东亚夏季风过程大气低频振荡的数值模拟研究

利用区域气候模式RegCM3对东亚夏季风及其中的大气低频振荡(LFO)进行了模拟研究。(1)进行控制试验,借助Lanczos带通滤波等方法分析了实测及模拟结果LFO强度和传播等特征,检验RegCM3对夏季风LFO的模拟能力;(2)通过增、减南海表面海温两个敏感试验探讨海温异常变化对LFO各特征的影响,并探究异常海温下的LFO与季风爆发时间的可能联系。结果表明:季风LFO强值集中在低纬地区,低纬夏季强冬季弱,高纬则相反。季风爆发前后的发生南传向北传的转换。模式RegCM3对季风区LFO基本特征有较好的把握,但高纬地区偏强。南海异常增(减)温有利于季风提前(推迟)爆发,也有利于LFO传向发生转换时间的提前(推迟)。说明季风爆发时间与LFO传向转换存在一定联系。两个试验均有使振荡能量大值区南移的趋势,且通过LFO的变化造成较高纬地区季风后期的气候异常。

Overview of the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment

The present paper gives an overview of the key project ' South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX)' operated by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China during the period of 1996-2001. The SCSMEX is a joint atmospheric and oceanic field experiment which aims to better understand the onset, maintenance, and variability of the summer monsoon over the South China Sea (SCS). It is a large-scale international effort with many participating countries and regions cooperatively involved in this experiment. With the field observation in May-August 1998, a large amount of meteorological and oceanic data was acquired, which provides excellent datasets for the study of the SCS monsoon and the East Asian monsoon and their interaction with the ocean. The preliminary research achievements are as follows. (1) The earliest onset of the Asian monsoon over the SCS and Indo-China Peninsula has been well documented. Prom the viewpoint of the synoptic process, its onset is closely related to the early rapid development of a twin cyclone to the east of Sri Lanka. The conceptual modei of the SCS monsoon onset in 1998 was put forward. The 50-year time series of the SCS monsoon onset date was also made. (2) Two major modes, namely the 30-60-day and 10-20-day oscillations were ascertained. The influences of the abnormal SCS monsoon on the precipitation over eastern China and its modes were identifled. A strong (weak) monsoon over the SCS usually leads to less (more) precipitation over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin, and more (less) precipitation in North China. (3) During the monsoon onset over the SCS, a wide variety of organized mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) were observed by a Doppler radar array deployed over the northern SCS. The relationship between large-scale circulations and MCSs during the monsoon onset process in 1998 was clearly revealed. It was suggested that there is a kind of positive feedback mechanism between large-scale circulations and MCSs. (4) The SST over the SCS during the early period influences the timing of the monsoon onset date and the monsoon's intensity. During the monsoon onset, the ocean undergoes a process of energy release through air-sea interaction. During the break phase of the SCS monsoon, the ocean demonstrates the process of energy re-accumulation. Obvious differences in the air-sea turbulent flux exchange between the southern and northern parts of the SCS due to different characteristic features of the atmosphere and sea structure were observed in those regions. (5) The verification of impact of intensive observations on the predictive performance is made by the use of regional models. The air-sea coupled regional climate modei (CRCM) was also developed under the SCSMEX Project . The simulation of the oceanic circulation in 1998 produced with the modei was well compared with the observations.

LaFeO3缓冲层对BaTiO3铁电薄膜电学性能的调控

采用溶胶-凝胶(Sol-Gel)法制备了BTO、LFO/BTO和LFO/BTO/LFO三种结构的BTO铁电薄膜,旨在通过LFO缓冲层来调控BTO薄膜的电学性能.研究发现:LFO缓冲层的引入减小了BTO铁电薄膜的漏电流,提高了其电滞回线的矩形度,获得了更高的剩余极化、饱和极化和更低的矫顽电压.这种调控作用在LFO/BTO/LFO薄膜中的效果要比在LFO/BTO中更加明显.结果表明,通过合理地设计LFO缓冲层,可以有效地改善BTO铁电薄膜的宏观电学性能.

