Optimal Licensing Policy for an Incumbent Firm with Fixed Cost Advantage

This paper primarily focuses on two problems which aim at improving the results of the recent work of Yi S.S.(Yi S.S., Entry, licensing and research joint ventures, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 1999,17:1 24).Firstyly, two improper viewpoints are pointed out and rectified. Under his model, Yi argued that the potential entrants can be better off or worse off under the incumbent firm's strategic use of ex post licensing policy, but it is shown in this paper that the strategic licensing undoubtedly reduces the entrants'expected payoffs. Yi also noted wrongly that industry profit is a convex function of the number of firms in the product market by the Cournot oligopoly with a linear demand and constant marginal costs. However, in this paper it is demonstrated that industry profit in such a market is a concave convex function of the number of firms. Secondly, a thorough study of the optimal licensing policy for the incumbent is made on the basis of the correction of the second error. Necessary and sufficient conditions under which the incumbent will choose ex post licensing, ex ante licensing of one entrant or ex ante licensing of both extrants are given.

A review on rules for examination of licensing criteria for producing foods for special medical purpose in China

In this paper,the background,principles,and main contents of the rules for the examination of production licenses of foods for special medical purposes are introduced.The contents including general rules,production sites,equipment facilities,equipment layout,technological process,personnel management,management system and supplementary rules are interpreted item by item.This study has important value and historical significance for promoting the development of Chinese enterprises and industries of foods for special medical purposes.

REAL-TIME LICENSING MANAGEMENT OF SECURE MULTIMEDIA CONTENT DELIVE RY

Media Commerce is now becoming a new trend which results fr om faster development of network bandwidth and high availability of multimedia t echnologies, how to protect media content from being used in a right-violated w ay is one of most important issues to take into account. In this paper, a novel and efficient authorization and authentication Digital Rights Management (DRM) s chema is proposed firstly for secure multimedia delivery, then based on the sche ma, a real-time digital signature algorithm built on Elliptic Curve Cryptograph y (ECC) is adopted for fast authentication and verification of licensing managem ent, thus secure multimedia delivery via TCP/RTP can efficiently work with real -time transaction response and high Quality of Service (QoS) . Performance eval uations manifest the proposed schema is secure, available for real-time media s tream authentication and authorization without much effected of QoS. The propose d schema is not only available for Client/Server media service but can be easily extended to P2P and broadcasting network for trusted rights management.

Licensing to Market with Logit Demand Functions

This paper studies the licensing of a brand innovation to a monopoly in an uncovered market characterized by a logit demand framework. The innovator is an outsider to the market and sells the license via fixed-fee, royalty or their combinations. It is shown that the license occurs irrespective of whether the utility of the new brand is improved or not, and that the optimal licensing policy for the innovator is fixed-fee only. Ultimately, the monopoly produces both the old and the new brand products, even in the case of utility-improving brand innovation. In addition, the incentive for the innovator was examined.

Environmental licensing of new transmission systems in brazil: framing criteria by environmental agency

The growing demand for electricity in large Brazilian cities and the distance to the region with the largest energy production have encouraged the construction of transmission lines thousands of kilometers long, crossing several states of the federation. Therefore, the heterogeneity of requirements in federal, state and district environmental laws tend to lead to uncertainty for the investor regarding procedures and investments necessary for the completion of the project, as well as the time that the requirements will take to be fulfilled. In the present study, we identify and compare the criteria used by the various environmental licensing agencies for classifying transmission system projects in the different procedures(simplified and ordinary) of environmental licensing. It was possible to expose the differences and demonstrate some inconsistencies in the legislation of some Brazilian states. In particular, we note an absence of proportionality between the licensing requirements and the expected environmental impacts for projects on the physical, biological and social environments. Additionally, it was identified subjectivity in the requirement for social participation through public hearings, demanded by the legislation for the projects classified in the ordinary procedure.

Technology Spillover and Licensing Strategy of Patentee

The optimal license proportions with and without technology spillover are analyzed with a game-theoretical approach when a patent-holding firm licensed non-drastic process innovation to his incumbent rivals by means of a first price sealed bid auction. The optimal strategy is obtained through solving the game by backward induction. It is found that the range of optimal license proportion is narrower when there is spillover compared to the no spillover case.

