphocytes and rat bone marrow. However, the cytotoxicity of SPs to macrophages, which are crucial to innate immunity, has not been explored. In the present report, we investigated a new pyrethroid insecticide, lambda-cyhalothrin （LCT）, which may increase the generation of reactive oxygen species （ROS） and DNA damage levels and cause cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells in dose- and time-dependent manners. The results for the first time implicated increased endogenous ROS and DNA damage as co-mediators of LCT-induced cytotoxicity in macrophages. Our results also suggested that macrophages were involved in synthetic pyrethroid-induced adverse immune effects. Considering the ubiquitous environmental presence of SPs, this study provided new information relative to the potential long-term physiological and immunological effects associated with chronic exposure to SPs. Hence, the potential immunotoxicity of SPs should be considered in assessing the safety of these compounds in sensitive environmental compartments.

Effect of an eco-friendly o/w emulsion stabilized with amphiphilic sodium alginate derivatives on lambda-cyhalothrin adsorption-desorption on natural soil minerals

The effects of amphiphilic O/W emulsions,stabilized by the alkyl polyglycoside(APG)or cholesterol-grafted sodium alginate(CSAD)/APG systems,on lambda-cyhalothrin adsorption/desorption mechanisms on natural soil minerals(i.e.,illite and kaolinite)were investigated.Sorption and desorption of lambda-cyhalothrin onto soil minerals was studied via batch equilibration to give insight into the adsorption equilibrium,kinetics,and thermodynamics of lambda-cyhalothrin adsorption onto minerals.The results indicate the following:(i)The adsorption processes for the APG system and CSAD/APG system include:rapid adsorption,slow adsorption,and adsorption equilibrium.The adsorption kinetics of pesticide on illite and kaolinite are in accordance with the Ho and McKay model,and the adsorption isotherm conforms to the Freundlich model.In addition,the adsorption processes of pesticide for the two systems on minerals were spontaneous and feasible(ΔG^0<0),endothermic(ΔH^0>0),and mainly involved chemical bonding(ΔH^0>60).(ii)The equilibrium adsorption percentages of the pesticide on illite for the APG system and CSAD/APG system were 42.4%and 64.8%,and the corresponding equilibrium adsorption percentages on kaolinite were 40.8%and 61.8%,respectively.Moreover,the pesticide adsorption rate K_(2-CSAD/APG)was faster than K_(2-APG),and its adsorption capacity K_(f-CSAD/APG )was greater than K_(f-APG).Meanwhile,the pesticide desorption K_(fd)in the CSAD/APG system was smaller than that in the APG system.As a result,this eco-friendly O/W emulsion based on amphiphilic sodium alginate derivatives might provide a green pesticide formulation,since it could reduce the amount of lambda-cyhalothrin entering aquatic systems to threaten non-target fish and invertebrate species.

Mutagenic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan and Lambda-cyhalothrin—In vitro study describing individual and combined effects of pesticides

Excessive use of pesticides poses increased risks to non target species including humans. In the developing countries, lack of proper awareness about the toxic potential of pesticides makes the farmer more vulnerable to pesticide linked toxicities, which could lead to diverse pathological conditions. The toxic potential of a pesticide could be determined by their ability to induce genetic mutations and cytotoxicity. Hence, determination of genetic mutation and cytotoxicity of each pesticide is unavoidable to legislate health and safety appraisal about pesticides. The objective of current investigation was to determine the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan（EN） and Lambda-cyhalothrin（LC）; individually and in combination. 3-（4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide（MTT） assay was utilized to determine cytotoxicity, while two mutant histidine dependent Salmonella strains（TA98, TA100） were used to determine the mutagenicity of EN and LC.Moreover, mutagenicity assay was conducted with and without S9 to evaluate the effects of metabolic activation on mutagenicity. Even though a dose dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies was detected with EN against both bacterial strains, a highly significant（p 〈 0.05） increase in the mutagenicity was detected in TA98 with S9. In comparison, data obtained from LC revealed less mutagenic potential than EN. Surprisingly,the non-mutagenic individual-concentrations of EN and LC showed dose dependent mutagenicity when combined. Combination of EN and LC synergistically induced mutagenicity both in TA98 and TA100. MTT assay spotlighted comparable dose dependent cytotoxicity effects of both pesticides. Interestingly, the combination of EN and LC produced increased reversion and cytotoxicity at lower doses as compared to each pesticide, concluding that pesticide exposure even at sub-lethal doses can produce cytotoxicity and genetic mutations, which could lead to carcinogenicity.