Main Features of Regional Circulation Variation during Onset of the South China Sea Monsoon in 1998

In this work, the National Center for Environmental Prediction/ National Center for Atmospheic Research (NCEP/ NCAR) global daily–mean reanalysis data are used to diagnose the features of the local circulation variation during the South China Sea (SCS) monsoon in 1998. It is found that by taking the appearance of southwest wind in lower layers and east wind in upper layers as the sign of the monsoon onset, the SCS monsoon starts on May 25 in 1998, which is later than that in normal years. The formation of the SCS monsoon is not a simple propagation of southwest monsoon in the north—south direction, but a process in which the southwest wind starts first over the north of the SCS, withdraws southward, and then propagates from south to north again. During this process, both meteorological elements and circulation fields change significantly. The outbreak of the SCS monsoon is the result of the seasonal variation of the height in lower and upper layers. The air rounding the Tibetan Plateau might be one of the dynamic reasons that make the summer monsoon start over the SCS at first. At the different stages of the monsoon, the vertical circulations as well as the lower and the upper layer divergence fields undergo evident temporal and regional changes. The SCS monsoon has the 60–day, 20–30–day and 8–15–day low frequency oscillations (LFOs), and dominant scale changes at the different stages of monsoon. The monsoon onset is related to the superimposition of the amplitudes of LFOs with different scales. Key words SCS monsoon - Circulation variation - Regional climate - LFO Sponsored by the National Key Project of Fundamental Research SCSMEX

Impacts of SST and SST Anomalies on Low-Frequency Oscillation in the Tropical Atmosphere

Considering the multiscale character of LFO effects of SST on LFO in the tropical atmosphere （low-frequency oscillation） in the tropical atmosphere, the are discussed by using an absolute ageostrophic, baroclinic model. Here, SST effects include sea surface heating and forcing of SST anomalies （SSTAs）. Studies of the influences of sea surface heating on LFO frequency and stability show that sea surface heating can slow the speed of waves and lower their frequency when SST is comparatively low; while higher SST leads to unstable waves and less periods of LFO. Since the impact of a SSTA on ultra-long waves is more evident than that on kilometer-scale waves, long-wave approximation is used when we continue to study the effect of SSTAs. Results indicate that SSTAs can lead to a longer period of LFO, and make waves unstable. In other words, positive （negative） SSTAs can make waves decay （grow）.

PHASE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS OF CEREBRAL DEOXY-AND OXY-HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATIONS DURING A MENTAL TASK

Hemodynamic low-frequency(~0.1 Hz)spontaneous oscillations as detected in the brain by nearinfrared spectroscopy have potential applications in the study of brain activation,cerebral autoregulation,and functional connectivity.In this work,we have investigated the phase lag between oscillations of cerebral deoxy-and oxy-hemoglobin concentrations in the frequency range 0.05-0.10 Hz in a human subject during a mental workload task.We have obtained a measure of such phase lag using two different methods:(1)phase synchronization analysis as used in the theory of chaotic oscillators and(2)a novel cross-correlation phasor approach.The two methods yielded comparable initial results of a larger phase lag between low-frequency oscillations of deoxy-and oxyhemoglobin concentrations during mental workload with respect to a control,rest condition.

Coordinated Robust PID-based Damping Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators for Low-frequency Oscillations Considering Power System Operational Uncertainties

In recent years, with the growth of wind energy resources,the capability of wind farms to damp low-frequency oscillations(LFOs) has provided a notable advantage for the stabilityenhancement of the modern power grid. Meanwhile, owingto variations in the power system operating point (OP), thedamping characteristics of LFOs may be affected adversely. Inthis respect, this paper presents a coordinated robust proportional-integral-derivative (PID) based damping control approachfor permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs)to effectively stabilize LFOs, while considering power system operationaluncertainties in the form of a polytopic model constructedby linearizing the power system under a given set ofOPs. The proposed approach works by modulating the DC-linkvoltage control loop of the grid-side converter (GSC) via a supplementaryPID controller, which is synthesized by transformingthe design problem into H-infinity static output feedback(SOF) control methodology. The solution of H-infinity SOF controlproblem involves satisfying linear matrix inequality (LMI)constraints based on the parameter-dependent Lyapunov functionto ensure asymptotic stability such that the minimal H-infinityperformance objective is simultaneously accomplished forthe entire polytope. The coordinated damping controllers forthe multiple wind farms are then designed sequentially by usingthe proposed approach. Eigenvalue analysis confirms the improveddamping characteristics of the closed-loop system forseveral representative OPs. Afterward, the simulation results, includingthe performance comparison with existing approaches,validate the higher robustness of the proposed approach for awide range of operating scenarios.

