The investigation and optimization of drag reduction in turbulent flow of Newtonian fluid passing through horizontal pipelines using functionalized magnetic nanophotocatalysts and lecithin

The nanophotocatalysts were synthesized in four stages and evaluated by FTIR, FESEM and VSM analysis. The influence of nanofluids containing functionalized magnetic Ti O2 nanophotocatalyst and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine lecithin in drag reduction of turbulent flow in four horizontal pipelines was studied. The effective parameters on drag reduction(nanoparticle concentration, surfactant concentration, p H and Re number) were investigated and optimized in each pipeline using response surface method. The drag reduction in 1/2 " galvanized, 3/4" galvanized, 1/2 "five-layer and 1/2" cuprous pipelines was found 99.1%, 92.5%, 87.6% and 85.2%, respectively. The model adequacy was measured using ANOVA. Based on the high determination coefficient, more than 95% of variance of experimental data in all pipelines was described by quadratic model.

Visualization analysis of lecithin in drugs based on electrochemiluminescent single gold microbeads

Fast and high-throughput determination of drugs is a key trend in clinical medicine.Single particles have increasingly been adopted in a variety of photoanalytical and electroanalytical applications,and microscopic analysis has been a hot topic in recent years,especially for electrochemiluminescence(ECL).This paper describes a simple ECL method based on single gold microbeads to image lecithin.Lecithin reacts to produce hydrogen peroxide under the successive enzymatic reaction of phospholipase D and choline oxidase.ECL was generated by the electrochemical reaction between a luminol analog and hydrogen peroxide,and ECL signals were imaged by a camera.Despite the heterogeneity of single gold microbeads,their luminescence obeyed statistical regularity.The average luminescence of 30 gold microbeads is correlated with the lecithin concentration,and thus,a visualization method for analyzing lecithin was established.Calibration curves were constructed for ECL intensity and lecithin concentration,achieving detection limits of 0.05 m M lecithin.This ECL imaging platform based on single gold microbeads exhibits outstanding advantages,such as high throughput,versatility and low cost,and holds great potential in disease diagnostics,environmental monitoring and food safety.

Effect of Soya Lecithin on Solubilization and Biodegradation of Pentachlorophenol by <i>Anthracophyllum discolor</i>

The effect of soya lecithin (SL) on solubilization and biodegradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by Anthracophyllum discolor was evaluated. Besides, the PCP effect on critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SL and the effect of PCP and SL on the ligninolytic activity of A. discolor were evaluated. The PCP solubilization test was performed for 100, 200 and 400 mg·L-1 with SL solution varying concentrations of ranging from 0 to 0.9 g·L-1. The effect of PCP (5 to 20 mg·L-1) on CMC of SL by conductivity was evaluated. The effect of SL (0 to 0.9 g·L-1) on biodegradation of PCP (21.4 mg·L-1) in modified Kirk medium was studied. The results showed that SL addition enhanced PCP solubility in water. The solubilities of 100, 200 and 400 mg·L-1 of PCP were about 4.2, 5.0 and 2.5 times higher than their solubility in pure water when the system was added with 0.9 g·L-1 of SL. We found that the increase in PCP concentration caused a decrease in the CMC value. In the biodegradation assay, in liquid medium supplemented with 0.9 g·L-1 of SL, the 94.4% of PCP was biodegraded after 26 days of incubation. In contrast, in the control assay (without SL), the 76.5% of PCP was removed. The PCP degradation was confirmed by the presence of its metabolites. During biodegradation assay, A. discolor mainly produced manganese peroxidase reaching a maximum of 96.8 U·g-1 (dw) when the culture medium was added with 0.6 g·L-1 of SL. These results show that SL can be applied to increasing the bioavailability and biodegradation of PCP.

