The Mexican Environmental Flow Standard:Scope,Application and Implementation

With the implementation of the Official Mexican Standard NOM-011-CONAGUA-2000 [1], the water balance of 730 basins has been calculated and its water availability agreement is published. This rule points out to allocate water for the environment only as an annual volume since methods for estimating environmental flows were not standardized in the country. For this reason, The Water Agency (CONAGUA) issued the standard NMX-AA-159-SCFI-2012 [2], to assess environmental flows needed both, at the strategic level in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), or as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of large hydraulic projects. For over ten years, this standard was developed and finally published in September 2012 [3]. It explains different methods from hydrological to holistic approaches, with examples for the country. Its application will cover the urgent need to preserve water for ecosystems in watersheds with high ecological importance and low stress for water use. In this paper, an analysis of the environmental flow standard and examples of the suggested hydrological methods are presented. For its implementation, some steps are taking place, mainly establishing environmental water reserves and building capacities. In addition, environmental allocations are becoming a common practice for all water projects, as well as setting limits to hydrological alterations by hydroelectric dams. The standard promotes the use of technical integration tools to analyze the responses of ecosystems to changes in the flow regime and adaptive management under different scenarios of water use. Although the main steps have been taken, its implementation as mandatory rule will take time.

Flow Cytometer Performance Characterization, Standardization and Calibration against CD4 on T Lymphocytes Enables Quantification of Biomarker Expressions for Immunological Applications

There is an urgent need for developing a procedure for biomarker standardization and relative quantificationin clinical laboratories. Measuring the expression levels of cell antigens is critical for the diagnosis of many diseases, e.g. leukemia, lymphoma and immunodeficiency diseases. One of the most significant challenges in flow cytometry is obtaining inter-laboratory and intra-laboratory consistent and reproducible results across multiple cytometer platforms and locations longitudinally over time. To obtain measurement consistency, the target flow cytometer voltages should be optimized to segregate the negative population from the electronic noise, and to keep the brightest positive population within the dynamic range of each detector. Then target values should be determined and transferred to selected cytometers. In this study, we optimized a procedure for instrument standardization across three different flow cytometer platforms from the same vendor and in two different locations. The biomarker quantification was implemented on standardized instruments using CD4 expression on T lymphocytes with a known amount of antibody bound per cell as a quantification standard. Our results on blood cell subset typing and CD19 quantification demonstrated that consistent and reliable results could be accomplished between instruments using the developed procedure. Quantitating the expression levels of certain cell biomarkers relative to a known reference marker before, during, and after therapy would provide important information for monitoring antibody-based therapy and could be potentially used to adjust dosing. Presently, we are implementing this protocol to quantify critical disease biomarkers, and making necessary modifications to the procedure to include instruments from different instrument manufacturers.

Discussion on Standardization and Automatic Flow Measurement of U-shaped Channel Water

In human life,water resources are inseparable.In recent years,China’s population growth has accelerated,and the industrial level has been continuously improved,resulting in the rapid use and waste of water resources.The protection and rational distribution of water resources are the most pressing issue in China’s water resources.At present,the water measuring facilities of the U-shaped channel mainly include a straight wall measuring pool,a parabolic throat measuring pool,and a long throat measuring pool.In view of the problems in irrigation measurement,the empirical water measurement of basic open-channel and automatic flow measurement system in irrigation district is summarized to improve the accuracy,fairness,and rationality of water measurement,and promote irrigation district management to a higher level.

Performance of a Horizontal Flow Constructed Reed Bed Filter for Municipal Wastewater Treatment: The Case Study of the Prototype Installed at Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis, Senegal