基于DFIG功率振荡阻尼器的电力系统低频振荡抑制综述

随着大规模风电并网,风电机组与同步机组间的动态交互加剧,前者对电网低频振荡(low-frequency oscillation,LFO)的负面影响和正面控制效果渐趋显著。文章对双馈风电机组(doubly-fed induction generator,DFIG)并网系统LFO抑制问题展开调研。分析了DFIG并网对LFO的影响机理,从风电侧和电网侧比较了LFO抑制措施。重点讨论了DFIG附加功率振荡阻尼器(power oscillation damper,POD)的参数整定方法和控制策略设计。对基于传统方法、优化方法、鲁棒理论等参数整定方法,以及线性二次型调节器(linear quadratic regulator,LQR)、自抗扰控制(active disturbance rejection control,ADRC)、滑模变结构控制(sliding mode control,SMC)、模糊控制等控制策略进行比较分析。最后对DFIG并网电力系统低频振荡抑制问题,给出后续研究展望。

CEOF ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW FREQUENCY OSCILLATION IN LOWER LATITUDE REGION AND FREQUENCY MODULATION PHENOMENA OF LOW FREQUENCY SIGNALS

The low frequency oscillation of the low level atmospheric circulation in lower latitudes region is studied by using the CEOF method and other normal spectral analysis methods.It is found that in the atmospheric motion frequency spectrum,there exist certain frequency bands with relatively-concentrated energy among low frequency bands,and there is nonlinear interaction of frequency modulation among peak signals.It is this modulating action that leads to the change of the temporal-spatial features of frequency and phase of these low frequency signals.In the paper,the propa- gation picture of low frequency waves modulated and its influence on midium-range variation of summer monsoon are also discussed.

The relationship between low frequency atmospheric oscillation and SST in equatorial Pacific

Based on analyzing the tropical Pacific SST and ECMWF data in the 1980s, the inverse characteristics between low frequency atmospheric oscillation (LFO), including intrasea-sonal oscillation and half-year oscillation and the SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific (SSTA) have been found. The positive SSTA corresponds to the weak LFO, the negative SSTA to the strong LFO. The correlation field further demonstrates this kind of negative correlation and points out that the anomalous LFO in Indonesia plays an important role in the variation of SSTA in the tropical centre-eastern Pacific.

Improvement to observability measures of LFO modes in power systems with DFIGs

Observation of the low-frequency oscillation (LFO) modes in power systems is important to design the damping scheme. The state equations of the power system with the doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) are derived to find the LFO modes related to the synchronous generator (SGs) and the DFIGs. The definition of the observability measure is improved to consider the initial output and the attenuation speed of the modes. The sensitivities of the observability measures to the control parameters are derived. The numerical results from the small and large-disturbance validate the LFO modes caused by the DFIGs, and different observability measures are compared. Adjustment of the control parameters is chosen based on the sensitivity model to improve the observability and damping ratio of the LFO mode, and the stability of the wind power system.

LOW FREQUENCY OSCILLATION IN EAST ASIA DURING THE 1991 EXCESSIVELY HEAVY RAIN OVER THE CHANGJIANG-HUAIHE RIVER BASIN

The activity of low frequency oscillation (LFO) widely exists in East Asia during the period of 1991 excessively heavy rain over the Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin (Jianghuai).Both the rainfall amount of Jianghuai and the atmosphere from subtropical area to mid-high latitudes have the dominant period of 10—20 d,while the atmospheres in tropical area and high latitudes have the dominant period of 30—60 d. Compared with normal Meiyu season,the anomaly of the 1991 Meiyu process may be reflected in the following two low frequency synoptic events:(a) The Meiyu process onsets extremely early (in the second dekad of May,which is nearly one month earlier than in normal Meiyu) and is immediately followed by the first episode of heavy rain.(b) In the first dekad of July,there occurs the heaviest episode of rainfall of the whole Meiyu season,and it is even the heaviest rainfall for the recent 30 years in China.For these two periods,corresponding to the adjustment of large-scale situation from“double blocking high”to“bipolar blocking high”,the propagation direction of LFO in East Asia has a distinct seasonal variation,from eastward/northward propagation (passing through Jianghuai) during the first episode to westward/southward propagation during the third episode.Oscillations of different frequency bands are superposed in phase.The LFO activity of the cold and warm/moist airs over Jianghuai can be strengthened through those LFO propagation processes in East Asia,although they may have different directions in three episodes.Particularly, the eastward (westward) propagation in low latitudes makes the southwest (southeast) airflow transport intensively the low frequency warm/moist air to the south of Jianghuai from the Indian Ocean (tropical West Pacific Ocean) in the first (third) episode.Such warm/moist airs meet and interact with the cold air which vigorously invades Jianghuai persistently,and finally three episodes of heavy rain occur in mode of LFO.