Efficacy of Soya Lecithin Powder Combined with Conventional Therapy on Chronic Hepatitis B

[Objectives]To probe into the treatment effects of soya lecithin powder combined with conventional therapy on chronic hepatitis B.[Methods]A total of 120 patients with chronic hepatitis B admitted to the Eighth People’s Hospital of Guangzhou from February 2017 to February 2018 were randomly divided into observation group and control group in the way of drawing lots,with 60 cases in each group.Both groups of patients were treated with conventional therapy.On this basis,the control group was given Liver Protection Tablet,and the observation group was given soya lecithin powder for 2 months.The relief of symptoms of both groups and the recovery of liver functions were observed,including alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),serum total bilirubin(TBIL),and glutamyl transpeptidase(GGT),as well as recovery of B-scan ultrasonography image and adverse drug reactions were observed.[Results]After treatment,the relief rate of fatigue,anorexia,abdominal distension and the disappearance rate of hepatic discomfort in the observation group were significant higher than those in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05);the recovery rate of ALT,AST,TBIL and GGT levels in the observation group was higher than that in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05);the recovery rate of B-scan ultrasonography image in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).No significant adverse drug reactions were found in two groups during the drug administration.[Conclusions]Soya lecithin powder combined with conventional therapy on chronic hepatitis B can significantly improve the liver function and relieve the symptoms.

Soybean lecithin-based extender improves Damascus goat sperm cryopreservationand fertilizing potential following artificial insemination

Objective: To study the effect of adding different concentrations of soybean lecithin in Tris based extender and to compare the results of Tris soybean lecithin extender with two commercial diluents (egg yolk-based: BullXcell and plant-based: OptiXcell) for Damascus goat sperm cryopreservation. Methods: The ejaculates from 4 mature male Damascus goats were obtained by using an artificial vagina. Semen samples were pooled and diluted in Tris extender supplemented with soybean lecithin at different concentrations of 1.5%, 3.0%, 6.0% and 10.0% to get better concentration to be used for further experiments, with a final concentration of 240×106 spermatozoa/mL. Semen samples were packed in straws (0.25 mL), frozen by using an automated system and stored in liquid nitrogen at -196 ℃ for 48 h. After thawing (37 ℃/30 s), the samples were evaluated for sperm quality parameters, including sperm motility, membrane integrity and acrosome integrity. Malondialdehyde concentration was estimated as a marker for lipid peroxidation. Based on the previous investigations, only Tris extender supplemented with 3.0% soybean lecithin (based on its positive results) was used versus BullXcell and OptiXcell for sperm ultrastructure evaluation and artificial insemination by using electron microscope and artificial insemination of the synchronized does. Results: There was no significant difference between Tris-soybean lecithin at 3.0% and BullXcell/OptiXcell diluents in post-thaw sperm parameters and fertility following artificial insemination;meanwhile, the other concentrations of soybean lecithin (1.5%, 6.0% and 10%) showed lower sperm parameters following cryopreservation. Conclusions: Using of Tris-soybean lecithin based extender at the level of 3.0% can be an appropriate alternative to either BullXcell or OptiXcell for Damascus goat sperm cryopreservation.

Impact of replacing egg yolk with lecithin on quality of pre-freeze and post-thaw buffalo spermatozoa

