Genetic parameter estimation for juvenile growth and upper thermal tolerance in turbot(Scophthalmus maximus Linnaeus)

Twenty-six half-sib groups （53 full-sib families） of turbot,Scophthalmus maximus Linnaeus, were obtained by artificial insemination. We measured growth in the offspring （40-50 individuals/family） and subjected them to a thermal tolerance challenge over a period of 34 d. There was no significant difference in daily mor-tality （range： 0.580%-1.391%） between Days 1-13 during the thermal tolerance challenge. However, daily cumulative mortality increased rapidly between Days 14 and 29, especially on Days 15 and 16 （20.232% and 34.377%, respectively）. Mortality was highest on Day 16 （14.145%）. We estimated the genetic parameters using the average information restricted maximum likelihood method. We used a likelihood ratio test to evaluate the significance of effects in models with and without identity as an effect, and compared the final log-likelihoods （maximum log L）. Lastly, we estimated phenotypic and genetic correlation between the up-per thermal tolerance limit （UTT） and body weight （BW）. In this study, the positive phenotypic correlation was low between UTT and BW （0.093±0.029）. The genetic correlation between UTT and BW was negative （-0.044±0.239）. The heritability for upper thermal tolerance was low （0.087±0.032）, which is of approximate-ly moderate heritability. The heritability for body weight was high （0.303±0.074）. Our results suggest there is significant potential for improvement in the culture of turbot by selective breeding.

Effects of supplemental coated or crystalline methionine in low-fishmeal diet on the growth performance and body composition of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum(Linnaeus)

We evaluated the effects of supplemental coated and crystalline methionine （Met） on the growth performance and feed utilization of juvenile cobia （Rachycentron canadum Linnaeus） in a 60-d feeding trial. Fish groups were fed one of six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets： 1） fishmeal control; 2） un- supplemented experimental （low-fish-meal diet deficient in Met）; or 3） one of four Met diets supplemented with crystalline L-Met, cellulose-acetate-phthalate coated L-Met, acrylic-resin coated L-Met, or tripalmitin- polyvinyl alcohol coated L-Met. The test diets were fed to triplicate groups of cobia （initial body weight 5.40-4-0.07 g） twice a day. The weight gain and specific growth rate of the fish fed the RES diet were highest among the Met-supplemented groups and were 23.64% and 7.99%, respectively, higher than those of the fish fed with the un-supplemented experimental diet （P〈0.05）. The protein efficiency ratio of the fish fed the MET diet was significantly higher than that of the fish fed the un-supplemented experimental diet and the fish in the other methionine supplementation groups （P〈0.05）. Our results suggest that supplementation of crystalline Met in low-fish-meal diets promotes the growth performance of juvenile cobia.

Analysis on Nutrient Compositions and Nutritional Quality of Lota lota( Linnaeus) Muscle

In order to evaluate the nutritional quality of Lota lota(Linnaeus) muscle,the common nutrient components,amino acid composition and fatty acid composition in muscle of wild Lota lota(captured in Hailang reaches of Mudan River) were determined by routine methods. The results showed that the contents of moisture,crude protein,crude fat and ash were 81. 82%,15. 93%,0. 44% and 1. 06% in fresh muscle of Lota lota,respectively. Totally 17 amino acids,including seven kinds of essential amino acids(EAA),were detected in dry muscle of Lota lota(Linnaeus),accounting for 72. 43% of total dry muscle. The content of EAA was 29. 82%,accounting for 41. 17% of TAA,meeting the amino acid composition of high-quality protein standard required by Food and Agriculture Organization /Word Health Organization(FAO /WHO). There were four delicious amino acids(DAA) in dry muscle,accounting for 28. 34% of total dry weight.The percentage of DAA to TAA was 39. 13% in dry muscle. The contents of C20:5n- 3(EPA) and C22:6n- 3(DHA) in dry muscle were 8. 65% and 20. 32%respectively,which were significantly higher than that of the artificially cultured fish species,such as Oxyeleotris marmorata(EPA:2. 24%,DHA:4. 74%),Spinibarbus sinensis(EPA:0. 87%,DHA:3. 08%) and Glossogobius giuris(EPA: 3. 94%,DHA: 8. 10%). Based on the amino acids score(AAS) and chemical score(CS),the first limited amino acid in Lota lota(Linnaeus) was sulfur-containing amino acid(methionine + cysteine). The essential amino acids index(EAAI) of Lota lota(Linnaeus) was 62.58. It is concluded that Lota lota(Linnaeus) is abundant in amino acids and high-unsaturated fatty acids,and rational in composition of amino acids. Thus,Lota lota(Linnaeus) is a high quality freshwater fish with high nutritional value and health value,possessing good exploitation and utilization prospects.

