V–L decomposition of a novel full-waveform lidar system based on virtual instrument technique

A novel three-dimensional（3D） imaging lidar system which is based on a virtual instrument technique is introduced in this paper. The main characteristics of the system include： the capability of modeling a 3D object in accordance with the actual one by connecting to a geographic information system（GIS）, and building the scene for the lidar experiment including the simulation environment. The simulation environment consists of four parts： laser pulse, atmospheric transport,target interaction, and receiving unit. Besides, the system provides an interface for the on-site experiment. In order to process the full waveform, we adopt the combination of pulse accumulation and wavelet denoising for signal enhancement.We also propose an optimized algorithm for data decomposition： the V-L decomposition method, which combines Vondrak smoothing and laser-template based fitting. Compared with conventional Gaussian decomposition, the new method brings an improvement in both precision and resolution of data decomposition. After applying V-L decomposition to the lidar system, we present the 3D reconstructed model to demonstrate the decomposition method.

Applications of Self-Collimated Properties of Photonic Crystal in 3D Imaging Lidar System

Photonic crystals （PCs） are increasingly attracting attention due to their ability to control light propagation.In this paper,the dispersion properties of a two-dimensional （2D） square lattice PCs with plane- wave expansion （PWE） method are presented,the equi-frequency contours and the band structure are analyzed,and the alignment transmission characteristics are simulated by using the finite difference time domain （FDTD） method.In addition,for the wavelength of 1.55 m,a kind of application structure with the lattice constant a=405 nm and the radius of air holes R=135 nm which can restrict the transmission of beams in photonic crystal without defect is proposed and simulated.The structure which can collimate the output beam and compress its divergence angle is easy to design.It has wide application prospects in optical communication and three-dimensional （3D） imaging lidar systems.

A scanning distortion correction method based on Ⅹ-Y galvanometer Lidar system

Aiming at the problem of scanning distortion in X-Y galvanometer light detecting and ranging(Lidar) scanning system,we propose a method of image scanning distortion correction with controllable driving voltage compensation.Firstly,the geometrical optics vectors model is established to explain the principle of pincushion distortion in the galvanometer scanning system,and the simulation result of scanning trajectory is consistent with experiments.The linear relationship between the driving voltage and the scanning angle of the galvanometer is verified.Secondly,the relationship between the deflection angle of the galvanometer and the scanning trajectory and the driving voltage is deduced respectively,and an image scanning correction algorithm with controllable driving voltage compensation is obtained.The simulation experiment results of the proposed method show that the root-mean-square error(RMSE) and the corresponding curve between the scan value and the actual value at different distances,have a good correction effect for the pincushion distortion.Finally,the X-Y galvanometer scanning Lidar system is established to obtain undistorted two-dimensional scanned image and it can be applied to the three-dimensional Lidar scanning system in the actual experiments,which further demonstrates the feasibility and practicability of our method.

Photon-counting chirped amplitude modulation lidar system using superconducting nanowire single-photon detector at 1550-nm wavelength

We demonstrate a photon-counting chirped amplitude modulation （CAM） light detection and ranging （lidar） system incorporating a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector （SNSPD） and operated at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The distance accuracy of the lidar system was determined by the CAM bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） of an intermediate frequency （IF） signal. Owing to a short dead time （10 ns） and negligible dark count rate （70 Hz） of the SNSPD, the obtained IF signal attained an SNR of 42 dB and the direct distance accuracy was improved to 3 mm when the modulation bandwidth of the CAM signal was 240 MHz and the modulation period was 1 ms.

Next Generation Scanning LIDAR Systems for Optimizing Wake Turbulence Separation Minima

Numerous studies have been performed to better understand the behavior of wake vortices with regards to aircraft characteristics and weather conditionsover the pastten years. These studies have led to the development of the aircraft RECATegorization(RECAT) programs in Europe and in USA. Its phase one focused on redefining distance separation matrix with six static aircraft wake turbulence categories instead of three with the current International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO) regulations. In Europe, the RECAT-EU regulation is now entering under operational implementation atseveral key airports. As proven by several research projects in the past, LIght Detection And Ranging(LIDAR) sensors are considered as the ground truth wake vortex measurements for assessing the safety impact of a new wake turbulence regulation at an airport in quantifying the risks given the local specificities. LIDAR's can also be used to perform risk monitoring after the implementation. In this paper, the principle to measure wake vortices with scanning coherent Doppler LIDARs is described as well as its dedicated post-processing. Finally the use of WINDCUBELIDAR based solution for supporting the implementation of new wake turbulenceregulation is described along with satisfyingresults that have permitted the monitoring of the wake vortex encounter risk after the implementation of a new wake turbulence regulation.

