Coated boron layers by boronization and a real-time boron coating using an impurity powder dropper in the LHD

In the Large Helical Device(LHD),diborane(B2H6)is used as a standard boron source for boronization,which is assisted by helium glow discharges.In 2019,a new Impurity Powder Dropper(IPD)system was installed and is under evaluation as a real-time wall conditioning technique.In the LHD,which is a large-sized heliotron device,an additional helium(He)glow discharge cleaning(GDC)after boronization was operated for a reduction in hydrogen recycling from the coated boron layers.This operational time of 3 h was determined by spectroscopic data during glow discharges.A flat hydrogen profile is obtained on the top surface of the coated boron on the specimen exposed to boronization.The results suggest a reduction in hydrogen at the top surface by He-GDC.Trapped oxygen in coated boron was obtained by boronization,and the coated boron,which has boron-oxide,on the first wall by B-IPD was also shown.Considering the difference in coating areas between B2H6 boronization and B-IPD operation,it would be most effective to use the IPD and B2H6 boronization coating together for optimized wall conditioning.

Estimate of the Deposition Profile of Carbon Pellets Using a High-Speed VUV Imaging System in the LHD

The deposition profile of the impurity pellet is measured by a two-dimensional fast- framing vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） camera system in the large helical device （LHD）. The fast framing camera selectively measures the emission from the hydrogen-like ions of carbon （C VI） with a frame rate of several kHz. From the emission profile of the hydrogen-like carbon ions, which are in the process of ionization, the initial deposition profile of the carbon is estimated using a simple one-dimensional transport model.

LHD3 Encoding a J-Domain Protein Controls Heading Date in Rice

Heading date is one of the most important agronomic traits of rice,which critically affects rice ecogeographical adaptation,yield and quality.In this study,a late heading date 3(lhd3)mutant was screened from the^(60)Co-γirradiation mutant library.The lhd3 delayed heading date in rice under both short day and long day conditions.Map-based cloning combined with Mutmap strategy was adopted to isolate the causal LHD3 gene.The LHD3 gene encodes a DNA_J domain protein,which was ubiquitously expressed in various plant organs,and dominant expressed in stems and leaves.Subcellular localization analysis showed that LHD3 was localized to nucleus,indicating that LHD3 may interact with other elements to regulate the expression of flowering genes.The transcriptions of the heading activators Ehd1,Hd3a and RFT1 significantly decreased in the lhd3 mutant,suggesting that LHD3 may control the heading date through the Ehd1-Hd3a/RFT1 photoperiodic flowering pathway.The variation and haplotype analyses of the genomic region of LHD3 showed that there were 7 haplotypes in the LHD3 region from 4702 accessions.The haplotypes of LHD3 can be divided into two classes:class a and class b,and the heading dates of these two classes were significantly different.Further study showed that two single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs),SNP10(G2100C)in Hap II and SNP3(C861T)in Hap VII,may be the functional sites causing early and late heading in accessions.Nucleotide diversity analysis showed LHD3 had been selected in the indica population,rather than in the japonica population.Therefore,the present study sheds light on the regulation of LHD3 on heading date in rice and suggests that LHD3 is a novel promising new target for rice molecular design and breeding improvement.

日本血吸虫重组蛋白Sj22.6、LHD-Sj23、2LHD-Sj23的表达和抗原性比较

日本血吸虫(Schistosoma japonicum,Sj)膜相关蛋白Sj22.6和Sj23大亲水区多肽(LHD-Sj23)都具有良好的抗原性,可用于日本血吸虫病的免疫学诊断。本研究通过RT-PCR技术扩增了Sj22.6和LHD-Sj23基因片段,重叠延伸PCR方法融合了2个LHD-Sj23的片段,构建了pET28-Sj22.6、pET28-LHD-Sj23以及pET28-2LHD-Sj23原核表达质粒,在大肠杆菌(Transetta DE3)中表达,获得了rSj22.6、rLHD-Sj23和r2LHD-Sj23三种重组蛋白。用Dot-ELISA方法检测牛日本血吸虫阴阳性血清各10份,比较其敏感性和特异性,结果表明rLHD-Sj23具有较好的效果,为进一步研究利用重组蛋白进行血吸虫血清学诊断奠定基础。