Objective:To estimate the result of egg yolk replacement with alternative cryopreservatives such as plant-derived lecithin from soybean on sperm quality parameters pre and post freezing in buffalo bulls.Methods: The control cryopreservation extender was tris-citric acid-fructose-egg yolk-glycerol (TCFYG) diluent. Semen samples were extended gradually 1:10 with TCFYG control extender and tris-citric acid-fructose-glycerol (TCFG) extender plus variable concentrations of soybean lecithin (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 3.0%) to ensure 60 million active spermatozoa/mL of the extended semen. The diluted semen samples were refrigerated slowly (roughly for 2 h) up to 5℃ and equilibrated for 2 h. Semen was filled into 0.25 mL polyvinyl French straws (IMV, France). After equilibration period, the straws were placed horizontally on a rack and frozen in a vapor 4 cm above liquid nitrogen for 10 min and were then dipped stored in liquid nitrogen at -196℃. Results:The respective overall percentages of forward motile spermatozoa, live spermatozoa, morphologically normal spermatozoa, acrosome integrity and hypo-osmotic swelling reactivity observed primarily in fresh semen, after equilibration (pre-freeze stage) and post freezing (post-thaw stage) in TCFYG (control) extended semen declined progressively and statically (P<0.01) during these periods of study. Pre-freezing stage: replacement of egg yolk into TCFG with soybean lecithin at concentrations of 1.0% and 1.5% significantly (P<0.01) ameliorated the maintenance of (motility, viability, acrosome and membrane integrity %), meanwhile it had significantly (P<0.01) reduced the abnormality % of spermatozoa to the lowest value compared to control TCFYG and to some other concentrations in use. Post-thaw stage: the replacement of egg yolk with 1.0% soybean lecithin (SL) showed significantly (P<0.01) higher percentage of sperm progressive motility compared to 1.5% SL and TCFYG control. These values were significantly (P<0.01) higher than 0.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 3.0% SL. The post thawing live sperm percentage mean values were significantly (P<0.01) higher in 1.0% SL and 1.5% SL compared to control. These values were significantly (P<0.01) higher than in 0.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 3.0% SL. The mean values of post-thaw morphological normal sperm percentage did not differ between 1.0% SL and control groups but significantly (P<0.01) higher than 0.5%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 3.0% SL. The respective percentage mean values of post-thaw sperm with head, mid-piece and tail abnormalities were significantly (P<0.01) lower in 1.0% SL than all other SL concentrations. Concerning the post-thaw percentages of acrosome and sperm membrane integrity, the respective mean values were significantly (P<0.01) higher in 1.0% SL and 1.5% SL as compared to control. Mean values of both parameters in the 0.5% SL were intermediate between 1.0% and 1.5% SL versus control groups. The previously mentioned mean values in acrosome/membrane integrity were significantly (P<0.01) higher than 2.0% SL, 2.5% SL and 3.0% SL.Conclusions: Lecithin-based diluent can be a potent proper alternative extender for preservation of spermatozoa during pre- and post-freezing process. SL 1.5% extenders have supplied an optimal environment and condition for ameliorating the quality of pre-freezing and post-thaw buffalo spermatozoa by means of improved motility, viability, functional acrosome, sperm membrane integrity and morphologically normal spermatozoa.

The grafting PET and PVA fibers coated with soybean lecithin and their blood-compatibility properties

the composites of grafting polystyrene polyvinyl acetate (PVA) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) coated with soybean lecithin, are obtained. Results of grafting experiments show that the grafting ratio on the surface of the fibers is low when the grafting polymer chain is not cross linked. Under scanning electron microscope (SEM), it is discovered that there is no different morphology between the raw fibers and their being coated with soybean lecithin. The composites exhibit a good stability of soybean lecithin layer, and better anti coagulant property than the sulfonated grafting fibers or raw fibers.

Soybean Lecithin Acts as both Absorption Enhancer and Oily Phase in an Insulin-loaded Emulsion System for Transmucosal Delivery

An insulin-loaded emulsion system (IES) was developed as a hypoglycaemic drug for transmucosal delivery. The selected formulation was a stable oil/water emulsion system. The particles in the emulsion system were distributed evenly, and the particle size ranged from 20 to 260 nm (average size: 67.5 nm). Soybean lecithin played an important role in the emulsion system due to its abilities of acting as both absorption enhancer for insulin uptake through sublingual mucosa and oily phase for the emulsion system. The laser confocal scanning microscopic (LCSM) study showed that FITC-labelled insulin could penetrate the sublingual mucosa of rabbits, and the phase diagrams of the emulsion system suggested that soybean lecithin could take the place of oily phase to construct a stable emulsion system even if the traditional oil was absent. The applications of soybean lecithin as pharmaceutical biomaterial were extended for the further usage by present studies.