高效氯氟氰菊酯与烯啶虫胺增效混配剂的筛选及其对小麦蚜虫的田间防治效果

为了延缓麦蚜抗药性和降低杀虫剂使用量,本研究筛选了具有增效作用的高效氯氟氰菊酯和烯啶虫胺的复配比例,并研究了增效复配剂对麦蚜的田间防治效果。浸叶法测定结果表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯对麦蚜的LC_(50)为25.01 mg/L,烯啶虫胺对麦蚜的LC_(50)为28.21 mg/L。通过最佳增效配比的筛选,发现高效氯氟氰菊酯和烯啶虫胺的有效成分比为1.3∶1、1∶1.1、1∶1.7、1∶10.2时,对麦蚜的毒效比分别为1.28、1.49、1.64、1.50,表现为增效作用。深入研究发现高效氯氟氰菊酯和烯啶虫胺的有效成分为1∶4.5、1∶7.5和1∶10.2的混配组合的共毒系数均显示了显著增效作用,其中,当高效氯氟氰菊酯与烯啶虫胺有效成分比为1∶7.5时,混配剂的LC_(50)为5.22 mg/L,共毒系数达到532.61。按有效成分比1∶7.5,将10%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂与20%烯啶虫胺可溶液剂混用后,进行田间试验,结果表明,在药后1、3 d和7 d,混配剂的防效与高效氯氟氰菊酯单剂的防效无显著性差异,在药后1 d,混配剂的防效高于烯啶虫胺单剂的防效,在药后3 d及7 d,混剂与烯啶虫胺单剂的防效没有显著差异。混配剂的防效在药后7 d内不断上升,其中药后7 d防效达到92.98%。混配剂的使用可以达到对高效氯氟氰菊酯减量的目的,同时保证了对麦蚜的防效。

Lambda-cyhalothrin disrupts the up-regulation effect of 17β-estradiol on post-synaptic density 95 protein expression via estrogen receptor α-dependent Akt pathway

Lambda-cyhalothrin（LCT）,one of the type II pyrethroids,has been widely used throughout the world.The estrogenic effect of LCT to increase cell proliferation has been well established.However,whether the estrogenic effect of LCT will influence neurodevelopment has not been investigated.In addition,17β-Estradiol（E2）plays a crucial role in neurodevelopment and induces an increase in synaptic proteins.The post-synaptic density 95（PSD95）protein,which is involved in the development of the structure and function of new spines and localized with estrogen receptor α（ERα）at the post-synaptic density（PSD）,was detected in our study by using hippocampal neuron cell line HT22.We found that LCT up-regulated PSD95 and ERα expression,estrogen receptor（ER）antagonist ICI182,780 and phosphatidylinositol-4;5-bisphosphate 3-kinase（PI3K）inhibitor LY294,002 blocked this effect.In addition,LCT disrupted the promotion effect of E2 on PSD95.To investigate whether the observed changes are caused by ERα-dependent signaling activation,we next detected the effects of LCT on the ERα-mediated PI3K-Protein kinase B（PKB/Akt）-eukaryotic initiation factor（e IF）4E-binding protein 1（4E-BP1）pathway.There existed an activation of Akt and the downstream factor 4E-BP1 after LCT treatment.In addition,LCT could disrupt the activation effect of E2 on the Akt pathway.However,no changes in c AMP response element-binding protein（CREB）activation and PSD95 messenger ribonucleic acid（m RNA）were observed.Our findings demonstrated that LCT could increase the PSD95 protein level via the ERα-dependent Akt pathway,and LCT might disrupt the up-regulation effect of E2 on PSD95 protein expression via this signaling pathway.