Lagerindicine, a New Pyrrole Alkaloid Isolated from the Flowers of Lagerstroemia indica Linnaeus

A phytochemical investigation of the EtOH extract of the flowers of Lagerstroemia indica L.led to the isolation and char-acterization of a new pyrrole alkaloid,named lagerindicine(1),along with four known compounds(2-5).Their structures were elucidated by the detailed spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data,whereas the structure,in par-ticularly,the absolute configuration(AC)of 1,was firmly determined by total synthesis.All the isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects against human colon cancer cell(HCT-116),and compound 3 exhibited weak cytotoxicity with IC50 value of 28.4μM.

Extract of Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus induces angiogenesis in vitro and activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase

Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus has long been used as traditional Chinese medicine in oriental medicine.The angiogentic activity of the extract of M.meretrix was investigated in this study,using human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs).Extract of M.meretrix Linnaeus(AFG-25) was prepared with acetone and ethanol precipitation,and further separated by Sephadex G-25 column.The results show that AFG-25 promoted proliferation,migration,and capillary-like tube formation in HUVECs,and in the presence of eNOS inhibitor NMA,the tube formation induced by AFG-25 is inhibited significantly.Moreover,AFG25 could also promote the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS) and the resultant elevation of nitric oxide(NO) production.The results suggested that M.meretrix contains active ingredients with angiogentic activity and eNOS/NO signal pathway is in part involved in the proangiogenesis effect induced by AFG-25.

Progress of Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Effects of Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus

Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus is a traditional marine drug. There are more than two thousand years of history using clamshell as a component of medicine.After a review of relevant literature at home and abroad for nearly 20 years,the author summarized chemical composition and pharmacological effects of M. meretrix,in order to provide a scientific basis for further development and utilization of M. meretrix.

Bioaccumulation of cadmium bound to humic acid by the bivalve Meretrix meretirx Linnaeus from solute and particulate pathways

Humic acid is an important pool of heavy metals in sediments. Generally, the presence of refractory humic matter in aquatic systems would decrease the bioavailability of Cd and hence control the bioaccumulation of Cd in benthic animals. In the present work, we applied a suspending system to determine the relative importance of particulate and dissolved fractions of humic acid as Cd sources for the bivalve Meretrix meretrix and to investigate the difference of bioaccumulation characteristics of Cd adsorbed on different fractions of humic acid. The results showed that.the bioaccumulation characteristics of Cd from particulate and dissolved fractions of humic acid were apparently different due to biological responses of the clam to the particulates. At Cd concentration of 140 mg/kg, the accumulation of Cd from Cd associated with humic acid mixtures was mainly attributed to the dissolved fractions of humic acid. Compared to particulate fractions, Cd associated with the dissolved fractions of humic acid may be more bioavailable.

Inhibiting Effects of S.acus Linnaeus Extracts on GLT-82 Tumor Cell Lines

HailongS. acus Linnaeus was chosen as the experimental material in the experiments and changes of cell morphology, forming rate of clone and changes of division index were conducted to identify the inhibiting effects of Hailong extract on human tumor cell lines (GLT-82). Four days after medication, most of the cells changed their normal morphology of tumor cells and became round, broken and even broke into pieces. The inhibiting rates could reach 75.1% on the fourth day. The division index reduced strongly and the clone could not form or the forming rate was very low. With the extract concentration increasing and the time prolonging, the inhibiting effect increased. These results indicate that Hailong has striking anti-tumor effects and will have a perfect future in the fields of treatment and prevention of cancer.

Biological Characteristics and Control Measures of Cydia pomonella(Linnaeus)

Cydia pomonella （Linnaeus） is a fruit decay pests attacking apples, pears and other fruits, and it is an important quarantine pests in China. In recent years, the momentum of the eastward aggression of the insect in our country was more and more serious, and the harm degree was deepening. If Cydia pomonella （Linnaeus） is introduced, fruit production will be significantly affected in Hebei Province. The damage characteristics, morphological characteristics and life habit of Cydia pomonella （Linnaeus） were reviewed, and the control measures were proposed, in order to provide technical support for promoting the sound development of fruit industries in Hebei province.

Comparison on Esterase Isozymes and Peroxidase Isozymes of Black Worm Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus at Different Developmental Stages

[ Objective ] To respectively compare esterase isozymes and peroxidase isozymes among black worm Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus （ Tenebno molitor L. ） at different developmental stages and thus provide a theoretical basis for species identification and large-scale farming. [ Method] The esterase isozymes and peroxidase isozymes of black worm Tenebno molitor L. at different developmental stages were respectively analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. [ Result] Both esterase isozymes and peroxidase isozymes were different among black worm Tenebrio molitor L. at developmental stages, larvae in different instars or between the male adults and the female adults. [ Conclusion] The esterase isozymes, peroxidase isozymes and physiological characteristics of black worm Tenebrio molitor L. varies with developmental stages.