日本血吸虫Sj22.6-LHD-Sj23融合基因的克隆及原核表达

为获得具有良好抗原性的日本血吸虫重组蛋白,本研究设计了两对特异性引物,以日本血吸虫mRNA为模板,RT-PCR方法分别克隆基因片段Sj22.6ku和LHD-Sj23,以重叠延伸PCR方法将两个片段连接,构建原核重组表达质粒pET28-Sj22.6-LHD-Sj23;该重组质粒在大肠杆菌Rosetta DE3中表达后所获得的融合蛋白Sj22.6-LHD-Sj23分子量约为35 ku。Western blot鉴定结果表明该重组蛋白有良好的免疫原性,为进一步研制日本血吸虫病分子诊断试剂盒奠定了基础。

LHD部件失效机理的数值计算

LHD是由氢化锂做成的部件,该部件的失效是一种渐变性的失效。涂有防潮层的LHD部件经长期贮存由于潮解而使其品位降低,已有大量检测数据,经统计和分析知:(1)其物理品位随时间变化:S(t)=a+be^(-et);(2)品位变化快慢,与材料稀密程度、防潮层厚度有关;(3)潮解的程度,部件表面较为明显,内部基本不潮解。

LHD部件在小子样条件下可靠度置信下限的估计

本文应用统计理论。

LHD堵剂在渤海油田SZ36-1-C25hf井的应用

针对井下套管破损常致使地层流体窜槽,造成油井停产的情况,成功研制了一种新型LHD化学堵剂。该堵剂的活性剂与胶结固化材料快速反应形成具有纤维网架结构的水化物,能够承受较高的压差,并且微膨胀作用使封堵过渡层硬度和强度大大提高。LHD堵剂在SZ36-1-C25hf水平分支井应用成功,使日产油量高达200 m3。该堵剂性能可靠,稳定,具有广阔的应用价值。

检测牛血吸虫病的重组LHD-Sj23蛋白乳胶凝集试验的建立

利用原核表达的日本血吸虫重组LHD-Sj23蛋白作为抗原致敏乳胶,建立诊断牛血吸虫病的乳胶凝集试验(LAT)。用制备的乳胶抗原分别检测牛结核杆菌、牛泰勒虫、牛巴贝斯虫、牛口蹄疫、牛边虫、牛传染性支气管炎阳性血清,结果均为阴性,说明建立的乳胶凝集方法具有良好的特异性。用所建立的LAT方法与ELISA方法同时检测169份牛血清,结果表明,建立的LAT方法的特异性为94.29%,敏感性为93.10%,两种方法的符合率为94.08%(P>0.05),差异不显著。用同一批乳胶抗原检测7份牛血清,5次检测结果一致,说明致敏的乳胶抗原是稳定的。保存期试验结果表明,致敏乳胶在25℃可保存1个月,在4℃可保存3个月。这表明建立的LAT方法稳定、特异性强、灵敏度高、操作简便快速,无需昂贵仪器,适宜在临床上推广应用。

Review of Divertor Studies in LHD

In the Large Helical Device （LHD）, two different divertor configurations, i.e. helical divertor （HD） and local island divertor （LID）, are utilized to control the edge plasma. The HD with two X-points is an intrinsic divertor for heliotron devices, accompanied with a relatively thick ergodic layer outside the confinement region. Edge and divertor plasma behavior from low density to high density regimes is presented, referring to the divertor detachment. The effect of the ergodic layer on the edge transport is also discussed. On the other hand, the LID is an advanced divertor concept which realizes a high pumping efficiency by the combination of an externally induced magnetic island and a closed pumping system. Experimental results to confirm the fundamental divertor performance of the LID are presented.

Recent Progress of Neutral Beam Injector and Bearn Emission Diagnosis in LHD

Large size hydrogen neutral beam injectors （NBI） used a negative ion source （NNBI） as well as a proton source （PNBI） were developed for the large helical device （LHD）. The injected power from NNBI and PNBI have reached 16 MW and 6.8 MW, respectively, These injected powers have outstripped the nominal beam powers. A diagnostic system of beam-emitted hydrogen visible spectrum has been installed along the beam injection axis to estimate the energy fraction on PNBI. The full energy beam component is about half which is equivalent to 70% of injected beam power. The attenuation of high energy neutral beam is also observed on NNBI. The peak density distribution is effective to increase beam deposition power.