Identification of lambda-cyhalothrin residues on Chinese cabbage using fuzzy uncorrelated discriminant vector analysis and MIR spectroscopy

Excessive pesticide residues on Chinese cabbage will be harmful to people’s health.Therefore,an identification system was designed for qualitative analysis of lambda-cyhalothrin residues on Chinese cabbage leaves.In order to extract discriminant information from mid-infrared(MIR)spectra of Chinese cabbage effectively,fuzzy uncorrelated discriminant vector(FUDV)analysis was proposed by introducing the fuzzy set theory into uncorrelated discriminant vector(UDV)analysis.In this system,the Cary 630 FTIR spectrometer was used to scan four samples of Chinese cabbage with different concentrations of lambda-cyhalothrin.The MIR spectra were preprocessed by standard normal variable(SNV)and Savitzky-Golay smoothing(SG).Next,the high-dimensional MIR spectra were processed for dimension reduction by principal component analysis(PCA).Furthermore,UDV,FUDV,and some other discriminant analysis algorithms were used for feature extraction,respectively.Finally,the K-nearest neighbor(KNN)classifier was employed to classify the data.The experimental results showed that when FUDV was used as the feature extraction algorithm,the identification system reached the maximum classification accuracy of 100%.The results indicated that FUDV combined with MIR spectroscopy was an effective method to identify lambda-cyhalothrin residues on Chinese cabbage.

土壤中辛硫磷和高效氯氟氰菊酯残留量的高效液相色谱分析

从土壤中超声提取辛硫磷和高效氯氟氰菊酯,并采用高效液相色谱法检测其残留量.用乙腈-水(体积比4∶1)作为提取剂,对土壤样品进行超声萃取,提取液经弗罗里硅土小柱净化后,采用反相高效液相色谱法进行残留量测定.使用SynergiTMPolar-RP 80?(250 mm×4.6 mm, 4μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-水(体积比80∶20)为流动相,紫外检测波长为225 nm.结果表明:辛硫磷与高效氯氟氰菊酯的萃取率均高于92%.辛硫磷浓度在0.6~5.4μg/mL范围内和峰面积线性关系良好,线性回归方程A=25.108ρ+45.008,r=0.998 9;高效氯氟氰菊酯浓度在0.4~3.6μg/mL范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系,线性回归方程A=48.835ρ+56.574,r=0.999 0.该方法简单、快速、准确度高、精密度好,能满足土壤中辛硫磷和高效氯氟氰菊酯残留量的检测要求.

不同因素对高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂物理稳定性的影响

通过测定粒径、跨距、乳液稳定性、冷贮稳定性、热贮稳定性等性能指标,研究不同加工方法、加工设备、剪切速率、剪切时间及水质对高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂物理稳定性的影响。结果表明:转相法和直接乳化法均可制备出物理稳定性符合要求的高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂,但转相法制备的水乳剂具有更小的中位粒径和跨距;相比磁力搅拌器和超声波,采用高速分散机剪切制备的水乳剂中位粒径更小,稳定性更好;剪切速率为3 000 r/min、剪切时间为5 min,水乳剂具有最小的中位粒径和跨距;不同水质对高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂的稳定性具有一定影响,应选择去离子水或自来水制备。

三氟氯氰菊酯对鸡胚的发育毒性及雏鸡生长发育的评价

目的:探讨三氟氯氰菊酯(Lambda-cyhalothrin,LCT)对鸡胚的发育毒性及其出壳后21 d内生长发育的影响。方法:选择已孵化7胚龄的草鸡胚蛋160枚,随机分为5组,每组32枚。Ⅰ组(对照组)向每枚鸡胚的卵黄囊注射0.1 mL生理盐水,Ⅱ~Ⅴ组(处理组)分别向每枚鸡胚的卵黄囊注射0.1 mL 2.5、25、250、2500μg/mL LCT,灭菌石蜡封口,继续孵化至雏鸡出壳,期间分别测定孵化第10、18天的死胎数、生存率以及孵化率、弱雏率、出壳重与第18天胚蛋重的比值等指标;雏鸡出壳后饲喂21 d分别测定体质量、胸肌质量、腿肌质量、部分内脏器官指数、血清生化指标及肝肾氧化应激指标。结果:Ⅴ组的死胚数、死胚率、弱雏率明显高于对照组和Ⅱ~Ⅳ组;Ⅱ~Ⅳ组雏鸡21日龄的体质量、胸肌和腿肌质量低于对照组,血清CREA与UREA-N含量、AST和ALT活性,与对照组相比无显著变化;21日龄时,Ⅲ组肝组织和Ⅱ组肾组织的GSH含量明显升高(P<0.01或P<0.05),Ⅲ组肝组织MDA含量显著增加(P<0.05),各试验组肝、肾组织的SOD活性有增加趋势,但与对照组相比无显著变化(P>0.05)。结论:高剂量LCT暴露对鸡胚具有明显的发育毒性,胚胎期中低剂量LCT暴露抑制出壳后雏鸡的早期生长发育,氧化应激损伤是其毒性机制之一。

