Numerical prediction of inner turbulent flow in conical diffuser by using a new five-point scheme and DLR k-ε turbulence model

The internal turbulent flow in conical diffuser is a very complicated adverse pressure gradient flow.DLR k-ε turbulence model was adopted to study it.The every terms of the Laplace operator in DLR k-ε turbulence model and pressure Poisson equation were discretized by upwind difference scheme.A new full implicit difference scheme of 5-point was constructed by using finite volume method and finite difference method.A large sparse matrix with five diagonals was formed and was stored by three arrays of one dimension in a compressed mode.General iterative methods do not work wel1 with large sparse matrix.With algebraic multigrid method(AMG),linear algebraic system of equations was solved and the precision was set at 10-6.The computation results were compared with the experimental results.The results show that the computation results have a good agreement with the experiment data.The precision of computational results and numerical simulation efficiency are greatly improved.

Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics Predictions with a Refined k-ε-f_u Turbulent Model in Impinging Jet

Local heat transfer and flow characteristics in a round turbulent impinging jet for Re≈23 000 is predicted numerically with the RANS approach and a k-ε-fu turbulence model. The heat transfer predictions and turbulence parameters are verified against the axis-symmetric free jet impingement measurements and compared with previous other turbulence models, and results show the k-ε-fu model has a good performance in predictions of the local wall heat transfer coefficient, and in agreement with measurements in mean velocity profiles at different radial positions as well. The numerical model is further used to examine the effect of the fully confined impingement jet on the local Nusselt number. Local Nusselt profiles in x and y-centerlines for the target plate over three separation distances are predicted. Compared with the experimental data, the numerical results are accurate in the central domain around the stagnation region and present a consistent structure distribution.

REVISED k-ε TURBULENCE MODEL IN ELECTROMAGNETIC CONTINUOUS CASTING OF MELT

The research is motivated by the ongoing the electromagnetic continuous casting of molten metal. The revised k-ε model considering the effect of magnetic field application was derived. The specific model equations for the electromagnetic braking were used to calculate the velocity distribution in the continuous casting mold of steel. The results show that the revised k-ε model considering the effect of magnetic field application tends to suppress the production of turbulence and difference between the conventional and revised k-e model is small.

A K-εTWO-EQUATION TURBULENCE MODEL FOR THE SOLID-LIQUID TWO-PHASE FLOWS

A two-equation turbulence model has been dereloped for predicting two-phase flow the two equations describe the conserration of turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation rate of that energy for the incompressible carrier fluid in a two-phase flow The continuity, the momentum, K and εequations are modeled. In this model,the solid-liquid slip veloeites, the particle-particte interactions and the interactions between two phases are considered,The sandy water pipe turbulent flows are sueeessfuly predicted by this turbulince model.

Multi-layer analytic solution for k-ωmodel equations via a symmetry approach

Despite being one of the oldest and most widely-used turbulence models in engineering computational fluid dynamics(CFD),the k-ωmodel has not been fully understood theoretically because of its high nonlinearity and complex model parameter setting.Here,a multi-layer analytic expression is postulated for two lengths(stress and kinetic energy lengths),yielding an analytic solution for the k-ωmodel equations in pipe flow.Approximate local balance equations are analyzed to determine the key parameters in the solution,which are shown to be rather close to the empirically-measured values from the numerical solution of the Wilcox k-ωmodel,and hence the analytic construction is fully validated.The results provide clear evidence that the k-ωmodel sets in it a multilayer structure,which is similar to but different,in some insignificant details,from the Navier-Stokes(N-S)turbulence.This finding explains why the k-ωmodel is so popular,especially in computing the near-wall flow.Finally,the analysis is extended to a newlyrefined k-ωmodel called the structural ensemble dynamics(SED)k-ωmodel,showing that the SED k-ωmodel has improved the multi-layer structure in the outer flow but preserved the setting of the k-ωmodel in the inner region.