Pesticide Susceptibility of Silurus asotus Linnaeus from Poyang Lake

In this study, the susceptibility of S. asotus Linnaeus from Poyang Lake to several common pesticides was investigated. The results showed that S. aso- tus Linnaeus from Poyang Lake was susceptible to cypermethrin, and the 48 h minimum lethal concentration ranged between 0.063 - 0.069 mg/L. This study pro- vided reference for scientific medication and development of commercial production of S. asotus Linnaeus in Poyang Lake.

Study on Larval Diapause Development of Kermes Quercus （Linnaeus） （Hemiptera： Kermesidae） in Warsaw, Poland

This research presents new information on the biology ofKermes quercus （L.）. Observations were carried out in 2009 in the city of Warsaw and surroundings （Poland）. Material was collected on Quet;cus robur L. between the end of January until the beginning of November. The sampling each month was divided into three ten-day periods： I - from the 1st till 10th day of the month, II - from ! lth till 20th day of the month, and Ill - from 21st till 30th day of the month. The material was sampled at least once in each period. All live specimens of K. quercus were picked off and the developmental stages were identified. The observations revealed that, almost exclusively lst-instar nymphs occurred during the winter and they remained in this stage throughout the spring and summer until the last third of August. The process of moulting from 1st instar to 2nd instars started in the last third of August and lasted about 2 weeks. In autumn the 2nd-instars nymphs entered the winter diapause. The results suggest that, under the climatic conditions of Poland, Kermes quercus L. is not a univoltine species. Each generation probably develops through two years - in the first year overwintering as the lst-instar nymphs and in the second year as the 2nd-instar nymphs.

过量施磷下青稞生长发育和磷素利用的变化

为探讨青稞(Hordeum vulgare var.coeleste Linnaeus)新品种和新品系的磷肥施用上限,摸清过量施磷下青稞新品种(系)的生长发育和养分吸收利用特征,试验设置不施磷肥对照(CK)、常规施磷肥处理(P1)和过量施磷肥处理(P2、P3、P4),5个处理的P2O5施用量依次为0、56.2、138.5、220.8、277.0 kg/hm^(2),研究过量施磷下青稞生长发育和磷素吸收利用的变化。结果表明,青稞的最高茎蘖数随着施磷量的增加而增加;施磷可增加青稞成穗数,过量施磷反而会降低青稞成穗数;施用磷肥可增加青稞的株高,施磷量增加到一定程度后,青稞株高增加不显著;施磷肥可提高青稞平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率,且随着施磷量的增加先升高后降低;2个青稞品种(系)的磷肥利用率、磷肥农学利用率、磷肥偏生产力、产量均随着施磷量的增加呈递减趋势。以上分析表明,过量施用磷肥会导致青稞成穗数下降,磷肥利用率明显降低。

龙须菜在滩涂贝藻混养系统中的生态作用模拟研究

2005年5-7月,在室内采用实验生态学方法对壳长为48.35 mm±4.27 mm文蛤(Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus)成贝和龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis Weber-van Bosse)的4种配比(生物量配比分别为0∶1、1∶1、2∶1、4∶1)进行了混养实验,每周测定养殖水体中营养盐变化情况以及文蛤、龙须菜的存活和生长情况等。实验表明,加入了大型藻类的文蛤养殖系统,相对于空白对照组,其氨氮、亚硝氮和磷酸盐浓度显著降低,NH4-N从5.52μmol/L降至1.30μmol/L、NO2-N从0.31μmol/L降至0.06μmol/L,而PO4-P从0.48μmol/L降至0.006μmol/L。实验结束后,文蛤及龙须菜生长情况良好,文蛤特定生长率最高达到了0.84%,龙须菜最高则达到了1.79%。本实验条件下,在文蛤成贝养殖系统中加入大型藻类,对养殖水体中的NH4-N、NO2-N、PO4-P有明显的吸收效果,吸收率分别为86%、98%和99%,起到了良好的生态作用。

饥饿对3种不同规格文蛤耗氧率和排氨率的影响

利用实验生态学的方法研究了饥饿对3种不同规格文蛤（Meretrixmeretrix Linnaeus）耗氧率和排氨率的影响。实验饥饿的时间分别为1，3，5，7，10，13，20，27，35d。实验结果表明，饥饿对3种不同规格的文蛤耗氧率和排氨率都有极其显著的影响（P〈0．01）。3种不同规格的文蛤在饥饿1～7d时，耗氧率随着时间的延长而增大；饥饿7d以后，耗氧率随着时间的延长而下降。3种不同规格的文蛤在饥饿1～10d时，排氨率随着时间的延长而增大；在饥饿10d以后，耗氧率随着时间的延长而下降。在实验周期内，大、中、小3种不同规格的文蛤的0／N值分别为15．05～36．12（平均23．69），15．6～37．56（平均24．73），17．44～47．25（平均27．17）．