低鱼粉高脂饲料添加大豆卵磷脂对黄鳝生长、血清生化指标及肠道菌群的影响

试验旨在研究低鱼粉高脂饲料中添加大豆卵磷脂对黄鳝(Monopterusalbus)生长、血清生化指标及肠道菌群的影响,为降低黄鳝鱼粉使用量提供依据。以初始体重(20.03±0.01)g黄鳝为研究对象,以含有42%鱼粉、22%豆粕、6%粗脂肪的饲料为正常鱼粉组,另以含有22%鱼粉、52%豆粕和9%粗脂肪的饲料为低鱼粉高脂组,分别在低鱼粉高脂组中添加1%和2%的大豆卵磷脂,进行为期56d的养殖试验,于室外池塘进行网箱养殖,日投喂1次,喂量为黄鳝体重3%—5%。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,低鱼粉高脂组黄鳝增重率显著降低(P<0.05),饵料系数与肝体比均显著增加(P<0.05),但添加2%大豆卵磷脂后黄鳝增重率显著提高(P<0.05),而饵料系数与肝体比显著降低(P<0.05);(2)对比正常鱼粉组,低鱼粉高脂饲料组黄鳝血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、血氨、尿素氮、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、酸性磷酸酶与免疫球蛋白M含量显著增加(P<0.05),且碱性磷酸酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),而添加2%大豆卵磷脂使黄鳝血清的高密度脂蛋白含量与碱性磷酸酶活性显著增加(P<0.05),低密度脂蛋白、血氨、尿素氮、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、酸性磷酸酶与免疫球蛋白M水平显著下降(P<0.05);(3)与对照组相比,低鱼粉高脂组黄鳝后肠绒毛高度与杯状细胞显著降低(P<0.05),而添加2%大豆卵磷脂后黄鳝后肠绒毛高度与杯状细胞数目上升;(4)与对照组相比,低鱼粉高脂组不动杆菌属与考克氏菌属相对丰度上升,而与低鱼粉高脂组相比,添加2%大豆磷脂后黄鳝肠道群落的丰富度与多样性显著增加(P<0.05),且显著提高了肠道红杆菌属的相对丰度,并显著减少不动杆菌属与考克氏菌属的丰度(P<0.05)。由此得出,在试验条件下,2%大豆卵磷脂可促进脂肪代谢和提高机体免疫性能,并修复肠道组织结构与维持菌群稳态,进而缓解低鱼粉高脂饲料对黄鳝生长的负面影响。

大豆卵磷脂对绵羊精液低温保存效果的影响

为了研究大豆卵磷脂对绵羊精液低温保存效果的影响,在杜泊绵羊精液稀释液中分别添加0(对照)、1.875、3.750、7.500、15.000 g/L大豆卵磷脂,在4℃条件下进行低温保存,每隔12 h观察一次精子活率,统计精子有效存活时间和总存活时间,检测第48小时精子的畸形率和顶体完整率。结果表明,1.875 g/L组的精子有效存活时间、总存活时间显著高于对照组和其余各试验组(P<0.05);1.875 g/L组的精子顶体完整率显著高于15.000 g/L组(P<0.05),畸形率显著低于15.000 g/L组(P<0.05)。说明在稀释液中添加1.875 g/L的大豆卵磷脂可以延长精子的存活时间,提高绵羊精液低温保存的质量。

磷脂酶A1对大豆毛油脱胶效果的影响

以大豆毛油为原料,研究磷脂酶A1添加量、柠檬酸溶液添加量、脱胶温度和脱胶时间对脱胶效果以及中性油脂肪酸和甘油酯组成的影响。结果表明,磷脂酶A1脱胶的最佳反应条件为20 mg/100 g油的磷脂酶A1、0.15 mL 45%柠檬酸溶液、50℃脱胶温度、4 h反应时间。在最佳的脱胶工艺条件下,磷脂酶A1脱胶中性油中含磷量降至0.47 mg/kg,油脂得率(95.55%)高于酸化脱胶中性油的得率(92.94%)。酶法脱胶中性油与毛油的脂肪酸和甘油酯组成相比,酶法脱胶中性油的脂肪酸组成没有明显变化,甘油酯组成中的甘一酯和甘二酯相对含量减少、甘三酯相对含量增加;与酸化脱胶油脚相比,磷脂酶A1脱胶油脚中溶血磷脂(溶血磷脂酰胆碱、溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺和溶血磷脂酰肌醇)的相对含量增加至48%。