Simulation Analysis of New Energy Vehicle Engine Cooling System Based on K-E Turbulent Flow Mathematical Model

New energy vehicles have better clean and environmental protection characteristics than traditional fuel vehicles.The new energy engine cooling technology is critical in the design of new energy vehicles.This paper used oneand three-way joint simulation methods to simulate the refrigeration system of new energy vehicles.Firstly,a k-εturbulent flow model for the cooling pump flow field is established based on the principle of computational fluid dynamics.Then,the CFD commercial fluid analysis software FLUENT is used to simulate the flow field of the cooling pump under different inlet flow conditions.This paper proposes an optimization scheme for new energy vehicle engines’“boiling”phenomenon under high temperatures and long-time climbing conditions.The simulation results show that changing the radiator’s structure and adjusting the thermostat’s parameters can solve the problem of a“boiling pot.”The optimized new energy vehicle engine can maintain a better operating temperature range.The algorithm model can reference each cryogenic system component hardware selection and control strategy in the new energy vehicle’s engine.

Solution of Self-similar Equations of the k-ε Model in the Shear Turbulent Mixing Problem and Its Numerical Simulation

The paper presents the k-ε model equations of turbulence with a single set of constants chosen by the authors, which is appropriate to simulate a wide range of turbulent flows. The model validation has been performed for a number of flows and its main results are given in the paper. The turbulent mixing of flow with shear in the tangential velocity component is discussed in details. An analytical solution to the system of ordinary differential equations of the k-ε model of turbulent mixing has been found for the self-similar regime of flow. The model coefficients were chosen using simulation results for some simplest turbulent flows. The solution can be used for the verification of codes. The numerical simulation of the problem has been performed by the 2D code EGAK using this model. A good agreement of the numerical simulation results with the self-similar solution, 3D DNS results and known experimental data has been achieved. This allows stating that the k-ε model constants chosen by the authors are acceptable for the considered flow.

Lorentz空间形式中的K-极大类空超曲面

讨论了Lorentz空间形式中第(k+1)-平均曲率为零的类空超曲面(即K-极大类空超曲面),得到了该类空超曲面的一些特征.

基于改进LK光流的视觉SLAM算法

针对基于点特征的视觉SLAM(同步定位与建图)实时性差的问题,以ORB-SLAM3框架为基础,用自监督深度神经网络替换其点特征提取器,并提出一种基于改进LK光流的关键点跟踪匹配方法。首先,根据匀加速运动模型预测初始关键点在当前帧的对应关系及坐标,并通过基于金字塔的LK光流跟踪算法建立鲁棒的关键点匹配关系;然后,基于网格运动统计(GMS)及自适应局部仿射匹配(AdaLAM)算法剔除误匹配点对。在公开数据集上的实验表明,在不损失匹配精度的前提下,改进算法每帧图像的平均处理时间比ORB-SLAM3减少约58.06%,有效提高了系统的实时性和鲁棒性。

Assessment of k–ε models using tetrahedral grids to describe the turbulent flow field of a PBT impeller and validation through the PIV technique

In turbulence modeling, the RNG and Realizable models have important improvements in the turbulent production and dissipation terms in comparison to the Standard. The selection of the appropriate turbulence model has an impact on the convergence and solution in STRs, and they are used in mixing, multiphase modeling or as starting solution of transient models as DES and LES. Although there are several studies with the pitched blade turbine(PBT) impeller, most of them used the Standard model as representative of all k–ε models, using structured hexahedral grids composed of low number of cells, and in some cases under axial symmetry assumptions.Accordingly, in this work the assessment of the Standard, RNG and Realizable models to describe the turbulent flow field of this impeller, using the Multiple Reference Frame(MRF) and Sliding Mesh(SM) approaches with tetrahedral domains in dense grids, is presented. This kind of cell elements is especially suitable to reproduce complex geometries. Flow velocities and turbulent parameters were verified experimentally by PIV and torque measurements. The three models were capable of predicting fairly the pumping number, the power number based on torque, and velocities. Although the RNG improved the predictions of the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate, the Realizable model presented better performance for both approaches. All models failed in the prediction of the total dissipation rate, and a dependence of its value on the number of cells for the MRF was found.