TBB-REVEALED ANNUAL CYCLE FEATURES OF TROPICAL LFO

In the context of 1980—1992 JMA(Japan Meteorological Agency)GMS TBB gridded dataset, study is undertaken of annual cycle features of FFT-derived window power spectrum averaged over the record length,with localized space/time characteristics of low-frequency oscillation(LFO)in the tropical atmosphere investigated alongside possible causes.It turns out that the LFO takes on surprisingly noticeable annual cycle features marked by a wider variable range of the LFO periods over northern tropics than the southern counterpart and equatorial vicinity.In addition,on the whole,the signals are more intense in the Northern Hemisphere during summer/autumn and at equatorial/southern latitudes when northern winter/spring occur as well.Also,not all these features are identical for different segments at the same latitudes,displaying signatures on a local basis,and the spatial/temporal locality can be qualitatively interpreted in terms of nonlinear interaction between tropical waves,and modulation of diabatic heating on the LFO periods.

The Diagnostic Study on the Drought and Flood Over the Yangtze River Basin With Weather Satellite Observations

The drought and flood over the Yangtze River basin are closely related to the anomaly of the general circulation. The impacts of the disasters resulting from it on the China national economy are of great importance. Attention is paid to them by meteorologists and forecasters in China. Most of the previous studies on it used the conventional data. Because the weather satellite observation has the advantages of continuity, homogeneous spatial and temporal resolution and global coverage, it greatly makes up the defect of the conventional measurements. The outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) observed from

VARIATIONS OF 30—60 DAY OSCILLATION IN ATMOSPHERE BEFORE AND DURING 1982 EL NINO

By using the upper-wind data from July 1980 to June 1983,the variations of the low-frequency oscillation (LFO)in the atmosphere before and during 1982 El Nino have been investigated.Before the El Nino,the LFO propagates from west to east over the equator of the Eastern Hemisphere and from east to west over 20°N. The eastward propagating LFO over the equator consists of zonal wavenumber 1 propagating eastward and zonal wavenumber 2 with a character of stationary wave.The oscillation of zonal wavenumber 2 can modulate the oscillation strength.After the onset of the El Nino,the propagating directions of the LFO over the equator and 20°N of the Eastern Hemisphere change to be westward and eastward,respectively.The LFO over the western Pacific weakens rapidly and one coming from middle and high latitudes propagates to the equator. From the phase compositions of streamline fields for the zonal wavenumber 1 of equatorial westward propa- gatirg LFO,it is found that the atmospheric heat source in the equator of the eastern Pacific(EEP)excites a series of the equatorial cyclones and anticyclones which move northward and westward and form the westward propagating LFO over the equator.With the wavelength of 20000km,this kind of equatorial wave is similar to the mixing Rossby-gravity wave.In its westward and northward movement,the circulation in East Asia is modified.This may be the mechanism of the influence of El Nino on the climate of China.

CISK,EVAPORATION-WIND FEEDBACK MECHANISM AND 30—60 DAY OSCILLATIONS IN THE TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE

A baroclinic semi-geostrophic model with evaporation-wind feedback mechanism(EWFM) and CISK is established,two non-dimensional parameters a and η are introduced to represent EWFM and CISK,respectively.Analytic solutions of the model system are obtained,dynamics analyses and the model atmosphere calculations further confirm that EWFM and CISK are very important physical processes in leading to the low-frequency oscillations in the tropics.

ZONALLY SYMMETRICAL EKMAN-CISK MECHANISM AND 30—60-DAY LOW FREQUENCY OSCILLATION NEAR THE EQUATOR

Based on the baroclinic semi-geostrophic model,the effects of zonally symmetrical Ekman- CISK mechanism on the characteristics of 30—60-day low frequency oscillation(LFO)near the equator are investigated.It is found that the theoretical results are in good agreement with the observational features of LFO.Besides,the planetary-scale LFO with the period of 30—60 d could be triggered by the Ekman-CISK mechanism,and the growth rate of perturbation with wave number 1 is in order of O (10^(-6)s^(-1)).The zonal propagation of LFO and the corresponding longitudinal-height structure of physical quantities are also discussed in detail.