Anti-Competitive Effects of Discriminatory Licensing for Standards-Essential Patents and Antitrust Policymaking

Antitrust examination of discriminatory patent licensing fees imposed by companies who own standards-essential patents(SEPs) is a difficult issue in antitrust law enforcement. After studying Huawei's litigation against IDC and China's anti-monopoly investigation of Qualcomm, this paper creates a vertical oligopolistic game theory model to demonstrate that discriminatory licensing fees imposed by firms with patent monopoly will lead to the collection of high licensing fees from downstream low-cost firms, weaken their competitive advantage, reduce their output and market share, impede their follow-up innovations, and generally harm the social welfare. Therefore, charging high discriminatory licensing fees constitutes an act that harms competition and should be prohibited by antitrust law. Antitrust examination of discriminatory licensing fees should make assessments primarily on the basis of the FRAND principle. Antitrust examination may adopt a triple-structure method to assess the reasonableness of licensing fees, but antitrust authorities should avoid directly prescribing the level of licensing fees and should safeguard the effectiveness of transaction mechanisms based on free negotiations among micro-level entities. Antitrust remedies should follow the principle of "intervening in the price formation mechanism rather than prescribing the level of licensing fees."

Chinese Licensing Trade Going to the World

In late spring this year, Ren Jianxin, President of the Supreme People’s Court in China. welcomed the convening of the 1994 international meeting of the Licensing Executives Society (LES) held in Beijing. It was sponsored by the China Licensing Executives Society and was attended by 400 lawyers and academics from over 30 countries including the USA, Britain, France, Japan, Germany and South Korea. Science and technology is

China Licensed Merchandise Growing Rapidly——China Licensing Industry Report Released

As the fifth largest licensing market in the world,China’s Licensing market has great potential to grow.The market is so big that it is always difficult to see into the details.To understand the rapidly growing licensing industry in China,China Toy and Juvenile Products Association(CTJPA)conducted a professional survey and issued the China Licensing Industry Report2018earlier this year.

China's Booming Licensing Market

No one can ignore the Chinese market,and that is no different for the licensing market.According to data from LIMA(International Licensing Industry Merchandisers’Association),in 2015,China was ranked as the fifth largest licensing market in the world,with a market size of USD 7,61 billion.

Regulations of Business Licensing for Route of Foreign Air Transport Enterprises

Regulations of Busi- ness Licensing for Route of Foreign Air Transport Enterprises(CCAR- 287),which were passed at the executive meeting of Civil Aviation Ad- ministration of China on May 19,2008,were hereby promulgated and became effective as of July 11,2008.

Quali-Quantitative Analysis of Brazilian Environmental Licensing of Hydropower Plants

The use of the extraordinary hydroelectric potential of the Amazon Basin originated an increase in the offer of renewable energy in Brazil, which, in its turn, leads to conflicts and a lack of consensus among different players owing to the potential negative impacts related to the construction and operation of large hydroelectric power plants in relatively well preserved areas. In this context, environmental licensing is one of the national environmental policy’s main instruments for making decisions regarding the use of the hydroelectric potential, especially the rivers of the Amazon Basin. Nevertheless, this significant instrument has its limitations and requires adjustments in order to better aid the decision making process regarding the use of water resources and land with the goal of increasing the offer of electric energy.

Air Quality Monitoring and Its Implication on the Environmental Licensing Process in Brazil

In the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, public policies regarding the air quality aimed at the welfare of the population are strongly dependent on monitoring conducted by the Sao Paulo State Environmental Company (CETESB), which can be influenced by faulty monitors and equipment support and cuts in power supply, among others. A research conducted from 1998 to 2008 indicated that a significant portion of the air quality automatic stations in the state of Sao Paulo did not meet the criterion of representativeness of measurements of PM10, NO2, O3, CO and SO2 concentrations which resulted in the classification of some municipalities as the nonattainment area, a situation evidenced for PM10 and O3 parameters. The network unavailability for each parameter was estimated and compared with the monitoring networks operated in Canada and the UK. This paper discusses the implications of the lack of representativeness of measurements in the environmental licensing process of pollution sources from 2008, when by the effect of state law, municipalities have been qualified according to their air quality nonattainment level.

Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceutical Patents System from the Perspective of Public Interest-Public Health in China

Objective To study the types and acquisition paths of drug data in the administrative act of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents so as to provide data support for the implementation of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents from the perspective of public interest-public health in China.Methods Situation of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents in the context of public interest-public health in China was selected,combined with international conventions and the principle provisions of relevant laws,and cases of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents in foreign countries were reviewed to extract drug-related data of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents.Results and Conclusion According to the analysis of China’s compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents theory and legal provisions,the data could be divided into five categories for compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents in China:diseases,drugs,patents,generic drug enterprises,and licensing fees.Although,some data are traceable.There were also problems in obtaining data or inconsistent standards in five levels of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents in the context of public interest-public health.It was not conducive to the implementation of compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents in China.Thus,it should be further established a unified data support system at the national level,specifying the standard of licensing fee,implementing relevant laws and regulations.