A Study on Ranged-Gated Lidar System with Linear Plus

According to the study of super-resolution range-gated system, we proposed an improved system with linear plus detects. And a range function is derived by considering the shot effect noise and dark current noise. The simulation shows that the improved system has a good range accuracy capability.

Effect of Atmospheric Scintillation on SNR of Differential Absorption Lidar System

In this paper, the effect of scintillation on system SNR is discussed. Atmospheric scintillation is described and log amplitude variance in slant path is given. In addition, the simulations of system SNR at different propagation path and different height are obtained. The results from simulation show that atmospheric scintillation has an important effect on SNR of DIAL system, especially near the ground.

Towards an ultrafast 3D imaging scanning LiDAR system:a review

Light detection and ranging(LiDAR),as a hot imaging technology in both industry and academia,has undergone rapid innovation and evolution.The current mainstream direction is towards system miniaturization and integration.There are many metrics that can be used to evaluate the performance of a LiDAR system,such as lateral resolution,ranging accuracy,stability,size,and price.Until recently,with the continuous enrichment of LiDAR application scenarios,the pursuit of imaging speed has attracted tremendous research interest.Particularly,for autonomous vehicles running on motorways or industrial automation applications,the imaging speed of LiDAR systems is a critical bottleneck.In this review,we will focus on discussing the upper speed limit of the LiDAR system.Based on the working mechanism,the limitation of optical parts on the maximum imaging speed is analyzed.The beam scanner has the greatest impact on imaging speed.We provide the working principle of current popular beam scanners used in LiDAR systems and summarize the main constraints on the scanning speed.Especially,we highlight the spectral scanning LiDAR as a new paradigm of ultrafast LiDAR.Additionally,to further improve the imaging speed,we then review the parallel detection methods,which include multiple-detector schemes and multiplexing technologies.Furthermore,we summarize the LiDAR systems with the fastest point acquisition rate reported nowadays.In the outlook,we address the current technical challenges for ultrafast LiDAR systems from different aspects and give a brief analysis of the feasibility of different approaches.

智航无人机载LiDAR系统在轨道交通建设中的应用分析

为了减少轨道交通建设外业勘测的工作量,提高制图的效率和精度,本文首先基于实际项目,选用智航SF1650六旋翼无人机载LiDAR系统对济南新东站片区进行航摄,利用获取的LiDAR点云和影像数据制作DEM、DOM,然后再进行大比例尺地形图和片区断面图的制作。通过外业勘测核实,DEM和DOM精度完全满足轨道交通建设工程制作大比例尺地形图的要求,且相较于传统立体航测,精度和数据利用率得到很大的提升,极大减少了外业勘测工作量,验证了智航SF1650无人机载LiDAR系统的可行性,为今后的工程应用提供了参考方案。

基于机载LiDAR技术植被茂密区小型滑坡识别与评价

山体滑坡会导致生命和财产损失,获取完整的滑坡空间分布图及对易发区域的准确判定有利于指导生产、生活和生态空间优化。在滑坡调查过程中,茂密的植被覆盖使滑坡调查难度加大,机载激光雷达(light detection and ranging,LiDAR)技术的穿透能力使真实地形特征得以呈现,从而实现植被茂密区滑坡识别。该文通过仿地飞行获取研究区LiDAR点云数据,基于点云数据得到数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM),在山体阴影分析、彩色增强显示及三维场景模拟基础上,识别出区域内已有滑坡的位置与规模,经野外核实,滑坡解译精度为86.4%。针对滑坡易发区评价问题,以现有滑坡为样本,首次采用遥感分类思维开展滑坡易发区划定,采用小区域内与滑坡发育有关的高程、坡度和地表起伏度组合成影像,以支持向量机为分类方法,判定出滑坡易发区域,经滑坡检验样本分析,滑坡识别精度为81.91%。研究表明:基于高精度的LiDAR数据及其视觉增强后的图像能识别小型滑坡,采用支持向量机分类法可以准确确定滑坡易发区,为下一步三生空间规划与优化提供依据。

基于RS-Conv的多尺度神经网络LiDAR点云断裂带提取方法

断裂带与地震、滑坡等自然灾害的发生有着密切关系,精准提取断裂带不仅可为地震断层的定量化研究提供指导,还可为地震灾害风险评估及防震减灾决策的制定提供科学依据。针对现有方法中LiDAR点云断裂带提取不完整、连续性差及错误率高等问题,文中提出了一种基于RS-Conv的多尺度神经网络LiDAR点云断裂带提取方法,以便更好地解决复杂地形区域的断裂带自动提取问题。该方法首先构建不同空间尺度的邻域点集,从而更全面地考察点云的局部几何结构特征。考虑到RS-Conv算子能够很好地表征中心点与邻域点的空间关系,文中以RS-Conv算子作为卷积模块构建了多尺度神经网络模型,以提取出LiDAR点云不同尺度的深层次特征,对其进行堆叠并输入到全连接层,以完成对断裂带点的提取。最后,在ISPRS点云数据集、川滇点云数据集和鲜水河数据集上对文中所述方法与张量分解方法和Deep Neural Networks(DNN)方法进行了对比实验,结果表明,文中方法的分类精度最高,分类总误差最低仅为0.3%,较其他方法降低了0.91%~2.79%,证实了该方法在点云断裂带提取方面的优越性。