大豆卵磷脂对湖羊精液4℃保存效果的影响

为探究大豆卵磷脂(SL)对湖羊精液4℃保存效果的影响,在湖羊精液基础稀释液中添加不同浓度(0、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%和0.4%)的SL进行4℃低温保存试验,通过在不同保存时间(0~6 d)对精子活率、活力、直线速率、曲线速率、路径速率、质膜完整率和顶体完整率进行测定,确定湖羊精液低温保存稀释液中SL的最佳添加浓度。结果表明:保存2、5、6 d,0.1%SL组的精子活率、活力均显著高于其他组(P<0.05);保存3 d,0.1%SL组的精子直线速率显著高于其他组(P<0.05);保存4 d,SL各组的精子曲线速率和路径速率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);保存1、5 d,0.1%SL组的精子质膜完整率显著高于其他组(P<0.05);保存2、6 d,0.1%SL组的精子顶体完整率显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。结论:在低温保存条件下,添加0.1%SL可以有效地延长湖羊精子的存活时间,提高精液质量。

Dietary lecithin improves feed efficiency without impacting meat quality in immunocastrated male pigs and gilts fed a summer ration containing added fat

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sex and dietary lecithin on growth performance,meat quality, muscle collagen content and gene expression of key genes involved in collagen synthesis in finisher pigs.A total of 256 pigs(Large White × Landrace) were allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement involving sex(gilt or immunocastrated [IC] male) and dietary treatment(0 or 5 g/kg of dietary lecithin).All diets were formulated to contain 4.6% tallow with relatively high total fat of 6.3%.After 5 weeks of dietary treatment, pigs were slaughtered and Longissimus dorsi muscle was obtained for evaluation of meat quality and collagen content.Rectus abdominis muscle was analysed for gene expression of key genes involved in collagen synthesis namely, type Ⅰ(a1) procollagen(COL1A1), type Ⅲ(a1) procollagen(COL3A1), a-subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase(P4H), lysyl oxidase and metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1).The results showed that lecithin improved feed efficiency of all pigs(P < 0.05) but it had no effect on feed intake, average daily gain and dressing percentage(P > 0.05).Lecithin also had no effect on meat compression, shear force, collagen content and gene expression(P > 0.05).Immunocastrated male had higher growth rate and increased COL1 A1 expression than gilts.However, sex had no effect on fat depth at the P2 site(65 mm from the midline over the last rib), collagen content and expression of other genes(P > 0.05).In conclusion, lecithin improved feed efficiency in finishing pigs without impacting pork quality.Thus, inclusion of lecithin in diets containing high amount of tallow during the summer period could be beneficial.

Lecithin organogel: A unique micellar system for the delivery of bioactive agents in the treatment of skin aging

Skin aging is an unavoidable aspect of human life.Premature skin aging can result from poor care,environmental pollutants,and ultraviolet radiation exposure.Wrinkles,lines,spots,uneven skin tone,and pigmentation are often indicators of skin aging.One cannot avoid aging but cosmetics and pharmaceutical approaches can minimize and delay the damage.Topical applications of biocompatible and biodegradable vehicles have been explored for delivering anti-aging compounds.Lecithin organogel(LO)is an effective vehicle for topical delivery of many bioactive agents used in aging treatment.Lecithin is cell component isolated from soya beans or eggs and purified to show excellent gelation in non-polar solvents when combined with water.LO can form a heat-stable,resistant to microbial growth,visco-elastic,optically transparent,and non-birefringent micellar system.It serves as an organic medium to enhance dermal permeation of poorly permeable drugs by effectively partitioning into the skin.Its ability to dissolve in hydrophilic as well as in lipophilic drugs makes it a dynamic vehicle,which can be explored as a carrier for anti-aging agents.