茶叶和土壤中cis-联苯菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯手性对映体残留分析

为了满足茶叶和土壤中手性农药cis-联苯菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯对映异构体残留检测的需要,本试验首次对比研究了正相液相色谱条件下,Daicel ChiralPak®AS-H、Phenomenex®Cellulose-1和Cellulose-3柱对两组手性对映体的拆分效果,以及气相色谱条件下BGB-172柱的分离测定效果,并建立了基于手性气相色谱分离的茶叶和土壤中cis-联苯菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯对映体残留分析方法。样品采用正己烷和丙酮提取,Florisil与GCB混合柱净化,气相色谱手性柱BGB-172程序升温分离,电子捕获检测器(ECD)外标法定性定量测定。结果表明,在2.5~800μg·L^(-1)浓度范围内,cis-联苯菊酯对映体色谱峰面积(Y)与浓度(x)之间分别满足线性方程Y=15381.1x-279657.5(r=0.9967)和Y=17387.6x-399048.0(r=0.9937),对映体分数(EF值)=0.489±0.017;在2.5~200μg·L^(-1)浓度范围内,高效氯氟氰菊酯对映体分别满足线性方程Y=22083.8x-161004.3(r=0.9923)和Y=23001.1x-167694.8(r=0.9922),EF=0.492±0.008。在0.005、0.050和0.50 mg·kg^(-1)3个添加浓度水平下,cis-联苯菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯对映体在不同茶叶、土壤样品中的平均添加回收率为61.6%~123.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.5%~14.6%,检测限低于0.001 mg·L^(-1),方法定量限低于0.005 mg·kg^(-1),不同样品中未见到明显基质效应。综上,该方法能够满足cis-联苯菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯对映体残留分析的需要,用于研究茶鲜叶中cis-联苯菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯对映体残留消解,且无明显对映体选择性差异。本研究结果为进一步开展2种手性农药在茶叶生长和加工过程中的残留和消解规律研究提供了技术支持。

10%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂和21%辛硫·高氯氟乳油杀灭白纹伊蚊的现场效果

目的 观察10%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂和21%辛硫·高氯氟乳油(1%高效氯氟氰菊酯、20%辛硫磷)空间喷雾对白纹伊蚊的杀灭效果,为蚊虫防治的药剂选择提供参考。方法 参照(GB/T 27781—2011)空间喷雾效果的评价方法,采用超低容量喷雾对10%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂(按1∶200稀释)和21%辛硫·高氯氟乳油(1%高效氯氟氰菊酯、20%辛硫磷,按1∶150稀释)进行杀灭白纹伊蚊的现场实验。结果 0.07%高效氯氟氰菊酯对白纹伊蚊2 min击倒率为76%,24 h死亡率为14%,该白纹伊蚊种群为抗性种群。10%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂稀释200倍对距离10、30、50 m挂笼内白纹伊蚊24 h死亡率分别为84.19%、78.65%、36.26%。21%辛硫·高氯氟乳油稀释150倍对距离10、30、50 m挂笼内白纹伊蚊24 h死亡率分别为37.94%、20.17%、10.83%。不同距离死亡率差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=19.679,P<0.01;χ^(2)=48.202,P<0.01)。结论 2种杀虫剂对现场白纹伊蚊均有一定的杀灭作用,在试验设置的稀释浓度下,10%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂空间喷雾效果显著优于21%辛硫·高氯氟乳油。

