Seismic analysis of a LNG storage tank isolated by a multiple friction pendulum system

The seismic response of an isolated vertical, cylindrical, extra-large liquefied natural gas （LNG） tank by a multiple friction pendulum system （MFPS） is analyzed. Most of the extra-large LNG tanks have a fundamental frequency which involves a range of resonance of most earthquake ground motions. It is an effective way to decrease the response of an isolation system used for extra-large LNG storage tanks under a strong earthquake. However, it is difficult to implement in practice with common isolation bearings due to issues such as low temperature, soft site and other severe environment factors. The extra-large LNG tank isolated by a MFPS is presented in this study to address these problems. A MFPS is appropriate for large displacements induced by earthquakes with long predominant periods. A simplified finite element model by Malhotra and Dunkerley is used to determine the usefulness of the isolation system. Data reported and statistically sorted include pile shear, wave height, impulsive acceleration, convective acceleration and outer tank acceleration. The results show that the isolation system has excellent adaptability for different liquid levels and is very effective in controlling the seismic response of extra-large LNG tanks.

Study on Failure Possibility of Full Containment LNG Storage Tanks with API 581 Risk-based Inspection

The total storage of full containment LNG storage tanks is very huge. Once the tank rupture or leakage, the consequence will be unimaginable. Therefore it is necessary to perform the risk-based inspection （RBI） and evaluation on LNG storage tanks, and the analysis on LNG storage tanks failure possibility is especially important in the RBI. Recently, Risk-based inspection （RBI） technology based on API 581 is gradually adopted and has become a new technology to determine economic feasibility and safety of equipment in petrochemical plants. However, there are limitations of applying API 581 to LNG equipment because of the unique structure of LNG storage tank （the metal inner tank and concrete outer tank）. Therefore, a failure probability calculation model suitable for full containment LNG storage tanks is proposed. The domestic inner tank is usually made of 9%Ni, and its failure possibility can be calculate based on API581; the outer tank is usually made of pre-stressed concrete, and the failure possibility of structure durability can be calculated by the method of fuzzy mathematics ; Then the failure possibility of the inner tank and the outer tank will be comprehensive considered by using cellulose model. Finally, by citing a real example, it also detailedly introduces the application of this proposed calculation model in the failure possibility analysis of full containment LNG storage tanks. This study provides a new approach for the evaluation of failure possibility on full containment LNG storage tanks.

Numerical Simulation of the Seismic Response of a Horizontal Storage Tank Based on a SPH-FEM Coupling Method

A coupled numerical calculation method combining smooth particle hydrodynamics(SPH)and the finite element method(FEM)was implemented to investigate the seismic response of horizontal storage tanks.Anumericalmodel of a horizontal storage tank featuring a free liquid surface under seismic action was constructed using the SPH–FEM coupling method.The stored liquid was discretized using SPH particles,while the tank and supports were discretized using the FEM.The interaction between the stored liquid and the tank was simulated by using the meshless particle contact method.Then,the numerical simulation results were compared and analyzed against seismic simulation shaking table test data to validate the method.Subsequently,a series of numerical models,considering different liquid storage volumes and seismic effects,were constructed to obtain time history data of base shear and top center displacement,which revealed the seismic performance of horizontal storage tanks.Numerical simulation results and experimental data showed good agreement,with an error rate of less than 18.85%.And this conformity signifies the rationality of the SPH-FEM coupling method.The base shear and top center displacement values obtained by the coupled SPH-FEM method were only 53.3% to 69.1% of those calculated by the equivalent mass method employed in the current code.As the stored liquid volume increased,the seismic response of the horizontal storage tank exhibited a gradual upward trend,with the seismic response increasing from 73% to 388% for every 35% increase in stored liquid volume.The maximum von Mises stress of the tank and the supports remained below the steel yield strength during the earthquake.The coupled SPH-FEM method holds certain advantages in studying the seismic problems of tanks with complex structural forms,particularly due to the representation of the flow field distribution during earthquakes by involving reservoir fluid participation.