引火归元化瘀方治疗糖尿病视网膜病变临床观察

目的 观察引火归元化瘀方治疗糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)不同时长的临床疗效。方法 将100例DR患者随机分为观察组及对照组,各50例。对照组给予口服卵磷脂络合碘片,观察组在对照组基础上口服引火归元化瘀方汤剂;连续治疗8周和16周后,比较2组患者的视力、眼底、血糖指标的变化。结果 观察组总有效率较对照组高(P<0.05)。治疗前2组患者的视力、眼底指标评分、血糖指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后2组患者上述指标均较前改善,且观察组优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 引火归元化瘀方联合卵磷脂络合碘治疗DR患者,对改善患者的视力,眼底循环、血糖指标等有着较好的效果,用药16周则较8周有更好的疗效。

Effects of drying methods on the structure and emulsifying capacity of egg yolk lecithin

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different drying methods,including ultrasonic vacuum drying,vacuum drying,vacuum freeze-drying,hot-air drying and spray drying,on the structure and emulsifying capacity of egg yolk lecithin based on Raman spectra.The results showed that ultrasonic vacuum drying and spray drying can induce the vibration of C-N bonds in the polar O-C-C-N^(+)head skeleton of egg yolk lecithin.The shift of the peak attributed to the C-N bond from 717 cm^(−1)to 774 and 772 cm^(−1)indicated that the vibration of some C-N bonds in the O-C-C-N^(+)skeleton had transformed from gauche to trans.Ultrasonic vacuum drying exerted the most intense effect on the C-C skeleton of egg yolk lecithin,with the greatest vibration peaks at 1062 cm^(−1),1128 cm^(−1),and 1097 cm^(−1)in the Raman spectra of egg yolks.Specifically,it relieved gauche vibration and strengthened trans vibration in the C-C skeleton.Hence,the I_(gauche)/I_(trans)ratio of the egg yolk lecithin processed through ultrasonic vacuum drying decreased.Ultrasonic vacuum drying and spray drying decreased the I_(2850)/I_(2878)ratio of the vibration peak of C-H bonds in the lipid chains of egg yolk lecithin.The weakening of the symmetric stretching vibration of the C-H bond and the strengthening of antisymmetric stretching vibration indicated that orderliness among the molecular chains of lipid bilayer membranes had increased,whereas liquidity had decreased.The emulsifying capacities were highly significantly different among various egg yolk lecithin samples,in which the highest emulsifying capacity(49.58 m^(2)/g)was shown for the egg yolk lecithin prepared through vacuum freeze-drying,and ultrasonic vacuum drying produced the lowest emulsifying capacity(14.77 m^(2)/g).This study demonstrated that ultrasonic vacuum drying and spray drying drastically affected the structure of egg yolk lecithin.The appropriate drying method can be selected based on sample volume and production situation.

Effect of Astragalus-Angelica Mixture on Lipoprotein Lipase and Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase of Nephrotic Rats

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of Astragalus-Angelica Mixture (AAM)’s effects on lipid metabolism disturbance in nephrotic rats.Methods: To examine the effects of AAM on serum albumin, lipid levels, and activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), which are key enzymes for metabolism of lipid in immune-induced nephrotic hyperlipidemia rats and exogenous hyperlipidemia rats.Results: In nephrotic rats, serum albumin was reduced, lipid increased significantly, LPL activity decreased markedly and the LCAT activity was relatively insufficient. Activities of LPL and LCAT increased obviously in AAM treated nephrotic rats. There were no change of activities of LPL and LCAT in exogenous hyperlipidemia rats and AAM showed no effect on the activities of these two enzymes. Conclusion: The effect of AAM on regulating lipid metabolism might be due to enhance the clearance of both triglyceride-rich and cholesterol-rich apoB containing lipoprotein by improving the activities of LPL and LCAT.