Effects of annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of γ-TiAl alloy fabricated via laser melting deposition

The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the as-deposited γ-TiAl-based alloy specimen fabricated via laser melting deposition and as-annealed specimens at different temperatures were investigated.The results show that the microstructure of as-deposited specimen is composed of fineα2(Ti3Al)+γlamellae.With the increase of annealing temperature,the bulk γ m(TiAl)phase gradually changes from single γ phase toγphase+acicularα2 phase,finally small γ phase+lamellar α2+γ phase.Compared with the mechanical properties of as-depositedγ-TiAl alloy(tensile strength 469 MPa,elongation 1.1%),after annealing at 1260℃ for 30 min followed by furnace cooling(FC),the room-temperature tensile strength of the specimen is 543.4 MPa and the elongation is 3.7%,which are obviously improved.

Microstructure and mechanical property of additively manufactured NiTi alloys:A comparison between selective laser melting and directed energy deposition

NiTi shape memory alloy(SMA)with nominal composition of Ni 50.8 at%and Ti 49.2 at%was additively manufactured(AM)by selective laser melting(SLM)and laser directed energy deposition(DED)for a comparison study,with emphasis on its phase composition,microstructure,mechanical property and deformation mechanism.The results show that the yield strength and ductility obtained by SLM are 100 MPa and 8%,respectively,which are remarkably different from DED result with 700 MPa and 2%.The load path of SLM sample presents shape memory effect,corresponding to martensite phase detected by XRD;while the load path of DED presents pseudo-elasticity with austenite phase.In SLM sample,fine grain and hole provide a uniform deformation during tensile test,resulting in a better elongation.Furthermore,the nonequilibrium solidification was studied by a temperature field simulation to understand the difference of the two 3D printing methods.Both temperature gradient G and growth rate R determine the microstructure and phase in the SLM sample and DED sample,which leads to similar grain morphologies because of similar G/R.While higher G×R of SLM leads to a finer grain size in SLM sample,providing enough driving force for martensite transition and subsequently changing texture compared to DED sample.

Effects of WC-Co reinforced Ni-based alloy by laser melting deposition: Wear resistance and corrosion resistance

WC-Co reinforced C276 alloy composite coatings are fabricated on Q235 steel by laser melting deposition.The microstructure,hardness,wear performance,and electrochemical corrosion behavior of composite coating are studied.The results show that WC-Co particles are mostly uniformly distributed in the coating and provide favorable conditions for heterogeneous nucleation.The microstructure of C276/WC-Co composite coatings is composed of γ-Ni solid solution dendrites and MoNi solid solution eutectics.The WC-Co particles can effectively improve the hardness and wear resistance of C276 alloy.The average hardness of the composite coating containing 10-wt% WC-Co(447 HV_(0.2)) are 1.26 times higher than that of the C276 alloy(356 HV_(0.2)).The wear rate of composite coating containing 10-wt% WC-Co(6.95 ×10^(-3) mg/m) is just 3.5% of that of C276 coating(196.23 × 10^(-3) mg/m).However,comparing with Hastelloy C276,the corrosion resistance of C276/WC-Co composite coating decreases.

Simulation and Analysis of Electromagnetic Force in Laser Melting Deposition by Electromagnetic Impact

Magnetic field was introduced in laser melting deposition to reduce the pores in workpieces.Finite 3-D model of the coil-deposition layer-substrate was established.Simulation results show that the electromagnetic force in deposition layer mainly concentrates in the projection area of the coil.Axial electromagnetic force shows repulsion in one cycle.The experimental results indicate that the magnetic field is beneficial for grain refinement,microhardness increasement and decline of quantities and average sizes of pores.

