Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Lactate Dehydrogenase C(LDH-C)Gene from Black-lipped Pika in Western Sichuan Plateau

[Objective] The aim was to lay a foundation for research of contraceptive rodenticide with LDH-C4 as target protein. [ Method] EST sequence of LDH-C gene from black-lipped pika was cloned by PCR with degenerate primers; then the full length open reading frame （ORF） and 3＇UTR sequence were cloned by RACE technique. [ Result] The full length cDNA was 1 498 bp containing an ORF of 996 bp and a 3＇UTR of 486 bp. The ORF encoded a polypeptide of 332 amino acids. The alignment of LDH-C gene ORF nucleotide sequences from different species showed that the gene was conserved even between large taxons. The phylogenic tree showed that black-lipped pika LDH-C was closer to prima- tes and artiodactyla than to rodents. [Conclusion] cDNA sequence of LDH-C gene from black-lipped pika was cloned successfully.

Lactate metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases

Lactate,a byproduct of glycolysis,was thought to be a metabolic waste until the discovery of the Warburg effect.Lactate not only functions as a metabolic substrate to provide energy but can also function as a signaling molecule to modulate cellular functions under pathophysiological conditions.The Astrocyte-Neuron Lactate Shuttle has cla rified that lactate plays a pivotal role in the central nervous system.Moreover,protein lactylation highlights the novel role of lactate in regulating transcription,cellular functions,and disease development.This review summarizes the recent advances in lactate metabolism and its role in neurodegenerative diseases,thus providing optimal pers pectives for future research.

Lactate:a prospective target for therapeutic intervention in psychiatric disease

Although antipsychotics that act via monoaminergic neurotransmitter modulation have considera ble therapeutic effect,they cannot completely relieve clinical symptoms in patients suffering from psychiatric disorde rs.This may be attributed to the limited range of neurotransmitters that are regulated by psychotropic drugs.Recent findings indicate the need for investigation of psychotropic medications that target less-studied neurotransmitte rs.Among these candidate neurotransmitters,lactate is developing from being a waste metabolite to a glial-neuronal signaling molecule in recent years.Previous studies have suggested that cerebral lactate levels change considerably in numerous psychiatric illnesses;animal experiments have also shown that the supply of exogenous la ctate exerts an antidepressant effect.In this review,we have described how medications targeting newer neurotransmitte rs offer promise in psychiatric diseases;we have also summarized the advances in the use of lactate(and its corresponding signaling pathways)as a signaling molecule.In addition,we have described the alterations in brain lactate levels in depression,anxiety,bipolar disorder,and schizophrenia and have indicated the challenges that need to be overcome before brain lactate can be used as a therapeutic target in psychopharmacology.

Reversed-Phase-HPLC Assay Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Sorbitol, Sodium Lactate, and Sodium Chlorides in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Drug Solution for Infusion

A rapid, straightforward, sensitive, efficient, and cost-effective reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was employed for the simultaneous determination of Sorbitol, Sodium Lactate, and Chlorides in a drug solution for infusion. Sorbitol, Sodium lactate, and Chloride are all officially recognized in the USP monograph. Assay methods are provided through various techniques, with titrations being ineffective for trace-level quantification. Alternatively, IC, AAS, and ICP-MS, though highly accurate, are costly and often unavailable to most testing facilities. When considering methods, it’s important to prioritize both quality control requirements and user-friendly techniques. A simple HPLC simultaneous method was developed for the quantification of Chlorides, Sorbitol, and Sodium Lactate with a shorter run time. The separation utilized a Shimpack SCR-102(H) ion exclusion analytical column (7.9 mm × 300 mm, 7 μm), with a flow rate of 0.6 mL per min. The column compartment temperature was maintained at 40°C, and the injection volume was set at 10 μL, with detection at 200 nm. All measurements were conducted in a 0.1% solution of phosphoric acid. The analytical curves demonstrated linearity (r > 0.9999) in the concentration range of 0.79 to 3.8 mg per mL for Sodium Lactate (SL), 0.16 to 0.79 mg per mL for Sodium Chloride (SC), and 1.5 to 7.2 mg per mL for Sorbitol. Validation of the developed method followed the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH Q2B) and USP. The method exhibited precision, robustness, accuracy, and selectivity. In accelerated stability testing over 6 months, no significant variations were observed in organoleptic analysis and pH. Consequently, the developed method is deemed suitable for routine quality control analyses, enabling the simultaneous determination of Sodium Lactate, Sodium Chloride, and Sorbitol in pharmaceutical formulations and infusions.