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF BUBBLE DRIVENFLOWS IN A NOVEL ALUMINUM ELECTROLYSIS CELL

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Numerical Simulations of Cavitation Flows around Clark-Y Hydrofoil

Cavitation is a complex flow phenomenon including unsteady characteristics, turbulence, gas-liquid two-phase flow. This paper provides a numerical investigation on comparing the simulation performance of three different models in OpenFOAM-Merkle model, Kunz model and Schnerr-Sauer model, which is helpful for understanding the cavitation flow. Considering the influence of vapor-liquid mixing density on turbulent viscous coefficient, the modified SST k-ω model is adopted in this paper to increase the computing reliability. The InterPhaseChangeFoam solver is utilized to simulate the two-dimensional cavitation flow of the Clark-Y hydrofoil with three cavitation models. The hydrodynamic performance including lift coefficient, drag coefficient and cavitation flow shape of the hydrofoil is analyzed. Through the comparison of the numerical results and experimental data, it is found that the Schnerr-Sauer model can get the most accurate results among the three models. And from the simulation point of water and water vapor mixing, the Merkle model has the best water and water vapor mixing simulation.

基于LKH混合树模型的新型组播密钥更新方案

安全组播是组播技术走向实用化必须解决的问题。在组成员动态变化时,设计一个高效的密钥管理方案是安全组播研究的主要问题。提出了一种基于新型混合树模型的组播密钥更新方案。该方案将GC的存储开销减小为4,同时,在成员加入或离开组时,由密钥更新引起的通信开销与nm保持对数关系(n为组成员数,m为每一族包含的成员数)。

Three-dimensional turbulent model of heat transfer and fluid flow in GTAW process

A two-equation K-ε turbulent fluid flow model is built to model the heat transfer and fluid flow in gas tungsten arc welding （GTAW） process of stainless steel S US310 and S US316. This model combines the buoyancy force, lorentz force and marangni force as the driving forces of thefluidflow in the weld pool. The material properties are functions of temperature in this model. The simulated results show that the molten metal flowing outward is mainly caused by the marangoni convection, which makes the weld pool become wider and shallower. The comparison of the weld pool shape of SUS310 and SUS316 shows that the slight differences of the value of thermal conductivity mainly attributes to the difference of the weld pool shape and the distinction of heat transport in laminar and turbulent model makes large diversity in the simulated results.

CURVAURE SENSITIVE NONLINEAR TURBULENCE MODEL

By modifying the Rodi assumption to take account of the influence of flow curvature, a new curvature modified algebraic stress model(CMASM) is de- veloped from the second moment closure in the generalized curvilinear coordinate system. And the explicit form of this ASM, a new curvature modified nonlinear k-ε model (CMNKE), is derived in the orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system. This new nonlinear k-ε model is further validated by a numerical simulation of a two- dimensional U-type turnaround duct flow. The results show that the CMNKE can effectively capture the main characteristic of this curvature flow and simulate the damping effect of the shear stress by a convex curvature and the enhancing effect by a concave curvature. So, this model is a rational and effective simplification to the second moment closure.

Numerical Simulation Investigation of the Impact of Simplified Architectural Canopy Models on the Distribution of Flow Filed

A series of simulations of air flow through three kinds of2 D vegetation canopies along with different canopy morphology have been conducted by computational fluid dynamics( CFD). Two different turbulent closure models have been used, including standard k-ε turbulent model and RNG k-ε turbulent model with or without source / sink terms,respectively,for the purpose of wind energy applications. In this study,the complicated morphology of3 D vegetation canopy is simplified to three types of 2D simplified canopy model analyzed by the main parameter leaf area index( LAI). Effects of branches and leaves on airflow are also modelled by introducing circles into the 2D simplified canopy model with or without source / sink terms by adding drag force terms in the momentum and turbulent energy equations in porous sub-domains.The main model parameters of source / sink terms are identified thanks to experimental data obtained by direct wind tunnel measurements of the air flow speeds through a branch of Osmanthus fragrans. Moreover,three different canopy shapes of the vegetation canopy are introduced into the simulation. The predictive skills of single-and two-equation( k-ε) models with or without source / sink to compute profiles of mean velocity( u),turbulent kinetic energy( TKE),TKE dissipation rate( ε) and turbulent intensity( I) are compared against datasets collected from other works and field measurements. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that vegetation canopy model 1 using RNG or standard k-ε turbulent model with source / sink terms proves to be a physically accurate and numerically robust method. The method which is better than other two vegetation canopy models is recommended for future use in simulating turbulent flows within and above the canopy in 3D in more details.