氯虫苯甲酰胺对荔枝蒂蛀虫不同虫态的室内毒力测定

荔枝蒂蛀虫Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley是为害荔枝和龙眼的重要害虫,其为害的隐蔽性增加了防治难度。为了探索安全、有效的药剂防治手段和明确氯虫苯甲酰胺的适合施药时期,本研究在室内条件下,以防控荔枝蒂蛀虫常用药剂高效氯氟氰菊酯为对照药,采用喷雾法和药膜法,分别测定了100、10、1、0.1和0.01 mg/L的5个浓度梯度下,氯虫苯甲酰胺对荔枝蒂蛀虫卵、初孵幼虫的毒杀作用以及对成虫的触杀作用。研究结果表明,氯虫苯甲酰胺的5个浓度梯度对产后24 h、48 h和72 h蒂蛀虫卵孵化抑制率均显著高于高效氯氟氰菊酯;氯虫苯甲酰胺对蒂蛀虫初孵幼虫的毒力是高效氯氟氰菊酯的10倍,对荔枝蒂蛀虫初孵幼虫的LC_(50)分别为3.32 mg/L和38.78 mg/L。而在100 mg/L浓度下氯虫苯甲酰胺和高效氯氟氰菊酯对成虫触杀的校正死亡百分率最高分别为34.36%和77.35%。综上所述,氯虫苯甲酰胺对荔枝蒂蛀虫具有较强的杀卵活性和杀初孵幼虫活性,在荔枝生产上具有潜在的应用价值;鉴于其对成虫的触杀作用不强,故建议在荔枝蒂蛀虫的产卵高峰期和初孵幼虫期使用,以期将荔枝蒂蛀虫于发生为害之前进行有效控制。

22%噻虫嗪·高效氯氟氰菊酯悬浮剂对环境非靶标生物的急性毒性与风险评估

建立了基于UPLC-MS/MS法测定曝气自来水和BG11培养基中噻虫嗪、高效氯氟氰菊酯的定性定量分析方法,测定了22%噻虫嗪·高效氯氟氰菊酯悬浮剂对环境5种非靶标生物的毒性并分级。结果表明,22%噻虫嗪·高效氯氟氰菊酯悬浮剂对斑马鱼、大型溞和家蚕的毒性为剧毒;对蜜蜂的毒性为高毒;分别以生长率抑制率和生物量增长抑制率为毒性终点计时,对羊角月牙藻的毒性分别为低毒和中毒。22%噻虫嗪·高效氯氟氰菊酯悬浮剂对蜜蜂和家蚕均存在潜在风险。建议实际施用过程注意周围开花植物花期,蚕室及桑园附近禁用。

气相色谱法测定茶叶及土壤中的高效氯氟氰菊酯残留量

建立了气相色谱测定茶叶及土壤中高效氯氟氰菊酯残留量的分析方法。茶叶和土壤样品用正己烷提取,毛细管柱分离,气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)检测。结果表明:在高效氯氟氰菊酯添加量为0.02～2.00mg/kg范围内,高效氯氟氰菊酯在鲜茶叶和土壤中的平均添加回收率分别为89.0%～94.1%和89.8%～94.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)分别为3.0%～4.9%和2.5%～4.2%,方法的最低检出限(S/N=3)为0.002mg/kg。采用该方法测定2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯微乳剂在湖南长沙茶叶及土壤中的消解动态,其符合一级动力学消解模式,消解方程分别为Y=3.1996e-0.3394x和Y=0.1224e-0.1036x,相关系数分别为0.9956和0.9247。在茶叶中的半衰期为2.04d,在土壤中的半衰期为6.69d。该方法为湖南长沙地区茶叶种植科学合理地使用杀虫剂高效氯氟氰菊酯提供了依据。