Modern Corrosion Mapping of Storage Tank Bottoms--Notable Advancements in Critical Zone Coverage,Inspection Efficiency and Data Integrity

Every day,an NDT(Non-Destructive Testing)report will govern key decisions and inform inspection strategies that could affect the flow of millions of dollars which ultimately affects local environments and potential risk to life.There is a direct correlation between report quality and equipment capability.The more able the equipment is-in terms of efficient data gathering,signal to noise ratio,positioning,and coverage-the more actionable the report is.This results in optimal maintenance and repair strategies providing the report is clear and well presented.Furthermore,when considering tank floor storage inspection it is essential that asset owners have total confidence in inspection findings and the ensuing reports.Tank floor inspection equipment must not only be efficient and highly capable,but data sets should be traceable and integrity maintained throughout.Corrosion mapping of large surface areas such as storage tank bottoms is an inherently arduous and time-consuming process.MFL(magnetic flux leakage)based tank bottom scanners present a well-established and highly rated method for inspection.There are many benefits of using modern MFL technology to generate actionable reports.Chief among these includes efficiency of coverage while gaining valuable information regarding defect location,severity,surface origin and the extent of coverage.More recent advancements in modern MFL tank bottom scanners afford the ability to scan and record data sets at areas of the tank bottom which were previously classed as dead zones or areas not scanned due to physical restraints.An example of this includes scanning the CZ(critical zone)which is the area close to the annular to shell junction weld.Inclusion of these additional dead zones increases overall inspection coverage,quality and traceability.Inspection of the CZ areas allows engineers to quickly determine the integrity of arguably the most important area of the tank bottom.Herein we discuss notable developments in CZ coverage,inspection efficiency and data integrity that combines to deliver an actionable report.The asset owner can interrogate this report to develop pertinent and accurate maintenance and repair strategies.

基于CFD的LNG储罐瞬时大风环境数值模拟研究

为分析不同大风风速下储罐迎风侧和背风侧压力分布情况和风场特点,采用k-ε湍流模型,建立液化天然气(LNG)储罐区瞬时大风环境模型。利用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件Fluent对LNG储罐风环境进行模拟,利用软件分析模块生成储罐压力云图和风速矢量图。研究结果表明:LNG储罐在迎风侧承受压力高于背风侧,压力呈现对称分布;储罐前端与两侧易产生气体漩涡,但总体速度曲线较为规律,无混乱复杂的速度曲线。研究结果可为LNG场站抗灾韧性增强、极端大风天气应急疏散路径规划等多方面提供理论参考,对LNG储罐区安全建设具有重要指导意义。

基于流固耦合的LNG储罐外罐地震响应分析

为研究流固耦合对LNG储罐外罐的地震响应问题,采用振动台试验和数值仿真相结合方法对不同地震波下不同液体高度的LNG储罐进行震动分析。试验结果表明:地震会改变罐体加速度和位移的分布情况,不同地震波和不同液体高度对位移和加速度的放大效应有着不同的影响,在El Centro波、Taft波和SHM2波作用下,流体振荡产生的减震作用和流体压力产生的附加惯性作用能够减小储罐中部的位移,但对加速度有所放大。利用时程分析法对5000m^(3)LNG储罐的位移和环向应力进行地震模拟分析,结果表明:储罐的环向应力呈现出中间大两头小的走势,在罐高的1/4h、1/2h和3/4h上出现极值;位移沿罐高度方向先增加后减少,峰值出现在1/4h、1/3h、1/2h和3/4h处。因此在LNG储罐抗震设计时,应考虑流固耦合效应对结构的影响,在1/4h、1/3h、1/2h和3/4h处的薄弱位置,宜采用增加壁厚、设置阻尼器和钢筋加密等措施增强结构的可靠性和安全性。