Effects of potassium lactate on sensory attributes,bacterial community succession and biogenic amines formation in Rugao ham

To deepen the understanding in the effect of potassium lactate on the sensory quality and safety of Rugao ham,sensory attributes,physicochemical parameters,total volatile basic nitrogen(TVBN),microorganism community and biogenic amines of Rugao ham manufactured with different potassium lactate levels(0%,0.5%,1%,2%)were investigated;the relationship between microbial community and the formation of TVBN and biogenic amines was further evaluated.With the increase of potassium lactate from 0%to 2%,the increased sensory scores and the decreased total aerobic bacterial count and TVBN were observed;the abundance of Staphylococcus increased,while the content of Halomonas decreased.LDA effect size(LEf Se)and correlations analysis showed that Staphylococcus equorum and Lactobacillus fermentum could be the key species to improve sensory scores and decrease biogenic amines and TVBN.Metabolic pathway analysis further showed that amino acids metabolism and nitrogen metabolism were mainly involved in decreasing TVBN and biogenic amines in the treatment of 2%potassium lactate.

MDS患者血清LDH、铁蛋白水平的动态变化及与预后的关系

目的探讨骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)患者血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、铁蛋白(SF)水平的动态变化及与预后的关系。方法选取安阳市中医院2020年1月至2023年2月收治的60例MDS患者为观察组,按照世界卫生组织(WHO)标准的分型分为MDS伴环形铁粒幼细胞和单系发育异常(MDS-RS-SLD)1例,MDS伴单系发育异常(MDS-SLD)8例,MDS伴多系发育异常(MDS-MLD)26例,MDS伴原始细胞增多-1(MDS-EB-1)11例,MDS伴原始细胞增多-2(MDS-EB-2)14例,另选取同期在本院体检正常者58例为对照组。比较观察组和对照组的患者血清LDH、SF、β_(2)微球蛋白(β_(2)-MG)、维生素B_(12)(VitB_(12))水平及辅助性T细胞17(Th17)水平,比较MDS不同分型患者不同预后分级的差异,对影响患者死亡的因素进行单因素及多因素Cox回归分析。结果观察组的血清LDH、SF、β_(2)-MG、Th17、VitB_(12)水平显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。MDS不同分型中,预后低危的有27例(45.00%),预后中危的有21例(35.00%),预后高危的有12例(20.00%),MDS-EB-2型预后高危率大于MDS-MLD型,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。单因素分析及Cox回归模型结果显示,年龄、国际预后积分系统(IPSS分级)、SF、Th17、MDS不同分型是影响患者生存预后的影响因素,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论MDS患者的血清LDH、SF、β_(2)-MG、VitB_(12)、Th17水平显著升高,年龄、IPSS分级、SF、Th17、MDS不同分型是影响患者死亡预后的影响因素,可作为评估患者预后的参考指标。

虚拟筛选竞争性抑制NDRG3与L-Lactate结合的小分子研究

竞争性抑制NDRG3(N-myc Downstream Regulated Gene 3)蛋白与L-Lactate结合可有效阻遏NDRG3介导的低氧反应.文中通过同源模建技术构建NDRG3蛋白的三维结构,并将L-Lactate对接到NDRG3蛋白的潜在活性位点中,发现L-Lactate主要通过与Asn133、Ala162、His163、His164、Ser235、Pro236及Ala237等氨基酸相互作用结合于NDRG3.对近3 000个化合物进行虚拟筛选,选择4种竞争性抑制最强的化合物作为参考分子分析相互作用关系.结果发现:部分化合物和不同氨基酸能够通过不同的作用力与NDRG3蛋白结合,占据NDRG3蛋白的活性位点,从而竞争性抑制L-Lactate与NDRG3蛋白结合.例如,它们能够与Lys139、Asp143、His163、Arg203产生静电作用;它们与His163形成π-π堆积作用;它们与Phe165、Ala237等产生疏水作用;它们与Asn133、Asp135、Gly140、Arg203、Ser235、Ala237等形成氢键作用.以上数据表明:这些化合物可能成为阻遏NDRG3介导的低氧反应及靶向治疗低氧诱导疾病的候选药物.