小体鲟胚胎发育特征观察

观察了水温(18±1)℃条件下,小体鲟(Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus)的胚胎发育特征。结果显示:成熟小体鲟卵圆球形、黑色、不透明,为粘性卵,卵径2.2～2.8 mm。水温(18±1)℃条件下,小体鲟受精卵历时110 h孵化出膜,所需总积温为2023～2308℃·h。小体鲟受精卵的卵裂方式为特殊的辐射状卵裂;原肠中期时动物极细胞覆盖胚胎三分之二;心跳期,心脏呈C型;尾端接近心脏时,眼囊内已经有色素沉着。根据胚胎发育过程的形态特征,可将小体鲟胚胎发育过程分为受精卵、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、器官发生和出膜7个连续阶段,34个时期。另外,本研究还将小体鲟胚胎发育和鲟形目其他鱼类胚胎发育特征进行了对比分析。

达里湖鲫对盐度和碱度突变和渐变的耐受性

研究了达里湖鲫(Carassius auratus Linnaeus))幼鱼在盐度、碱度突变和渐变条件下的耐受性,并对在不同盐度和碱度浓度下的累计存活率、生存上限进行比较分析。研究发现,盐度突变条件下24、48、72和96 h的半致死浓度(LC50值)分别为11.795、11.089、10.809和10.534 g/L;碱度对试验鱼24、48、72和96 h的LC50分别为69.831、68.779、67.071和65.114 mmol/L。渐变条件下达里湖鲫的盐碱耐受能力均强于突变组,其碱度渐变组生存上限为109.2 mmol/L,明显高于突变组的90 mmol/L;盐度渐变组生存上限为15 g/L,与突变组差异不显著。结果表明,通过适当的驯养适应,可以显著提高达里湖鲫对碳酸盐型水质环境的适应能力和养殖的存活率。

文蛤外套膜组织与细胞培养

以文蛤（Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus）外套膜为材料，采用改良的M199培养基，在不同温度和盐平衡条件下进行组织与细胞培养。培养结果显示，24h左右外套膜组织边缘有细胞爬出，48h后开始形成单层新生细胞，并发展为生长晕，7～10d细胞基本长满培养瓶底。细胞培养可持续30-35d。作者还描述了培养过程中出现的3种不同形态特征的细胞，并对37℃培养条件下细胞的生长及分裂特征作了描述与讨论。

中国海耳鲍胚胎发育特征

利用显微技术对耳鲍(Haliotis asinineLinnaeus)的胚胎发育进行了研究,同时观察到孵化后的担轮幼虫。结果表明,耳鲍胚胎发育过程与皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)和杂色鲍(Haliotis diversicolor)基本相似,胚胎发育过程分为受精期、第一极体放出期、第二极体放出期、2细胞期、4细胞期、8细胞期、16细胞期、32细胞期、桑椹期、原肠期和未孵化的担轮幼虫期。在海水质量密度1.024,水温28℃的条件下,耳鲍完成胚胎发育历时约5 h 30 min,比皱纹盘鲍(海水质量密度1.022～1.023,水温22.5℃)、杂色鲍(海水质量密度1.022～1.023,水温24～26℃)分别快1.5～2.5 h和0.5 h。耳鲍成熟卵卵径为0.18～0.19 mm,担轮幼虫具有1束顶毛和2个纤毛环带。

阿维菌素对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的亚致死效应研究

【研究目的】旨在了解阿维菌素对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的亚致死效应,以完整了解阿维菌素对小菜蛾的影响并指导其合理使用提供依据。【研究方法】在药膜法测定阿维菌素对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella(Linnaeus))3龄幼虫室内毒力的同时,以试虫取食量、化蛹时间、化蛹率、蛹重、羽化率等为指标观察了阿维菌素对试虫的亚致死效应。【结果】在所设定浓度下,阿维菌素除了可能直接导致部分试虫死亡外,会降低存活个体、死亡个体的平均取食量,其中CK中死亡个体的平均取食量为0.55叶牒,而浓度最高的9.0mg/L处理中死亡个体的平均取食量只有0.03叶牒。随着处理浓度的升高,试虫取食抑制率也显著增加,浓度最高的9.0mg/L处理中总取食量降低了93.8%。阿维菌素处理会推迟试虫平均化蛹时间,CK的平均化蛹时间为92.4h,4.5mg/L阿维菌素处理过的试虫平均化蛹时间为136h,显著延长(p<0.05);试虫平均蛹重也有所下降。【结论】在亚致死浓度下,阿维菌素能够显著降低小菜蛾3龄幼虫的取食量,推迟化蛹时间、降低蛹重。