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of laser melting deposited Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si titanium alloy

A rectangular plate of Ti-6.5A1-3.5Mo-I.5Zr-0.3Si titanium alloy was fabricated by laser melting deposition （LMD） technology. Macrostructure and microstructure were characterized by optical microscope （OM） and scanning electron microscope （SEM）. Room temperature tensile properties were evaluated. Results indicate that the macro-morphology is dominated by large columnar grains traversing multiple deposited layers. Two kinds of bands, named the wide bands and the narrow bands, are observed. The wide band consists of crab-like a lath and Widmanstatten a colony. The narrow band consists of a lath and transformed ft. The formation mechanism of the two bands was explored. The influence of heat effect caused by subsequent deposition layers on microstructural evolution during deposition process was discussed. The room temperature tensile test demonstrates that the strength of laser deposited Ti-6.5A1-3.5Mo-I.5Zr-0.3Si is comparable to that of wrought bars.

Low cycle fatigue behavior of laser melting deposited TC18 titanium alloy

Low cycle fatigue （LCF） behavior of laser melting deposited （LMD） TC18 titanium alloy was studied at room temperature. Microstructure consisting of fine lamella-like primary α phase and transformed β matrix was obtained by double annealed treatment, and inhomogeneous grain boundaryαphase was detected. Fatigue fracture surfaces and longitudinal sections of LCF specimens were examined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate that more than one crack initiation site can be detected on the LCF fracture surface. The fracture morphology of the secondary crack initiation site is different from that of the primary crack initiation site. When the crack grows along the grain boundaryαphase, continuous grain boundaryαphase leads to a straight propagating manner while discontinuous grain boundaryαphase gives rise to flexural propagating mode.

Influence of Electroshocking Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si Thin-Wall Specimen Manufactured by Laser Melting Deposition

In order to improve the properties of titanium alloys manufactured by laser melting deposition(LMD),the electroshocking treatment(EST)was proposed in this work.The effects of EST on microstructure and mechanical properties of LMD Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si were investigated.The results showed that the width of the heat affected band decreased and disappeared under the thermal and athermal effects of EST,resulting in the uniform microstructure.In the microstructure,theαlaths became coarser gradually,and the quantity ofα/βinterface was reduced.The reduction of the quantity ofα/βinterface leads to make less resistant to dislocation,resulting in the reduction in hardness and strength.The discontinuous grain boundaryαphase and nucleationαcolony near grain boundary inhibited the crack propagation and improved the ductility.Summary,EST can manipulate the microstructure and improve the mechanical properties of LMD titanium alloys.

High-cycle fatigue crack initiation and propagation in laser melting deposited TC18 titanium alloy

This article examines fatigue crack nucleation and propagation in laser deposited TC18 titanium alloy. The Widmanstatten structure was obtained by double-annealing treatment,. High-cycle fatigue （HCF） tests were conducted at room temperature with the stress ratio of 0.1 and the notch concentration factor Kt = 1. Fatigue cracks initiated preferentially at micropores, which had great effect on the HCF properties. The effect decreased with the decrease of pore size and the increase of distance from the pore location to the specimen surface. The crack initiation region was characterized by the cleavage facets of a lamella and the tearing of β matrix. The soft a precipitated-free zone formed along grain boundaries accelerated the crack propagation. Subsurface observation indicated that the crack preferred to propagate along the grain boundary α or border of a lamella or vertical to a lamella.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser melting deposited Ti_2Ni_3Si/NiTi Laves alloys

Two Ti2Ni3Si/NiTi Laves phase alloys with chemical compositions of Ni-39Ti-11Si and Ni-42Ti-8Si (%, mole fraction, the same below), respectively, were fabricated by the laser melting deposition manufacturing process, aiming at studying the effect of Ti, Si contents on microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloys. The Ni-39Ti-11Si alloy consisting of Ti2Ni3Si primary dendrites and Ti2Ni3Si/NiTi eutectic matrix is a conventional hypereutectic Laves phase alloy while the Ni-42Ti-8Si alloy being made up of NiTi primary dendrites uniformly distributed in Ti2Ni3Si/NiTi eutectic is a new hypoeutectic alloy. Mechanical properties of the alloys were investigated by nano-indentation test. The results show that the decrease of Si and the increase of Ti contents change the microstructures of the alloys from hypereutectic to hypoeutectic, which influences the mechanical properties of the alloys remarkably. Corrosion behaviors of the alloys were also evaluated by potentiodynamic anodic polarization curves.