Determination of Ciprofloxacin Lactate by Sodium Tetraphenylboron Method

This paper describes an effective method for determining ciprofloxacin lactate. An excess of sodium tetraphenylboron was added to precipitate ciprofloxacin lactate in HAc-NaAc buffer solution (pH=4.0). After filtering off the precipitate, the excessive sodium tetraphenylboron in the filtrate was titrated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide standard solution, with bromophenol blue as indicator. The method is simple and rapid, it has been applied to the determination of ciprofloxacin lactate raw material with satisfactory results. The recovery was between 99.66% and 100.2%, the relative error was less than ±0.40%. Experiments showed that the method gave the same results as the approach using nonaqueous titration (ChP).

基于电沉积水热法的钢表面Mg-Al-NO_(3)-LDH膜原位生长制备及沉积电位优化

为提升建筑用钢的耐久性,通过电沉积法在钢表面形成层状双氢氧化物(LDH)晶核,再通过水热反应让LDH晶核生长成形成致密的Mg-Al-NO_(3)-LDH膜,分析了电沉积电位对钢基底表面LDH膜生长的影响,讨论了LDH膜的形成机理.结果表明,当电沉积电位为-1.4 V(相对于Ag/AgCl电极)时,LDH纳米片聚集堆叠致密,形成的LDH膜结构最为密实,实现了对钢基底良好的锈蚀防护.

LDH预处理溶胶凝胶封闭对铝合金阳极氧化膜耐蚀性的影响

目的开发一种新型LDH预处理溶胶凝胶封闭工艺,以获得高耐蚀性的封闭阳极氧化膜层。方法用LDH预处理溶胶凝胶封闭法对阳极氧化铝合金进行表面处理,采用场发射扫描电镜、原子力显微镜对封闭前后的氧化膜进行微观形貌表征,通过接触角测试评价阳极氧化膜层表面的润湿性能,通过浸泡实验、电化学阻抗谱对阳极氧化膜的耐蚀性进行研究,并与传统沸水封闭工艺进行比较。结果经LDH预处理后,膜层表面被一层致密的LDH覆盖,多孔结构和孔洞缺陷均消失。涂覆溶胶凝胶后,膜层表面均匀平整,无明显缺陷。与沸水封闭相比,LDH预处理溶胶凝胶封闭的氧化膜具有更平整均匀的表面和更低的粗糙度,接触角为92.3°,具有疏水性。在3.5%(质量分数)NaCl溶液中浸泡15 d后,膜层的低频阻抗值仍可达到6.79×10^(6)Ω·cm^(2),与传统沸水封闭法相比,高出2个数量级。膜层具有良好的长期耐蚀性,其主要机理为LDH的铝合金氧化膜空隙和表面生长出双片层状的LiAl-LDH,表面膜层更致密,片层结构在一定程度上阻挡了腐蚀溶液的入侵,同时使膜层表面存在更多的-OH基团,在溶胶凝胶封闭时提供了更多的反应位点,促进了溶胶凝胶涂层与基体之间的结合,有效阻挡了外界溶液对基体的入侵,因此延缓了腐蚀。结论LDH预处理溶胶凝胶封闭工艺提高了铝合金阳极氧化膜的致密性和表面疏水性以及膜层的耐蚀性能。

Characterization of a novel marine microbial esterase and its use to make D-methyl lactate

A novel marine microbial esterase PHE14 was cloned from the genome of Pseudomonas oryzihabit‐ans HUP022 isolated from the deep sea of the western Pacific Ocean. Esterase PHE14 exhibited very good tolerance to most organic solvents, surfactants and metal ions tested, thus making it a good esterase candidate for organic synthesis that requires an organic solvent, surfactants or metal ions. Esterase PHE14 was utilized as a biocatalyst in the asymmetric synthesis of D‐methyl lactate by enzymatic kinetic resolution. D‐methyl lactate is a key chiral chemical. Contrary to some previous reports, the addition of an organic solvent and surfactants in the enzymatic reaction did not have a beneficial effect on the kinetic resolution catalyzed by esterase PHE14. Our study is the first report on the preparation of the enantiomerically enriched product D‐methyl lactate by enzymatic kinetic resolution. The desired enantiomerically enriched product D‐methyl lactate was obtained with a high enantiomeric excess of 99%and yield of 88.7%after process optimization. The deep sea mi‐crobial esterase PHE14 is a green biocatalyst with very good potential in asymmetric synthesis in industry and can replace the traditional organic synthesis that causes pollution to the environment.