高效氯氟氰菊酯在稻田使用后对水生生物的安全性研究

采用半静态法研究了乳油（EC）、微乳剂（ME）、水乳剂（EW）、可湿性粉剂（WP）、悬浮剂（SC）5种不同剂型的高效氯氟氰菊酯对主要水生生物的急性毒性、在“稻田．鱼塘”模拟生态系统中的归趋及对其中水生生物的影响，旨在为评价高效氯氟氰菊酯在稻田使用后对水生生物的安全性以及控制其对水生生物的危害风险提供科学依据。结果表明，高效氯氟氰菊酯对河虾和鱼均为高毒，尤其河虾对其更为敏感；但5种不同剂型的高效氯氟氰菊酯对同种水生生物的毒性存在不同程度的差异。高效氧氟氰菊酯在环境中消解速率较快。不同剂型的高效氯氟氰菊酯在稻田水、鱼塘水和稻田土壤中的消解半衰期分别为0．23～0．53d、0．38—0．63d、0．96—7．35d。施药12h后降雨20min的稻田水进入鱼塘，对鱼、蟹和河蚌安全，对河虾会造成严重影响；但所有剂型的高效氯氟氰菊酯在用药4d后再排入鱼塘对河虾均达到安全水平。

气相色谱法测定苹果和土壤中的高效氯氟氰菊酯

建立了改进的Qu ECh ERS-气相色谱检测苹果和土壤中高效氯氟氰菊酯残留的分析方法,考察和评价了苹果和土壤两种基质对高效氯氟氰菊酯的基质效应。苹果和土壤样品均用乙腈提取,经石墨化碳黑(GCB)净化后直接进样分析。结果表明:在优化后的Qu ECh ERS条件下,高效氯氟氰菊酯在0.05~10 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(R^2)大于0.999,检出限为0.12~0.15μg/kg,定量限为0.38~0.50μg/kg。用基质标准曲线定量时,高效氯氟氰菊酯在土壤和苹果中的回收率分别为88.29%~97.65%和80.70%~98.69%。苹果和土壤样品对高效氯氟氰菊酯都表现出基质增强效应。该方法的回收率均能达到残留分析要求,用基质配制标准溶液能够有效、方便地校正气相色谱-电子捕获检测器测定高效氯氟氰菊酯残留时的基质效应,且能应用于苹果和土壤实际样品的检测。

抗高效氯氟氰菊酯甜菜夜蛾近等基因系的交互抗性和种群适合度

测定了对高效氯氟氰菊酯不同抗性水平的近等基因系高抗种群(NILs-RR)和低抗种群(NILs-RS)对13种杀虫剂的交互抗性,结果表明高抗种群对高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、高效氟氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯的交互抗性倍数在15.2～92.6之间;对氟虫腈,阿维菌素、灭多威和甲胺基阿维菌素也存在14.1～67.5倍的较高交互抗性;而对毒死蜱、溴虫腈、虫酰肼及辛硫磷的交互抗性较低,在3.0～7.6倍之间。低抗种群对氟虫腈和阿维菌素存在较明显的交互抗性,在13.3～14.3倍之间;对高效氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、灭多威、溴虫腈和甲胺基阿维菌素有一定程度的交互抗性(5.8～9.9倍);对高效氟氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯的交互抗性较低(2.6～2.9倍);对辛硫磷、毒死蜱和虫酰肼则没有明显的交互抗性(1.7～1.8倍)。对构建的甜菜夜蛾敏感种群(SS)、近等基因系高效氯氟氰菊酯抗性种群(NILs-RR)和近等基因系低抗性种群(NILs-RS)生命表分析表明,以SS种群为参比,NILs-RS、NILs-RR种群的相对适合度分别为0.870、0.893,抗高效氯氟氰菊酯不同基因型甜菜夜蛾SS,NILs-RS和NILs-RR三种群净增殖率分别为624.7,543.6和557.8,无显著差异,表明高效氯氟氰菊酯的抗药性未引发甜菜夜蛾适合度变化。综合上述研究结果可见甜菜夜蛾对高效氯氟氰菊酯产生抗药性后,与其它菊酯类药剂、氟虫腈和阿维菌素存在较高水平交互抗性,此类药剂间不宜混用或轮用;与辛硫磷、毒死蜱和虫酰肼的交互抗性均较低,可以混用或轮用。在高抗地区也可以通过引入敏感种群进行抗性稀释的方法治理甜菜夜蛾对菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性。