In Saint-Louis, Senegal, a constructed wetland with horizontal flow reed beds (FHa and FHb) has demonstrated significant efficacy in treating municipal wastewater. Analyzing various treatment stages, the system showed only a slight temperature variation, from an influent average of 26.3°C to an effluent of 24.7°C. Electrical conductivity decreased from 1331 mS/cm to 974.5 mS/cm post-primary treatment, with suspended solids (SS) dramatically reduced from 718.9 mg/L to 5.7 mg/L in the final effluent. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) saw a notable decrease, from initial levels of 655.6 mg/L and 1240 mg/L to 2.3 mg/L and 71.3 mg/L, respectively. Nitrogenous compounds (N-TN) and phosphates () also decreased significantly, indicating the system’s nutrient removal capacity. Microbiological analysis revealed a reduction in fecal coliforms from 7.5 Ulog/100ml to 1.8 Ulog/100ml and a complete elimination of helminth eggs. The presence of Phragmites and Typha was instrumental in enhancing these reductions. The system’s compliance with the Senegalese standards for disposal into natural environments, WHO recommendations for unrestricted water reuse in irrigation, and the European legislation for water reuse was established. The effluent quality met the stringent criteria for various classes of agricultural reuse, illustrating the system’s potential for sustainable water management. This wetland model presents a robust solution for water-stressed regions, ensuring environmental protection while supporting agricultural needs. The study calls for ongoing research to further refine the system for optimal, reliable wastewater treatment and water resource sustainability.

Healthy river and its indication,criteria and standards

Based on the author＇s practice in river harnessing, this paper defines that a healthy river is a river whose social and natural functions can be balanced or compromised in terms of the socio-economic, ecological and environmental values associated with the river. The environmental values of river systems should be judged according to the following criteria： the signal of a healthy river should be associated with favorable riverbed, acceptable water quality, sustainable river ecosystem and compatible runoff. The river health criterion should reflect the river＇s natural function status which includes the riverbed, water quality, river ecosystem and runoff. But, the variety and quantity would be different for different rivers depending on different natural features and social background. The standards to be adopted for a healthy river should be determined according to the requirements for maintaining river＇s normal natural functions and the extent whether the social and natural functions could perform in a balanced way, and also the standards adopted should be adjusted according to the change of the given conditions. The key factor of river health is the enough and clean flow. The authors stressed that human activities would hurt the river health which include excessive water di- version and excessive power generation from the river, improper regulation of flood and sediment, and over discharge of sewage into the river and over change in fish habitat. Taking the Yellow River as a case, this paper also discussed the method to identify what are the standards of a healthy river as well as environmental flows.

Comparative evaluation of impacts of climate change and droughts on river flow vulnerability in Iran

Rivers in arid and semi-arid regions are threatened by droughts and climate change.This study focused on a comparative evaluation of the impacts of climate change and droughts on the vulnerability of river flows in three basins with diverse climates in Iran.The standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index(SPEI)and precipitation effectiveness variables(PEVs)extracted from the conjunctive precipitation effectiveness index(CPEI)were used to analyze the drought severity.To investigate hydrological droughts in the basins,the normalized difference water index(NDWI)and the streamflow drought index(SDI)were calculated and compared.The effects of droughts were assessed under various representative concentration pathway(RCP)scenarios.Changes in the number of wet days and precipitation depth restricted hydrological droughts,whereas an increasing number of dry days amplified their severity.The projected increases in dry days and precipitation over short durations throughout a year under future climate scenarios would produce changes in drought and flood periods and ultimately impact the frequency and severity of hydrological droughts.Under RCP 4.5,an increase in the frequencies of moderate and severe meteorological/hydrological droughts would further affect the Central Desert Basin.Under RCPs 2.6 and 8.5,the frequencies of severe and extreme droughts would increase,but the drought area would be smaller than that under RCP 4.5,demonstrating less severe drought conditions.Due to the shallow depths of most rivers,SDI was found to be more feasible than NDWI in detecting hydrological droughts.©2020 Hohai University.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Recent Developments of Image Based Measurement Methods for Application to Transonic Flows in Industrial Wind Tunnels

The experimental investigation of unsteady complex flow fields in wind tunnels requires advanced measurement techniques. The most important of such image based measurement techniques are those for the measurement of planar flow velocity fields, planar pressure distribution, model location and deformation, model temperature and quantitative high speed flow visualization. The applications as carried out by DLR range from low speed flows to transonic flows, from high lift configurations to propellers and rotors, from wake vortex investigations in catapult facilities and water towing tanks to investigations of vortex break down phenomena on delta wings. The capability to use image based measurement techniques in transonic flows requires dedicated technical developments and experienced scientists due to the special environment of a transonic wind tunnel. In this paper an overview of the state-of-the art of the application of image based measurement techniques in transonic flows as performed by DLR＇s Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology will be given.