血清LDH、VEGF-C与胃癌临床病理特征及患者预后的关系

目的探讨血清LDH、VEGF-C与胃癌临床病理特征及患者预后的关系。方法收集胃癌患者68例。采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清LDH、VEGF-C水平。统计两组血清LDH、VEGF-C水平,分析血清LDH、VEGF-C水平与胃癌临床病理特征的关系,单因素及多因素分析影响胃癌患者预后因素。结果血清LDH、VEGF-C水平与胃癌分化程度、TNM分期、淋巴结转移、肿瘤直径有关,与性别、年龄均无关。单因素分析显示,肿瘤分化程度、TNM分期、淋巴结转移、LDH、VEGF-C水平均为胃癌患者不良预后影响因素(P<0.05)。多因素分析显示,低分化、TNM分期Ⅲ~Ⅳ期、淋巴结转移、LDH、VEGF-C水平均为胃癌患者不良预后影响因素(P<0.05)。血清LDH联合VEGF-C对胃癌具有较高诊断价值,AUC为0.877,95%CI为0.783~0.925,灵敏度为80.89%,特异度为95.18%。结论胃癌患者血清LDH、VEGF-C水平较高,且与胃癌分化程度、TNM分期、淋巴结转移、肿瘤直径有关,且是影响患者预后的独立危险因素,临床可通过监测LDH、VEGF-C水平预测患者预后。

NLR、LDH、IL-6在肺炎支原体肺炎患儿病情及预后评估中的价值

目的探讨肺炎支原体肺炎(Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,MPP)患儿中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)、白细胞介素-6(lnterleukin-6,IL-6)水平在预后评估中的价值。方法采用前瞻性研究方法,选取2020年9月至2021年2月昆明市儿童医院收治的180例MPP患儿作为观察组,其中普通患儿104例,重症患儿76例;另选取同期健康体检儿童60例作为对照组。比较观察组和对照组NLR、LDH、IL-6水平,评价NLR、LDH、IL-6对MPP患儿病情严重程度的评估价值。根据MPP预后情况,将患儿分为预后不良组(n=35)和预后良好组(n=145)。比较不同预后MMP患儿的临床资料、NLR、LDH、IL-6水平,分析MPP患儿预后影响因素及NLR、LDH、IL-6与临床肺部感染评分(Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score,CPIS)、白细胞计数(white blood cell count,WBC)、降钙素原(procalcitonim,PCT)及C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)的相关性。统计学方法采用t检验、χ^(2)检验、Logistic回归分析、受试者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析、Spearman模型分析。结果观察组普通、重症患儿及对照组儿童NLR分别为1.5±0.3、2.2±0.3、1.2±0.2,LDH水平分别为(439.8±30.1)U/L、(528.6±35.6)U/L、(125.8±28.9)U/L,IL-6水平分别为(18.3±1.3)ng/L、(25.8±2.1)ng/L、(9.5±1.2)ng/L;观察组普通、重症患儿NLR、LDH、IL-6水平高于对照组(NLR:t=10.135、27.514,LDH:t=86.323、103.974,IL-6:t=44.834、84.297,P值均<0.05),且观察组普通患儿NLR、LDH、IL-6水平低于重症患儿(NLR:t=20.599,LDH:t=26.252,IL-6:t=48.065,P值均<0.05)。NLR、LDH、IL-6联合评估的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)最大,为0.911,灵敏度、特异度分别为82.89%、89.42%;CPIS评分(OR=7.232,95%CI:5.055~10.347)、WBC(OR=6.839,95%CI:4.752~9.844)、PCT(OR=8.882,95%CI:6.375~12.374)、CRP(OR=11.520,95%CI:8.125~16.333)、NLR(OR=11.517,95%CI:7.852~16.894)、LDH(OR=11.881,95%CI:7.698~18.337)、IL-6(OR=12.424,95%CI:8.025~19.235)均为MPP患儿预后的独立危险因素(P值均<0.05);MPP患儿NLR、LDH、IL-6水平与CPIS评分、WBC、PCT、CRP均呈正相关(P值均<0.05)。结论MPP患儿NLR、LDH、IL-6水平明显升高,可作为MPP病情及预后评估的潜在指标。

EB病毒DNA、LDH、铁蛋白联合检测在诊断弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤中的意义