A novel Ti-5.55Al-6.70Zr-1.50V-0.70Mo-3.41Nb-0.21Si alloy designed using cluster-plus-glue-atom model for laser additive manufacturing

A novel Ti-5.55Al-6.70Zr-1.50V-0.70Mo-3.41Nb-0.21Si alloy was designed using the cluster formula approach(cluster-plus-glue-atom model)and prepared by laser melting deposition(LMD).Its composition formula 12[Al-Ti_(12)](AlTi_(2))+5[Al_(0.8)Si_(0.2)-Ti_(12)Zr_(2)](V_(0.8)Mo_(0.2)Nb_(1)Ti)features an enhancedβ-Ti via co-alloying of Zr,V,Mo,Nb and Si.The experimental results show that the cluster formula ofαandβphases in the novel alloy are respectivelyα-[Al-Ti_(11.5)Zr_(0.5)](Al_(1)Ti_(2))andβ-[Al_(0.8)Si_(0.2)-Ti_(13.2)Zr_(0.8)](V_(1)Mo_(0.4)Nb_(1.6)),both containing Zr elements.The fitted composition via the α andβphase cluster formulas has little difference with the actual alloy composition,suggesting that the validity of cluster-plus-glue-atom model in the alloy composition design.After hot isostatic pressing(HIP),both the Ti-6Al-4V and the novel alloy by LMD are characterized by prior-βcolumnar grains,while the typical<100>texture disappears.Compared with Ti-6Al-4V,Ti-5.55Al-6.70Zr-1.50V-0.70Mo-3.41Nb-0.21Si alloy exhibits a combination of higher strength(1,056 MPa)and higher ductility(14%)at room temperature and higher strength(580 MPa)at 550℃ after HIP,and can potentially serves as LMD materials.

激光熔化沉积Al-Mg-Sc-Zr合金晶粒尺寸预测及成形工艺优化

通过激光熔化沉积试验分析了工艺条件(送粉速度、扫描速度和激光功率)对Al-Mg-Sc-Zr合金晶粒尺寸的影响,构建了晶粒尺寸预测模型,优化了成形工艺参数,给出了工艺参数最佳区间。结果表明,相较于激光功率和扫描速度,送粉速度对晶粒尺寸的影响最为显著;随着成形能量密度的增加,合金晶粒尺寸呈现出先减小后增大的演变趋势;采用回归方程构建的晶粒尺寸-工艺参数关系模型能准确预测不同工艺条件下激光熔化沉积Al-Mg-Sc-Zr合金的平均晶粒尺寸,相对误差小于2%;通过响应面分析得到工艺参数最佳区间为:送粉速度2.8~3 g·min^(-1)、激光功率1000~1050 W、扫描速度4~5 mm·s^(-1)。

激光增材制造钛合金微观组织和力学性能研究进展

激光选区熔化(SLM)技术与激光熔化沉积(LMD)技术在航空航天、生物医疗等领域的应用具有巨大潜力,但由于成形的Ti6Al4V合金构件存在较差的表面质量、较大的残余应力以及内部孔洞等问题,影响了构件的力学性能,从而制约了其大规模的应用。针对这一现状,首先概述了激光选区熔化技术与激光熔化沉积技术的制造原理,比较了2种增材制造技术的成形参数及其特点,并分析了2种不同成形技术的自身优势以及适用场合。其次,从2种增材制造技术成形钛合金的工艺参数入手,综述了激光功率、扫描速度、激光扫描间距、铺粉厚度、粉床温度等参数对SLM工艺成形钛合金的影响,以及激光功率、扫描速度、送粉速率等参数对LMD工艺成形钛合金的影响。发现成形工艺参数直接影响了粉末熔化程度、熔合质量和成形显微结构,从而影响成形件的组织与力学性能。此外,综述了不同的扫描策略对两种增材制造技术成形钛合金的表面质量与力学性能的影响,可以发现在不同扫描策略下同一试样表面的不同区域表面质量、残余应力以及抗拉强度存在较大差异,同一扫描策略下试样的不同表面之间也存在各向异性。最后,探讨了不同热处理工艺对钛合金微观组织和力学性能的影响,通过合适的热处理能够降低成形构件应力,并调控组织相变和性能。