Deep Immunophenotyping of Human Whole Blood by Standardized Multi‑parametric Flow Cytometry Analyses

Immunophenotyping is proving crucial to understanding the role of the immune system in health and disease.High-through-put flow cytometry has been used extensively to reveal changes in immune cell composition and function at the single-cell level.Here,we describe six optimized 11-color flow cytometry panels for deep immunophenotyping of human whole blood.A total of 51 surface antibodies,which are readily available and validated,were selected to identify the key immune cell populations and evaluate their functional state in a single assay.The gating strategies for effective flow cytometry data analysis are included in the protocol.To ensure data reproducibility,we provide detailed procedures in three parts,including(1)instrument characterization and detector gain optimization,(2)antibody titration and sample staining,and(3)data acquisition and quality checks.This standardized approach has been applied to a variety of donors for a better understanding of the complexity of the human immune system.

确定生态流量的准则与方法

基于反映河流生态系统自然属性的生态水文季节概念,构建了多参数生态流量体系并分析了其内涵;提出了生态水文危机管理模式下的生态流量确定准则,以临界水文条件定义生态流量,形成“生态标准河流”;研发了具有明确物理意义、规范、客观的分季节生态流量计算方法,并以黄河流域、松辽流域为典型案例进行了分析说明;确定了我国非季节性河流的生态流量管控指标,提出生态流量与河流安全管理建议。

间隙密封被动活塞式气体流量标准装置量值溯源方法

间隙密封被动活塞式气体流量标准装置具有操作简单、测量效率高、无水银密封、易于携带和具有自动温压补偿功能等优点,在气体微小流量测量中广泛使用。被动活塞的上下往复运动对测量管路内的压力会产生波动,直接用流量测量法对间隙密封被动活塞式气体流量标准装置进行量值溯源还存在一些困难。针对这一情况,提出了一种利用几何测量法对间隙密封被动活塞式气体流量标准装置进行量值溯源的新方法,对几何测量溯源法进行了不确定度评估,并与国外相关机构进行了比对验证。结果表明,利用几何测量法对间隙密封被动活塞式气体流量标准装置进行溯源的方法是可行的。

长江流域河湖生态流量监督管理标准体系研究

为适应生态文明建设、落实《长江保护法》关于生态流量管控的规定,亟需建立长江流域河湖生态流量监督管理标准体系。在阐述河湖生态流量监督管理标准体系建设必要性和相关标准发展现状的基础上,从生态流量管控目标的确定、生态流量泄放设施的实施、生态流量监测监控的建设、生态流量保障程度的评估、生态流量调度调控的应对等方面出发,探讨了河湖生态流量监督管理标准体系建设,使长江流域河湖生态流量监督管理都有统一可遵循的准则,切实保障河湖生态流量。研究成果对保护和改善长江流域生态环境具有重要意义。