Measurement of Ion Cyclotron Emissions by Using High-Frequency Magnetic Probes in the LHD

Two pairs of high-frequency magnetic probes were installed in the Large Helical Device （LHD）. During the injection of a perpendicular neutral beam, ion cyclotron emissions （ICEs） with the fundamental frequency corresponding to the ion cyclotron frequency at the plasma edge were detected, which are the same type of ICE as measured with the former spare ion cyclotron range of frequencies （ICRF） heating antennas. This type of ICE was further investigated with regard to the phase and intensity of signals. Another type of ICE was found in the LHD, and these ICEs were synchronized with bursts of toroidicity induced Alfv^n eigenmodes （TAE） and the rise of intensity of lost ion flux. Therefore the source of these ICEs was thought to be the particles transferred from the core to the outer region of plasma by the TAE bursts. The frequency of ICEs induced by the TAE bursts increases linearly with the magnetic field strength, since the ion cyclotron frequency increases with the magnetic field strength.

Study of High Power ICRF Antenna Design in LHD

In large helical device （LHD）, antenna loadings are different for minority ion cyclotron heating （MICH with 38.47 MHz） and mode-converted ion Bernstein wave heating （MC-IBW with 28.4 MHz）, and it is necessary to improve antenna loading with low heating efficiency to avoid arching on transmission line. To design a new ion cyclotron range of frequencies （ICRF） antenna in LHD, calculation for a simple antenna model is conducted using three-dimensional electrical magnetic code （high frequency structure simulator, HFSS） for an water loading as an imaginary plasma with low heating efficiency. At resonant frequencies, antenna loading is sensitive to strap width, and resonant frequencies are strongly related to strap height. There is no differences of RF current profile on the strap surface between resonant frequency and non-resonant frequency. The strap should be perpendicularly placed against the magnetic field line, since Faraday-shield angle will lead to a decrease in the effective antenna height.

High Density Plasma Heating by EC-Waves Injected from the High-Field Side for Mode Conversion to Electron Bernstein Waves in LHD

To realize an excitation of electron Bernstein waves （EBW） via mode conversion from X-mode waves injected from the high magnetic field side （HFS）, new inner-vessel mirrors were installed close to a helicM coil in the large helicM device （LHD）. 77 GHz electron cyclotron （EC） wave beams injected from an existing EC-wave injection system toward the new mirror are reflected on the mirror so that the beams are injected to plasmas from HFS. Evident increases in the electron temperature at the plasma core region and the plasma stored energy were observed by the HFS beam injection to the plasmas with the line-average electron density of 7.5~ 1019 m-3, which is slightly higher than the plasma cut-off density of 77 GHz EC-waves, 7.35~ 1019 m-3. The heating efficiency evaluated from the changes in the time derivative of the plasma stored energy reached ,,~70%. Although so far it is not clear which is the main cause of the heating effect, the mode-converted EBW or the X-mode wave itself injected from the HFS, an effective heating of high-density plasma over the plasma cut-off of EC-wave was successfully demonstrated.

Measurement of the Electron Bernstein Wave Emission with One of the Power Transmission Lines for ECH in LHD

Possibility of the measurement of radiated waves derived from the thermally emitted electron Bernstein wave （EBW） is numerically investigated based on the assumption of the super dense core （SDC） plasma generated in LHD. EBW that is thermally emitted in the electron cyclotron resonance （ECR） layer may couple with the electromagnetic wave and be emitted to the vacuum via the EBW-extraordinary-ordinary （B-X-O） mode conversion process. We consider the use of one of the transmission lines for electron cyclotron heating （ECH） in LHD as a receiving system of the emission. It is derived that the waves in the fundamental cyclotron frequency range are emitted as the EBW near their upper hybrid resonance （UHR） layer outside the last close flux surface （LCFS）. On the other hand, waves in the second harmonics cyclotron frequency range are emitted in the core region. It means that successful measurement of waves of the second harmonic frequency range emitted from extremely high dense core plasma with setting an aim angle for receiving indicates a possibility of the second harmonic ECH by EBW in the core region with setting the same aim angle and the same polarization for launching.