Microstructure evolution of laser deposited Ti60A titanium alloy during cyclic thermal exposure

Cyclic thermal exposure tests of infrared heating to 800 ℃ in 120 s followed by compressed air cooling to 150 ℃ in 60 s were performed for the laser deposited Ti60A （Ti5.54Al3.38Sn3.34Zr0.37Mo0.46Si） alloy. The effects of thermal exposure cycles on length ofβphase, area fraction ofαphase and microhardness of alloy were examined by OM, SEM and EDS. The results indicate that thermal exposure cycles have significant effects on length ofβphase, area fraction ofαphase and microhardness of the alloy. The original fine basket-weaveβand 78.5%αtransform to transient wedge-likeβ, finally leaving granularβand 97.6%coarsenedαwith the increased thermal exposure cycles. The formation mechanism of coarsenedαand broken-upβmicrostructure is discussed. The alloy after 750 thermal exposure cycles has the maximum microhardness, 33.3%higher than that of the as-deposited alloy.

激光熔化沉积Al-Mg-Sc-Zr合金单熔道成形质量预测

本研究探讨了激光熔化沉积(LMD)工艺参数对Al-Mg-Sc-Zr合金单熔道成形质量的影响,并采用BP神经网络模型和改进的PSO-BP神经网络模型预测了不同工艺参数下的成形孔隙率。结果表明:Al-Mg-Sc-Zr合金的LMD单熔道成形孔隙率,随着激光线能量密度的增加呈现先上升后下降再上升的趋势,在175 J/mm^(2)时孔隙率达到最小值,仅为1.38%。在相同的送粉工艺参数下,LMD成形熔道宽度和熔道深度均与激光功率呈现出正相关性,而熔道高度和熔道深度均与扫描速率呈现出负相关性。相较于BP神经网络模型,改进的PSO-BP神经网络模型的平均绝对误差降低了29.69%,平均相对误差降低了19.42%,均方误差降低了19.02%,相关系数提升了63.44%。

离子推力器溅射沉积物防剥离放电室的设计及激光选区熔化增材制造研究

为了抑制离子推力器寿命末期由溅射沉积导致的放电室膜层剥落物脱落,首先采用理论研究和试验的方法开展了剥落物抑制放电室的设计,基于零件结构和增材制造特点开展了零件工艺性分析并提出解决方案,实现了放电室增材制造,开展了离子推力器放电室溅射物防脱落性能测试。结果表明:放电室内表面设计纹理化结构排布形式为正六边形,凸起部分外接圆直径0.5 mm,间距0.25 mm,高度0.5 mm时可降低溅射沉积物脱落概率及碎屑尺寸,通过分层旋转扫描,选择激光功率425 W,扫描速度1200 mm/s工艺参数可实现大尺寸薄壁、具有复杂微小特征钛合金回转体制造,通过结构拓扑,镂空点阵结构、工艺参数和空间摆放位置优化,成型零件壁厚一致性偏差小于0.10 mm。放电室优化前后推力器性能稳定,各工作点关键参数相对误差小于4%。本文的研究为离子推力器放电室溅射沉积物脱落抑制方法和复杂结构的激光选区熔化增材制造成型提供了工程应用方案。

激光熔化沉积Al_(x)CoCrFeNi系高熵合金的组织与性能

本工作通过激光熔化沉积技术制备了Al_(x)CoCrFeNi(x=0,0.3,0.5)系高熵合金,并研究了Al的添加对激光熔化沉积CoCrFeNi合金的物相结构、组织形貌及性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:Al_(0)与Al_(0.3)高熵合金的微观结构为单相FCC结构固溶体,而Al_(0.5)高熵合金的微观结构为在FCC相基底的晶界/枝晶界处析出富集Al、Ni原子的B2相。合金样品的拉伸力学性能表明:Al_(0.5)CoCrFeNi高熵合金的屈服强度达到了原合金的2.66倍(140~372 MPa),抗拉强度达到约716 MPa,延伸率约为40%;电化学极化曲线分析表明,Al_(x)CoCrFeNi系高熵合金在1 mol/L的H_(2)SO_(4)溶液中均具有显著的稳定钝化区,Al添加引起的致钝电流和维钝电流随着Al含量的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势。