基于水供需服务流及外溢价值核算的太湖流域横向生态补偿机制

通过生态补偿协调流域内经济发展与生态保护的关系、缓解上下游利益相关者之间的矛盾是保障流域经济社会可持续发展的关键措施,而流域生态补偿核定的关键在于两点:一是如何模拟并量化水供需服务流动的流向、流量、流速及路径以明确供需双方及其空间关系;二是如何实现栅格尺度-地理单元-行政单元的尺度推演以实现不同行政单元之间生态系统服务的盈余、占用、外溢核算。整合卫星遥感、经济社会统计、水文气象观测等多源异构数据,集成水量平衡、水供需服务流动、生态价值核算等方法,构建了基于水供需流动及其外溢价值核算的流域横向生态补偿标准核定框架,利用D8流向法解决了水供需服务流动的流向、流量、流速及路径模拟与量化,实现了“栅格尺度-地形单元-行政单元”空间尺度推演的外溢价值核算,形成了流域内横向水生态补偿资金收取与分配方案。以太湖流域为例,在全面分析水资源外溢、占用及其价值的基础上,解析了县域尺度的水供需时空关系、流动路径及属性特征,辅以水质指标进而明确界定了责任方与补偿对象,形成了补偿资金收取与分配方案。结果表明,太湖流域水供需双方界线清晰、服务流近似于自然汇流过程,供给方以流域西部、西南部、中部县域为主,特别是西部至中部的县域,应受偿资金较多,平均各县应受偿资金比例超过2%/a,应受偿资金最多的嘉善区,比例超过19.66%/a;需求方聚集于流域中部、东部,特别是黄浦江自然汇流沿岸县域,应收取补偿资金较多,平均各县应收取资金比例超过5%/a,应收取最多的浦东新区,比例超过15.48%/a;净补偿资金基本呈现西高东低的分布特征,流域的大部分城市核心区的县域净补偿资金为负值。研究的核定框架、量化核算方法、资金统筹方案可应用到其他流域的横向生态补偿机制构建,实现流域内部与流域之间生态保护和经济发展的整体协调。

基于CFD的干法手套箱内气体流场的数值模拟研究

在乏燃料干法后处理中,将氧化物制备成金属时,可采用熔盐电解工艺技术,由于核燃料具有较高的毒性和放射性,为了确保操作过程的安全,整个工艺过程必须在干法手套箱内进行,干法手套箱是干法后处理熔盐电解工艺研究的必要保障。在以往的实际使用过程中,气量的设计理念是加大通风量,这就造成需要处理的废气量增加,能耗增多,运行成本提高。本文基于CFD以及统计学标准差的概念,研究了箱体内气体流场受到出入口位置、流速等因素的影响,建立了风机流量与箱体体积的函数关系式,为干法手套箱和热室的设计提供了重要的参数。

特低渗透油藏单井商业油流计算方法研究

商业油流是储量起算标准的重要经济评价指标之一。中国石油行业标准Q/ SY 01180—2020《石油天然气经济可采储量评价规范》中给出的常规油藏稳定递减单井商业油流的计算方法,对生产初期产量递减较快、中后期产量递减相对平缓的“分段式”递减的特低渗油藏适用性较差。为此,基于常规油藏单一递减率的单井商业油流计算方法,应用盈亏平衡原理,结合“分段式”递减规律,建立了一种符合“分段式”递减规律的油藏单井商业油流计算模型,并以辽河坳陷太阳组为例,结合其油藏相关物性参数、单井投资及成本费用、油气价格等参数,利用所建立的“分段式”递减油藏单井商业油流计算模型,确定了评价油价为60美元/桶条件下的单井商业油流。研究结果对同类型油藏具有借鉴意义。

全球数据监管竞争下我国个人信息出境标准合同研究

个人信息出境标准合同产生于全球数据跨境流动监管竞争加剧的时代,是一种重要的数据跨境监管工具,并为国际层面提供了具有可互操作性的数据跨境流动模式。通过梳理历史沿革、剖析制度现状可以发现,我国个人信息出境标准合同秉承着以数据安全为基础的数据自由流动的价值取向,是结合行政监管和企业自治的创新型数据监管工具,旨在保护合同外第三方受益人并监管数据出境全过程,以合同权利义务固定化数据监管标准。作为我国加入全球数据监管竞争的重要手段,个人信息出境标准合同制度在时代趋势下经历了从无到有的发展历程,各方面细节也在逐步完善,但在规范结构、条款规范和持续监管等方面尚存难题有待进一步研究和破解。我国应当从立法重心、结构重塑、监管内容等三个方面夯实制度基础以促进中国参与全球数据竞争。

数据跨境流动的约束性企业规则研究

欧盟《一般数据保护条例》确立的约束性企业规则是欧盟个人数据跨境传输规则中的适当保障措施之一,它作为数据跨境流动的合规工具具有显著优势。我国自2021年施行的《个人信息保护法》中仅参照引入了标准合同条款,约束性企业规则还未明确在我国法律中引入。为了便利我国企业“走出去”,我国应引入约束性企业规则。为此,我国应明确约束性企业规则的上位法依据,同时合理借鉴他国实践经验,打造中国式约束性企业规则。