一种DEM辅助下的LiDAR点云PTD滤波改进算法

针对传统渐进加密不规则三角网(PTD)滤波算法在复杂地形环境下需要反复调试地面点判断参数才能获得较好结果的局限性,以往期DEM数据提取的地形高程和地形梯度为辅助,改进PTD中初始地面种子点的选取方法,优化地面点判断参数,并对往期DEM数据和现势LiDAR点云数据之间的地形变化进行检测和处理,适用于不同坡度地形条件的复杂地形,滤波效果较好。对比分析实验数据精度可知,该算法能有效降低I类与II类误差,且样本分类精度均在90%以上,说明DEM辅助可切实提高PTD滤波算法的精度。

机载LiDAR和模糊推理系统在黄土高原土壤侵蚀监测中的应用

黄土高原是我国乃至全球土壤侵蚀最严重的地区之一,受限于监测技术,黄土高原土壤侵蚀的研究多集中于径流小区尺度,大规模的侵蚀研究和野外观测仍相对缺乏。机载激光雷达(LiDAR)技术的革新为高精度、大规模土壤侵蚀研究提供了新的可能。然而,该技术受复杂地形的影响会产生高程不确定性误差,导致其监测土壤侵蚀的能力缺乏深入研究。基于此,本文以我国黄土高原丘陵沟壑区典型小流域桥沟流域为研究对象,联合机载Li-DAR测量和模糊推理系统(FIS),定量分析了两期DEM求差(DoD)不确定性的空间分布,研究小流域土壤侵蚀与沉积的空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)地形形态、点云密度等对插值生成的DEM误差影响较大,地形平坦区域的DoD不确定性明显小于地形陡峭区域的DoD不确定性;(2)FIS算法通过将已知的误差源整合到一个稳定的误差模型中,减少了主观干预和人为误差,避免了在复杂的DEM表面对误差进行错误估计,提高了计算结果的准确性;(3)梁峁坡地区侵蚀产沙体积为9.21m^(3),占坡沟系统产沙体积的15.89%;沟谷坡地区侵蚀严重,侵蚀产沙体积为48.76m^(3),占坡沟系统产沙体积的84.11%,在坡沟系统的产沙中起主导作用。沟床地区主要以沉积为主,梁峁坡和沟谷坡对侵蚀产沙贡献较大,而沟床则主要为产沙沉积区。研究成果不仅为黄土高原小流域的土壤侵蚀监测技术的拓展提供了新的视角,也为实施有效的水土保持措施提供了理论依据和参考。

改进的密度聚类精确自适应提取LiDAR电力线点云方法

原有邻域半径r_(Eps)与密度阈值p_(MinPts)两个参数的初始赋值导致电力线点云的提取结果存在不确定性,在密度聚类的基础上增添了点云簇类自适应判别方法,该方法避免人员重复测试初始参数的繁琐过程,采用C++语言完成了对该算法电力线精确提取及电力线拟合程序的开发与测试。结果表明:改进后的密度聚类法在电力线点云提取的损失率仅0.02%,三维重建残差为0.213 m;该方法大幅提高了电力线点云提取的准确性与便捷性,适用于高压电力走廊的电力巡检与三维重建等工作。

无人机LiDAR点云与无人机影像匹配点云分析比较

随着无人机技术的不断发展,无人机数码航测技术和无人机LiDAR技术在测量领域的应用越来越广泛。为分析无人机LiDAR点云和无人机影像匹配点云2种点云的差异,该文通过对西南某铁路一个测区在同一飞行高度的情况下同时进行无人机数码航摄及无人机LiDAR航摄2种方式航摄。对2种不同的摄影方式获取的点云进行比较,分析出2种方法获取点云在形态表现、滤波分类,以及利用2种点云制作DEM高程精度方面的差异,为实际工程航飞方式的选择提供一个参考。