目的 观察分析EB病毒DNA、LDH、铁蛋白联合检测在诊断弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤中的意义。方法选取2020年12月—2022年12月本院收治的淋巴瘤患者50例和淋巴结炎患者50例为研究对象,分为淋巴瘤组与对照组。对两组进行EB病毒DNA、LDH、铁蛋白联合检测,测定血液中EB病毒DNA的阳性检出率、LDH水平和铁蛋白水平的区别。结果 淋巴瘤组DNA的阳性检出率要明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);血清的对比中淋巴瘤组中的LDH和铁蛋白要明显高于对照组,LDH和铁蛋白高代表确诊恶性肿瘤的概率就越大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 EB病毒DNA、LDH、铁蛋白联合检测对诊断弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤具有重大意义,检测效果非常显著。

MTi-LDH(M=Zn,Ni)的制备及其对乙硫醇的吸附性能研究

TiO_(2)是环境催化领域最常用、应用最广泛的催化剂之一,但其表面羟基常显酸性,限制了其在乙硫醇等酸性气体中的吸附性能。用Zn和Ni元素对其进行修饰,构建ZnTi-LDH、NiTi-LDH等钛基层状双金属氢氧化物,在对其结构特征进行表征的基础上,选择甲烷气中的乙硫醇为研究对象,研究二元的钛基层状双金属氢氧化物对甲烷气中乙硫醇的吸附作用,及层状化合物的层板和表面酸碱性等对乙硫醇吸附性能的影响。研究结果表明,采用固定床反应器动态吸附乙硫醇,发现ZnTi-LDH的穿透硫容为8.04 mg·g^(-1),而NiTi-LDH的吸附性能要优于ZnTi-LDH,其穿透硫容为13.79 mg·g^(-1)。该催化剂优异的吸附脱硫活性使其在工业应用上具有一定的前景。

Fluid resuscitation in acute pancreatitis: Normal saline or lactated Ringer's solution?

AIM: To investigate whether administration of Ringer's solution(RL) could have an impact on the outcome of acute pancreatitis(AP).METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study on 103 patients [68 men and 35 women,mean age 51.2 years(range,19-92 years)] hospitalized between 2011 and 2012. All patients admitted to the Department of Gastroenterology of the Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior(Poland) with a diagnosis of AP who had disease onset within 48 h of presentation were included in this study. Based on the presence of persistent organ failure(longer than 48 h) as a criterion for the diagnosis of severe AP(SAP) and the presence of local complications [diagnosis of moderately severe AP(MSAP)],patients were classified into 3 groups: mild AP(MAP),MSAP and SAP. Data were compared between the groups in terms of severity(using the revised Atlanta criteria) and outcome. Patients were stratified into 2 groups based on the type of fluid resuscitation: the 1-RL group who underwent standard fluid resuscitation with a RL 1000 m L solution or the 2-NS group who underwent standard fluid resuscitation with 1000 m L normal saline(NS). All patients from both groups received an additional 5% glucose solution(1000-1500 m L) and a multi-electrolyte solution(500-1000 m L).RESULTS: We observed 64(62.1%) patients with MAP,26(25.24%) patients with MSAP and 13(12.62%) patients with SAP. No significant difference in the distribution of AP severity between the two groups was found. In the 1-RL group,we identified 22(55.5%) MAP,10(25.5%) MSAP and 8(20.0%) SAP patients,compared with 42(66.7%) MAP,16(24.4%) MSAP and 5(7.9%) SAP cases in the 2-NS group(P = 0.187). The volumes of fluid administered during the initial 72-h period of hospitalization were similar among the patients from both the 1-RL and 2-NS groups(mean 3400 m L vs 3000 m L,respectively). No significant differences between the 1-RL and 2-NS groups were found in confirmed pancreatic necrosis [10 patients(25%) vs 12 patients(19%),respectively,P = 0.637]. There were no statistically significant differences between the 1-RL and 2-NS groups in the percentage of patients who required enteral nutrition(23 patients vs 17 patients,respectively,P = 0.534). Logistic regression analysis confirmed these findings(OR = 1.344,95%CI: 0.595-3.035,P = 0.477). There were no significant differences between the 1-RL and 2-NS groups in mortality and the duration of hospital stay(median of 9 d for both groups,P = 0.776).CONCLUSION: Our study failed to find any evidence that the administration of RL in the first days of AP leads to improved clinical outcomes.