国际民航组织对旅客数据跨境流动的规制及挑战应对

民航旅客信息随着国际航班的出入境在不同国家间传输,构成了典型的民航数据跨境流动情形。国际民航组织基于促进国际航空运输发展的职责编制了《附件9:简化手续》,明确数据跨境报送的要求,引入“三性要求”“个人权益和自由”“必要与比例得当”等原则,推动关于预报旅客资料、旅客订座记录的指导性文件制定,发挥旅客数据在提升运输便利性与安全性上的多种功能。民航旅客数据跨境存在的突出问题是各国立法、监管以及数据技术等方面差异较大,妨碍了数据的有效流动。对此,国际民航组织需持续发挥沟通、协调作用,整合国际组织与专家力量,推进国际标准与措施的制定与完善。中国作为民航运输与数据大国,需不断完善国内立法,加强国际合作,积极参与国际治理并打造强有力的安全评估体系与监管体系,确保民航旅客数据跨境流动的有序开展。

明渠非标准断面法测流水位流量关系的率定及影响因素分析

为探究明渠非标准断面法测流的水位流量关系曲线的率定问题,以新疆第三师某团场25处渠道量水断面为研究对象,利用FlowTracker 2手持式声学多普勒流速仪进行了水位流量关系率定工作.根据实测结果,率定了各渠道量水断面的水位流量关系曲线,并对所率定出的曲线进行了符号检验、适线检验和偏离数值检验及误差分析,在此基础上,对流量拟合参数的影响因素进行了分析.结果表明:所率定的25处渠道量水断面中,14处具有稳定的水位流量关系,5处受回水影响、6处受渠道淤积影响为不稳定的水位流量关系;在渠道粗糙系数Ra、边坡系数m及坡降i相同的条件下,流量拟合参数与渠道底宽b总体上呈正相关;在渠道粗糙系数Ra、边坡系数m及底宽b相同的条件下,流量拟合参数与渠道坡降i总体上呈负相关.研究结果可以为灌区自动化量水设备测流准确性的校核提供参考依据.

天然气流量次级标准装置计量性能核查技术

针对用于贸易交接流量计流量量值溯源的高精度流量标准装置计量性能实时核查技术不完善问题,开展了天然气流量次级标准装置计量影响因素、实时核查技术指标与方法研究,研究中采用了k-means聚类等大数据统计分析技术,创新提出天然气流量次级标准装置计量性能实时核查技术指标与核查方法。验证表明,采用组合涡轮工作标准表,组合实施一对一核查、多对一核查、多对多核查、总量核查,监控天然气发热量波动率、压力温度稳定系数、喷嘴间温差、喷嘴差压及涡轮工作标准表相对次级标准体积流量偏差及重复性共6项技术指标,能准确实时核查用于检定高准确度检流量计的次级标准装置的计量性能,实时监控流量计检定的过程质量、保证每台次流量计检定结果准确可靠。研究成果对于天然气流量标准装置质量控制具有一定的指导意义。

中美大国竞争视角下的美国全球数字战略研究

当前,数字化转型正在重新塑造全球化,国家之间的数字竞争已经成为国际政治的焦点。美国虽然在当下的格局中依然具有全球领导地位,并通过掌握数字技术标准和数字贸易规则的控制权成为世界的数字霸权国家,但中国数字实力的崛起正在打破美国的数字霸权。美国渴望继续保有自己的霸权地位,赢得与中国的数字竞争,为此描绘出一副全球数字战略的图景。美国的长远战略目标是构建一种美国主导下的“自由数字秩序”,将自由主义带入数字世界。现实做法则是实施战略分层,针对不同国家采取不同的应对策略,通过一系列多边平台和协议加强与盟友的数字关系,拉拢对打造中国数字包围圈有重大意义的“印太”地区国家,同时防止“数字丝绸之路”继续扩大影响。从大局角度理解美国全球数字战略,对中国突破美国对华数字封锁、发展数字伙伴具有十分重要的意义。