Investigation of Experimental Con6guration for Electron Bernstein Wave Heating on LHD

Investigation of experimental configuration for the electron Bernstein wave （EBW） heating by using the existing electron cyclotron heating （ECH） antennas on LHD was performed. By using an antenna installed in the lower port, direct oblique launching of the extraordinary （X-） mode from the high magnetic field side （HFS） is available. Since the parallel component of the refractive index （NIF） varies during propagation because of the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field, NH can be zero when the launched X-mode crosses the fundamental electron cyclotron resonance （ECR） layer even NⅡ is noonzero initially. In such a condition, if the electron density is above a certain level the obliquely launched X-mode can pass the fundamental ECR layer without being damped out and can be mode-converted to EBW that is absorbed at the Doppler shifted ECR layer. By using an antenna installed in the horizontal port, oblique launching from the lower magnetic field side （LFS） toward the over-dense plasma is available. Excitation of EBW via the mode conversion process of ordinary mode（O）-extraordinary mode（X）-electron Bernstein wave （B） is expected with the O-mode launching toward an appropriate direction. The O-X-B mode conversion rate and the region of power deposition were surveyed by varying the magnetic field strength and the launching direction. The results of the survey suggest that efficient heating in the core region is difficult by using the existing antenna. Rearrangement of the final mirror of the launching antenna may be needed.

中国LHD海洋潮流能发电运行时间破世界纪录

近日，在浙江杭州举办的2018海洋潮流能战略发展研讨会上传来消息，由中国完全自主研发的LHD海洋潮流能发电项目，已发电并网两年整，其中全天候连续发电并网运行15个月，稳定发电并网运行时间打破了世界纪录。

Hydrogen Concentration of Co-Deposited Carbon Films Produced in the Vicinity of Local Island Divertor in LHD

In international thermonuclear experimental reactor （ITER）, one of major concerns is an in-vessel tritium inventory from a point of safety. It is believed that the carbon-tritium co-deposited film produced by the erosion of carbon diverter walls has a high tritium concentration. However, no systematic evaluation for the tritium concentration has been conducted yet. In the present study, the carbon-hydrogen co-deposited films were prepared at the wall of pumping duct in Local Island Divertor experiments of LHD, in order to evaluate the tritium concentration of the co-deposited films produced in ITER. The hydrogen concentration was obtained by measuring the amount of retained hydrogen in the film and the mass density of the film. The hydrogen concentration of the co-deposited carbon film at the wall not facing to the plasma with a low temperature was extremely high, 1.3 in the atomic ratio of H/C. This value is triple times higher than the previous value obtained so far. The crystal structure of the co-deposited carbon film observed by Raman spectroscopy showed very unique structure （polymeric aC：H）, which is well consistent with the high hydrogen concentration. The present study suggests that the tritium concentration of the co-deposited film in ITER depends on the wall position and becomes quite high as high as T/C-0.65. The results obtained contribute to evaluate the in-vessel tritium inventory owing to the co-deposited carbon films.

LHD高β等离子体中MHD活性对压力分布的影响

在大螺旋装置(LHD)上研究了NBI等离子体中<β>≤3％范围内MHD活性对压力分布的影响。重点是在芯部区n/m＝1／2模和在周围区ι＝1共振模与<β>的依赖关系。在<βdia>小于2．3％的范围内已观察到n/m＝1／2，且当等离子体到达默西埃稳定区时，n/m＝1／2模消失，压力分布随着<β>的增大变宽，且大压力梯度在周围区形成。在周围区ι＝1共振模的幅度随<β>单调增大。

混合动力数学家 解读雷克萨斯油电混合动力LHD

假如爱因斯坦能活到160岁，或许核能燃料还不至于没有盼头，但悲观来看，按照现在的开采速度，全世界最后一滴石油预计会在75年后被开采殆尽，那么到那时候人类该怎么办？