Plasma D(-)-lactate as a new marker for diagnosis of acute intestinal injury following ischemia-reperfusion

IM To observe the kinetics of D()lactate alteration in both portal and systemic circulations, and its relationship with intestinal injury in rats subjected to acute intestinal ischemiareperfusion.METHODS Anesthetized rats underwent 75min superior mesenteric artery occlusion followed by 6hour reperfusion. Plasma D()lactate levels were measured by an enzymatic spectrophotometric assay.RESULTS Intestinal ischemia for 75 min resulted in a significant elevation of D()lactate levels in portal vein as compared with the baseline values (P<005). Plasma D()lactate levels had a tendency to further increase after reperfusion up to 6 hours. Similar alterations in D()lactate were also found in systemic circulation, there were no significant differences between the portal and systemic circulations at any time point. Moreover, the macropathological evaluation scores were significantly correlated to the portal D()lactate levels in animals at various time points (r=0415, P<001). In addition,there was a remarkable rise of endotoxin concentration within the portal vein at the end of 75min ischemia (P<005), reaching a peak at 2 hours postreperfusion.CONCLUSION Acute intestinal ischemia is associated with failure of mucosal barrier resulting in increased plasma D()lactate levels in both portal and systemic blood. The subsequent reperfusion might further increase D()lactate levels, which are correlated to the macropathological alterations. Plasma D()lactate may be a useful marker of intestinal injury following both ischemia and reperfusion insults.

KNaY-zeolite catalyzed dehydration of methyl lactate

A promising catalyst, KNaY was prepared by an ion exchange method with aqueous potassium chloride solution, Compared with NaY, KNaY was an effective catalyst for the dehydration of methyl lactate to methyl acrylate. Under the optimized conditions, an improved yield of 37.9 mol% was achieved.

Influence of selenium induced oxidative stress on spermatogenesis and lactate dehydrogenase-X in mice testis

Aim: To evaluate the effect of oxidative stress on the spermatogenesis and lactate dehydrogenase-X (LDH-X) activity in mouse testis. Methods: For creating different levels of oxidative stress in mice, three selenium (Se) level diets were fed in separate groups for 8 weeks. Group 1 animals were fed yeast-based Se-deficient (0.02 ppm) diet. Group 2 and Group 3 animals were fed with the same diet supplemented with 0.2 ppm and 1 ppm Se as sodium selenite, respectively. After 8 weeks, biochemical and histopathological observations of the testis were carried out. LDH-X levels in the testis were analyzed by western immunoblot and ELISA. Results: A significant decrease in testis Se level was observed in Group 1 animals, whereas it was enhanced in Group 3 as compared to Group 2. The glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was significantly reduced in both the liver and testis in Group 1, but not in Group 2 and 3. A significant increase in the testis glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was observed in Group 1, whereas no significant change was seen in Groups 2 and 3. Histological analysis of testis revealed a normal structure in Group 2. A significant decrease in the germ cell population in Group 1 was observed as compared to Group 2 with the spermatids and mature sperm affected the most. Decrease in the lumen size was also observed. In the Se-excess group (Group 3), displacement of germ cell population was observed. Further, a decrease in the LDH-X level in testis was observed in Group 1. Conclusion: Excessive oxidative stress in the Se deficient group, as indicated by changes in the GSH-Px/GST activity, affects the spermatogenic process with a reduction in mature sperm and in turn the LDH-X level.

Effectiveness and Safety of Double-balloon Catheter versus Intra-amniotic Injection of Ethacridine Lactate for Termination of Second Trimester Pregnancy in Patients with Liver Dysfunction

Severe liver dysfunction in pregnancy（SLDP） is rare but serious complications with high mortality rate. This study compared the effectiveness and safety of double-balloon catheter versus intra-amniotic injection of ethacridine lactate for the termination of second trimester pregnancy in patients with SLD. A total of 55 patients with indications of labor induction were enrolled and analyzed by retrospective control analysis method. Twenty-three cases adopted Cook double balloon dilation as Cook group, and 32 cases received intra-amniotic injection of ethacridine lactate as EL group. The primary outcome was evaluated by successful abortion rate and the difference in the induction-to-abortion interval. Secondary outcomes included liver function recovery and the frequency of adverse events. Both Cook and EL regimens were effective, with successful abortion rate of 87.0% and 93.8%, respectively（P=0.639）. The induction-to-delivery interval was similar between Cook group and EL group（38.1±21.5 vs. 41.3±17.4, P=0.543）. The liver disease status was more severe in Cook group than in EL group, but it did not show any significant difference after pregnancy termination between the two groups and the improvement rate also did not show any significant difference. Both treatments were safe and there was no significant difference in bleeding and cervical laceration adverse events between the two groups. Our study firstly compared double-balloon catheter and ethacridine lactate for the induction of labor in women with SLD during second trimester pregnancy.