Anti-monopoly law in the compulsory licensing of intellectual property

As an incentive to innovation, intellectual property （IP） should be protected by law. However, as it is a key factor in market competition, it should also be subject to competition law. In most jurisdictions, restriction of competition related to IP rights is not a black and white question, and such rights are challenged only when the IP owners hold market power and when protection of their fights has a serious and unreasonable effect on competition. In assessing IP-related restriction of competition, we need to analyze several elements： we have to define the relevant markets, identify the parties concerned, determine their market share, assess the anti-competitive effects of the controls, etc.. China＇s existing legislation is not adequate to solve problems arising from IP-related restriction of competition. Nevertheless, the process of China＇s legislation on this issue shows clearly that the misuse of IP rights for the purpose of excluding or significantly restricting competition is not justifiable under competition law.

Optimal technology licensing contract with quality improvement innovation under Cournot competition

This paper analyzes the optimal licensing contract for the patentor with a quality improvement innovation in a Cournot duopoly market.We examine and compare three licensing contracts(fixed-fee licensing,royalty licensing,and two-part ad valorem licensing)in terms of the patent-holding firm’s profit,consumer surplus,and social welfare.We also study the impact of quality differences on the choice of licensing contract.One might expect that consumer surplus and social welfare are greater under fixed-fee licensing.However,we show that this conclusion seems to be untrue under quality improvement technology licensing.Moreover,we find that(1)there exists a threshold for the degree of quality difference above which fixed-fee licensing will be listed for the consideration of the patent-holding firm and below which it will be abandoned;(2)royalty licensing and two-part ad valorem licensing are always profitable for the patentholding firm and two-part ad valorem licensing brings the patentee the most profit.

Licensing FAIR Data for Reuse

The last letter of the FAIR acronym stands for Reusability.Data and metadata should be made available with a clear and accessible usage license.But,what are the choices?How can researchers share data and allow reusability?Are all the licenses available for sharing content suitable for data?Data can be covered by different layers of copyright protection making the relationship between data and copyright particularly complex.Some research data can be considered as a work and therefore covered by full copyright while other data can be in the public domain due to their lack of originality.Moreover,a collection of data can be protected by special rights in Europe to acknowledge the investment in time and money in obtaining,presenting,arranging or verifying the data.The need of using a license when sharing data comes from the fact that,under current copyright laws,when rights exist,the absence of any legal notice must be understood as the default“all rights reserved”regime.Unless an exception applies,the authorisation of right holders is necessary for reuse.Right holders could use any text to state the reusability of data but it is advisable to use some of the existing licenses,and especially the ones that are suitable for data and databases.We hope that with this paper we can bring some clarity in relation to the rights involved when sharing research data.

Improved YOLOv8n Model for Detecting Helmets and License Plates on Electric Bicycles

Wearing helmetswhile riding electric bicycles can significantly reduce head injuries resulting fromtraffic accidents.To effectively monitor compliance,the utilization of target detection algorithms through traffic cameras plays a vital role in identifying helmet usage by electric bicycle riders and recognizing license plates on electric bicycles.However,manual enforcement by traffic police is time-consuming and labor-intensive.Traditional methods face challenges in accurately identifying small targets such as helmets and license plates using deep learning techniques.This paper proposes an enhanced model for detecting helmets and license plates on electric bicycles,addressing these challenges.The proposedmodel improves uponYOLOv8n by deepening the network structure,incorporating weighted connections,and introducing lightweight convolutional modules.These modifications aim to enhance the precision of small target recognition while reducing the model’s parameters,making it suitable for deployment on low-performance devices in real traffic scenarios.Experimental results demonstrate that the model achieves an mAP@0.5 of 91.8%,showing an 11.5%improvement over the baselinemodel,with a 16.2%reduction in parameters.Additionally,themodel achieves a frames per second(FPS)rate of 58,meeting the accuracy and speed requirements for detection in actual traffic scenarios.

Magazine Review

Incense in China-Cultural Convergence and Ethnic Integration in the Perspective of Incense.Incense has witnessed the thousands of years of civilization of the Chinese nation,accompanied by the fostering of the Chinese cultural spirit and the formation of philosophical thoughts.The cover story is written by Qin Yanchun,a researcher from the Institute of Chinese Culture of the Chinese National Academy of Arts,who tells us the story of various spices such as Liquidambar orientalis from the"Western Regions",and the cultural convergence and ethnic integration of people of different times in the perspective of spices,incense set,incense products and other license materials.

Licensing of the Construction Permit of the NHR 200

The nuclear heating reactor (NHR) was developed by the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology (INET) ,Tsinghua University. The main design features and safety concepts of the NHR 200 ,the criteria and principlesthat werefollowedinlicensingthe construction permitofthe NHR 200 are discussed.Licensing activities and procedures are described . Some ofthe main licensing safety issues including accident analysis,secondary containment design, the requirements for the Diesel generators and the safety classification of systems and components are briefly addressed.