基于车载LiDAR的交通标线自动提取方法研究

针对自动驾驶技术对高精度道路信息实时存储分析的需求日渐增大、道路点云数据冗余离散的问题,本文提出了一种从车载LiDAR点云数据中自动提取道路面、分类并矢量化交通标线的有效方法。首先,将点云数据中的非地面点滤除;其次,基于载体车辆的行车轨迹线生成伪扫描线实现道路面的提取;然后,构建一系列二维点云参考影像,利用点云强度等特征信息检测交通标线边界像素点及坐标,并去除离群值对交通标线进行分类细化;最后,对本文方法提取与传统方法提取的交通要素进行对比,实验结果表明,本文提取方法的准确度及效率都有了一定的提升。

基于LiDAR数据与光谱影像融合的单木提取方法

针对现有的机载数据单木分割方法对林型的普适度不高,尤其在高郁闭度阔叶林地带提取精度偏低的问题,选用海南省海口市热带阔叶林地带的光谱影像和LiDAR数据,先采用基于距离阈值的单木分割方法,利用高分光谱影像分割得到的树冠边缘,对初始探测树顶点进行位置约束。获得单木顶点的精确定位后,采用基于种子点的单木分割方法分割,完成了阔叶林的单木提取。结果显示,与已有的基于单木间相对间距单木分割方法相比,本研究通过选取最佳分割尺度结合光谱影像进行精确定位,改善了原有单一尺度分割方法导致的过分割现象,将单木识别精确率由0.67提升至0.92。该方法在使用遥感对森林单木进行分割工作中,可以更好地识别单木,对不同林型适用度较高,可以为后续的单木信息提取工作提供数据基础。

四川芦山地区农村典型民居LiDAR点云背景值分析

使用地基三维激光扫描仪,采集了2013年四川芦山7.0级地震灾区农村典型民居基本完好砌体建筑物140个独立墙面的高精度LiDAR点云数据。根据标准差原理,采用统计回归分析方法,对LiDAR数据进行了处理,分析和验证LiDAR点云数据背景值区间。结果表明:芦山地区农村典型民居砌体结构建筑物墙面的LiDAR点云数据背景值区间为0~0.45 cm,并证实其合理性。

融合LiDAR点云与无人机影像的滑坡动态监测技术

滑坡是一种危害性较大的自然灾害,如何对其进行高效准确的监测具有重要研究价值和实际意义。利用LiDAR、无人机航空摄影等技术进行滑坡监测,可以快速、安全、精确地获取滑坡区域地面信息。本文提出了融合LiDAR点云的无人机影像滑坡动态监测方法。首先,利用点云和影像获取高质量DSM;然后,设计一种基于不规则三角网和坡度融合的滤波算法,滤除DSM中低矮植被,生产高精度DEM;最后,通过对两期DEM进行差分,实现对滑坡区域的动态监测。以黄登水电站附近边坡区域的LiDAR数据与无人机影像数据开展试验,结果表明,采用本文方法进行滑坡动态监测可以直观地判断滑坡地形变化和位移趋势,具有一定的应用前景。

融合星载LiDAR系统GEDI数据与Sentinel-2影像的长江中游洲滩典型禾本科植物高度动态研究

植物是大型河流生态系统的重要成分。但受气候变化和人类活动影响,洲滩禾本科植物高度不断发生调整,进而影响洲滩生境和河道防洪安全,故需长期监测。近年来,伴随着星载激光雷达(LiDAR)技术的发展,应用LiDAR卫星数据反演洲滩禾本科植物高度成为一种可能。本文融合新一代星载LiDAR系统GEDI数据与Sentinel-2影像,基于XGBoost算法构建了考虑物候、累积温度与光合有效辐射指标的洲滩典型禾本科植物高度外推模型,同时利用Attention-UNet算法搭建了洪淹区域识别模型。随后以长江中游洲滩为例,探明了星载LiDAR技术在获取洲滩植株高度方面的性能,分析了各指标对模型精度的影响,并初步得出了洲滩典型禾本科植物高度对不同淹没条件的响应模式。主要结论包括:(1)星载LiDAR系统GEDI具有准确探测洲滩植物高度的能力,与无人机航测数据相比RMSE=0.43 m;(2)运用GEDI数据构建禾本科植物高度外推模型时,考虑物候和累积温度等指标可有效提升模型精度,提升幅度为6.8%~10.7%;(3)利用无人机航测数据对模型外推植物高度进行评价,RMSE=0.80 m。同时从模型外推结果中可知,受2020年流域尺度洪水影响,中游各河段平均植物高度下降了0.03~0.24 m;(4)在2020年流域尺度洪水作用下,淹没历时≤10天的洲滩禾本科植物,其次年株高整体呈增长趋势;而淹没历时>10天时,其次年株高平均下降了2.3%~3.1%。此外,对于日均淹没水深与株高的比值>0.95的洲滩,随着比值增加,洪水对禾本科植株高度的负面作用逐步增强。