噻虫胺等七种杀虫剂对黄曲条跳甲的毒力

采用浸叶法测定了噻虫胺、高效氯氟氰菊酯等7种药剂及其混用对黄曲条跳甲的毒力及增效作用。结果显示:7种药剂中噻虫胺对黄曲条跳甲的毒力最高,LC50值为315.1 mg/L,其毒力倍数是呋虫胺的3.23倍;其次为噻虫嗪和高效氯氟氰菊酯,LC50值分别为473.1和543.1 mg/L。噻虫胺与高效氯氟氰菊酯按5∶5、4∶6、3∶7、2∶8和1∶9的质量比混用,其LC50值分别是215.6、307.1、334.1、232.6和240.7 mg/L,均表现为增效作用,其中2∶8和1∶9混用的共毒系数分别达203.9和210.5,增效最显著;噻虫胺与丁烯氟虫腈按5∶5、4∶6、3∶7、2∶8和1∶9的比例混用,其LC50值分别为409.2、356.9、338.1、402.4和392.6 mg/L,除5∶5混用表现为相加作用外,其余配比均表现为增效作用,其中1∶9混用共毒系数为182.1,增效显著;噻虫胺与杀虫单按5∶5、4∶6、3∶7、2∶8和1∶9的比例混用,其LC50值分别为479.4、540.0、454.8、737.0和878.7 mg/L,其中3∶7混用的共毒系数为127.9,有明显的增效作用,其余配比均表现为相加作用。噻虫胺与高效氯氟氰菊酯、丁烯氟虫腈、杀虫单混用增效作用明显,可以作为防治黄曲条跳甲的高效药剂。

多功能氧化酶系与甜菜夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯抗药性的关系

比较了甜菜夜蛾Spodopteraexigua(Hübner)抗氯氟氰菊酯品系和敏感品系 5龄幼虫中肠、脂肪体及体壁微粒体细胞色素P450的含量,结果表明,抗性和敏感品系不同组织细胞色素P450的含量均为中肠>脂肪体>体壁,抗性品系中肠、脂肪体及体壁细胞色素P450的含量分别是敏感品系的 1.78、1.54及 1.37倍。中肠微粒体甲氧试卤灵 O 脱甲基酶、乙氧试卤灵 O 脱乙基酶、乙氧香豆素 O 脱乙基酶、芳香基羟基化酶及艾氏剂环氧化酶的活性测定结果表明,抗性品系中肠 5种酶的活性分别比敏感品系的酶活性提高 1.33、1.73、1.40、1.51及 1.30倍,说明甜菜夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯的抗药性与微粒体多功能氧化酶活性的提高密切相关。

两种不同溶解度农药残留在茶汤中的浸出规律研究

建立了茶汤中两种不同溶解度农药噻虫嗪和高效氯氟氰菊酯残留分析方法,并利用该方法研究了浸泡时间、温度、次数、茶叶形状和茶叶中残留量对两种农药浸出规律的影响。结果表明:恒定水温100℃时,浸泡不同时间,15 min时,整叶茶和碎茶中噻虫嗪浸出率达最大值分别为81.2%和88.6%;25 min时碎茶中高效氯氟氰菊酯的浸出率达到最大为5.5%,此时整叶茶中为0.41%。不同水温下冲泡15 min时,噻虫嗪和高效氯氟氰菊酯在茶汤中的浸出率均随着浸泡温度的升高而增加,当水温100℃时,整叶茶和碎茶中噻虫嗪的浸出率达到最大,分别为83.9%和89.1%;高效氯氟氰菊酯的浸出率也达到最大,分别为0.55%和4.1%。恒定水温100℃,冲泡15 min 3次,整叶茶实际样品中噻虫嗪和高效氯氟氰菊酯的浸出率随浸泡次数增加而逐次减小,总浸出率最大分别为93.25%和1.94%。茶汤中噻虫嗪总浸出浓度与它在成茶中的残留量呈线性关系Y=0.9267X-0.0336,R2=0.9954;高效氯氟氰菊酯总浸出浓度与它在成茶中的残留量呈二次函数关系Y=0.0026X2-0.0023X+0.0096,R2=0.9765。在此基础上对茶叶中噻虫嗪和高效氯氟氰菊酯残留量进行风险评估,结果表明饮茶摄入两种农药残留对人体健康影响的风险很小。