一种改进的数值模式降水预报时间降尺度方法

数值模式降水预报时间降尺度的目的是将较低时间分辨率的模式降水预报通过统计方法降尺度到较高的时间分辨率上,以近似代替较高时间分辨率的模式降水预报。将现有的基于三次样条插值逐点拆分、位置订正、光流动态重构、频率匹配、逐点总量约束的网格降水预报时间降尺度方法(以下简称为“现有方法”)应用于未经订正的数值模式降水预报时,其中的订正步骤受制于数值模式预报的总降水量的约束,所生成的降水预报时间降尺度产品在强度上存在明显的不合理波动。因此,改进设计了一种适用于数值模式降水预报的时间降尺度方法(以下简称为“改进方法”),包含分段三次Hermite插值逐点拆分、金字塔LK光流动态重构、均衡的逐点总量约束三个步骤,不依赖于降水实况订正,且保留了原始模式的系统偏差。利用2020年4—10月中国气象局华东区域中心模式逐1h降水预报场和其累加生成的逐3h降水预报场,分别将其作为数值模式降水预报时间降尺度方法的验证场和输入场,评估对比了单纯的逐点拆分、“现有方法”和“改进方法”的时间降尺度效果,并使用匀速运动的圆形雨带理想模型和真实个例分析分别加以验证。结果表明:(1)“改进方法”所生成的逐1h降水预报在强度分布上更加均衡合理,短时强降水的平均TS评分和BIAS偏差的波动幅度仅为“现有方法”的27%和9%。(2)使用“改进方法”所生成的逐1h降水预报与真实的数值模式生成的逐1h降水预报场更为相似,平均TS评分和BIAS偏差幅度分别提升13%和下降31%以上,且在理想模型中均方根误差相比于“现有方法”总体下降10%。改进的数值模式降水预报时间降尺度方法同时满足运动合理、强度波动合理和降水总量约束的基本要求,可通用于任意网格降水预报的时间降尺度。

应用LK k-ε模型的气承式充气膜结构风荷载和风环境研究

首先以6m立方体建筑绕流为例,对计算风工程中常用的RANS模型进行了评估,得出LK k-ε模型在同时预测风压和流场方面具有较好的效果。之后应用LK k-ε模型对不同矢跨比的三个典型气承式充气膜结构在不同风向角下的风荷载和周围风环境进行了研究。计算结果显示随着风向角的增加,气膜顶部的极大负压区域和极大负压值都明显增大,在来流为90°时(风向与气膜长边垂直)达到最大,且在该风向角下,随着气膜矢跨比的增加,顶部负压也明显增大。综合来看,气膜结构的抗风设计以极大负压为主,极大负压区域主要出现在气膜的顶部和四个拐角位置。以风速比为指标对气膜周围风环境的研究表明,在气膜的拐角附近和下游某些区域都出现了明显的来流加速现象。

基于位移特征与随机森林的表情识别方法研究

为了有效地对图像序列进行面部表情识别,提出一种基于主动形状模型（active shape model,ASM）结合Lucas-Kanade（LK）光流法的方法提取位移特征,采用随机森林分类器对提取到的位移特征进行分类与识别。在Extended Cohn-Kanade（CK＋）人脸表情数据库上的实验表明,该特征提取方法能够很好地描述图像序列中所包含的表情信息和特征点运动变化信息,比常用的K-近邻、贝叶斯网络和支持向量机等分类器所表现出来的效果要好,其识别率达到95.1%。

TWO MODIFICATORY K-ε TURBULENCE MODELS FOR TURBULENT SWIRLING FLOWS

Since the standard K-ε model used to predict the strongly swirling flowleads to a large deviation from experimental results, it is necessary to introduce modification tothe standard K-ε model. Based on the algebraic Reynolds stress model and Bradshaw's turbulentlength scale modification conception, we present two modified K-ε models. To investigate thebehaviour of the modified turbulence models, they are used to predict two representative turbulentswirling flows. The computational results, after compared with the experimental data, show that themodified K-ε models substantially improve the prediction of the standard K-ε model for theturbulent swirling flows.