激光熔化沉积30CrNi2MoVA温度场数值模拟研究

30CrNi2MoVA钢被广泛用于军工炮管制备,由于工作环境恶劣,其零件表面易出现磨损、裂纹等损伤,常采用激光熔化沉积技术(laser melting deposition,LMD)完成表面修复工作。LMD过程中的热行为决定了材料组织演变从而影响零件的表面质量及力学性能。基于ABAQUS搭建LMD过程30CrNi2MoVA钢的温度场有限元模型。研究LMD过程中温度场的分布以及加工工艺参数对温度场的影响,分析了薄壁件沉积过程中的热历史及传热特征,并设计了相关实验验证模型的适用性。结果表明:LMD温度场沿扫描方向呈对称分布,激光功率每增大100 W,熔池最高温度增加约40℃,扫描速度则相反。随着沉积层数上升,热积累效应增大,熔池峰值温度升高,冷却速度降低。

激光功率和扫描策略对TiC增强高碳钢硬质合金层开裂行为影响规律

TiC增强高碳钢硬质合金是一种在工业领域得到广泛应用的耐磨材料,但在激光熔覆制备过程中容易产生裂纹.文中采用仿真分析和熔覆试验确定了激光功率和扫描策略对硬质合金裂纹行为的影响规律.借助ANSYS软件采用有限元法确定激光熔覆后熔覆层中的温度梯度和残余应力分布,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对显微组织进行分析,结果表明,激光功率和扫描策略不同会导致在熔覆层内产生不同的热梯度分布、残余应力分布以及物相组织演变,这是造成熔覆层具有不同开裂倾向性的主要原因.高激光功率结合往复扫描策略带来了高热输入和低温度梯度,可有效减少开裂倾向.随着激光功率的增加,TiC陶瓷相会熔化溶解,合金明显呈现回火组织特征,逐渐形成贝氏体组织和回火马氏体组织,进一步有利于降低裂纹产生的倾向.

退火温度对激光熔化沉积TC31高温钛合金组织与性能的影响

为改善激光熔化沉积TC31高温钛合金力学性能,本文通过光学显微镜、SEM、TEM和力学性能测试的方法研究了退火温度对合金中组织演化行为的影响,及其与合金室温和650℃高温力学性能的关系。结果表明:组织中初生α相含量随着退火温度升高而降低,其溶解主要发生在950℃以上,980℃退火后含量仅为29%。当退火温度超过930℃时,初生α相片层宽度明显增加。随着退火温度升高,α/β界面处析出的(Ti,Zr)6Si3相尺寸增加,且进入α相片层内部。合金在800~1000℃退火时,合金室温拉伸屈服强度随退火温度升高趋于降低。受相界面析出的硅化物聚合长大及α相片层尺寸增加等因素影响,合金高温屈服强度随退火温度升高先降低后增加。合金经过1000℃退火后,呈现良好的高温性能,其650℃下抗拉强度达657 MPa、屈服强度约为466 MPa、延伸率27%。

压气机叶片激光熔化沉积修复的机器人路径自动规划和试验研究

针对航空发动机TC17高压压气机叶片服役损伤后的修复问题,本文基于工业机器人的激光熔化沉积路径生成策略,提出使用模型布尔运算来分析叶片损伤区域,并在RobotStudio离线编程软件中嵌入二次开发插件分别生成Zigzag轴向扫描、中心线偏移扫描和边缘螺旋扫描路径。路径的仿真和沉积形貌分析表明,在设定扫描速度5 mm/s、沉积层厚度0.3 mm、搭接率50%时,中心线偏移扫描在95.97%时间内保持速度稳定,折返点处的速度下降幅度更小,同时沉积后表面高度接近0.3 mm,高度波动方差更小,保持了较高的平整度。此外,矩形平板区域的沉积模拟和试验表明,类似Zigzag扫描的连续路径可以显著降低成形表面的残余应力。