考虑变掺氧富氧燃烧与利用LNG冷能的LAES的综合能源系统低碳经济调度

为促进风电消纳,减少火电机组的碳排放,解决综合能源系统(Integrated Energy System,IES)低碳经济运行问题,文中引入变掺氧富氧燃烧技术对燃气机组进行改造,并结合利用液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas,LNG)冷能的液化空气储能(Liquid Air Energy Storage,LAES),提出了一种电热气冷IES低碳经济优化策略。首先,构建含变掺氧富氧燃烧燃气机组、利用LNG冷能的LAES、电转气(Power To Gas,P2G)设备、中央空调和溴化锂制冷机的IES架构,并建立各设备的数学模型;其次,引入阶梯式碳交易机制,建立了以系统运行成本最小为目标的电热气冷IES低碳经济调度模型;最后,采用MATLAB调用GUROBI求解器对多个场景进行求解,验证了文中提出的低碳经济优化调度策略可以提高系统的风电消纳、有效降低系统运行成本,实现碳减排。

LNG储罐综合监控系统研发

当前国内储罐状态相关的监测系统与LNG储罐仪表测量系统相互独立设置、不兼容,各系统均独立运行,无法为安全生产运行及决策提供更加充分的依据,提出了将多套独立监控运行的软件集成为1套监控系统软件来实现对LNG储罐的精细化管理的相关技术。介绍了LNG储罐综合监控系统的总体设计,以及7个子系统功能,通过建立该综合监控系统不同子系统模型,将工艺条件变化后系统间相互的影响和变化直观展示,实现罐区异常状态下原因的快速分析和决策响应。

LNG接收站BOG产生及储罐压力控制研究

BOG处理系统是LNG接收站重要组成部分,其能否安全平稳运行对于接收站储罐压力控制、LNG船舶接卸操作及BOG回收都有着重要意义。本文通过对该接收站BOG产生量理论值进行分析计算,弄清了接收站在非卸船和卸船两种工况下BOG产生情况,并结合该接收站BOG处理系统情况,提出了相应的BOG回收处理优化建议,也可为接收站实际生产运行提供参考。

B型LNG燃料舱支座结构的强度分析

B型LNG燃料舱支座结构的受力机理较为复杂,其强度分析在设计中应给予重视。提出一套针对B型燃料舱支座结构强度分析的标准流程,能综合考虑层压木压力和摩擦力对支座结构强度的影响。给出一种B型燃料舱支座系统的设计方案,以典型的垂向支座和止横摇支座为例,应用子模型技术对其结构强度进行分析。支座结构的强度分析方法和应力分布特性可为实际工程中B型燃料舱支座的设计与分析提供参考。

B型LNG燃料舱的结构强度耦合分析

为进行B型燃料舱结构强度评估,提出一种舱段耦合分析方法,通过考虑垂向支座层压木的摩擦力作用和其他类型支座层压木的初始间隙,模拟出燃料舱与主船体结构之间的传力机制。应用舱段耦合分析方法,对B型燃料舱的结构强度进行分析,探讨舱体结构的屈服强度特性、屈曲强度特性,以及支座支撑力的分布规律,为B型燃料舱的结构设计与分析提供参考。

半地下坐地式LNG储罐电伴热系统的设计

相较于传统架高式液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas, LNG)储罐,坐地式或半地下坐地式LNG储罐因采用低承台结构,本体的一部分会与周围土壤直接接触,且无空气流通空间,储罐内部的低温将通过储罐本体传导至罐外,影响储罐周围土壤温度;当土壤温度≤0℃时,土壤冻胀隆起,导致储罐受力不均。针对这一问题,首先分析了LNG储罐保冷结构,研究了不同保冷材料的导热系数,计算出储罐不同位置处的漏热量,并根据计算结果选择电伴热系统设计方案,最后采用软件建模仿真分析,进一步验证电伴热系统设计的合理性。电伴热系统可消除低温对储罐周围土壤造成的影响,且能保证储罐本体温度的一致性和连续性,有效避免罐内LNG沸腾。研究成果可为半地下坐地式LNG储罐在进行电伴热系统设计时提供借鉴。

基于COMSOL的LNG储罐温度场数值模拟研究

LNG储罐内的温度场分布对储罐的结构和性能有很大的影响。以国内某大型LNG储罐为研究对象,结合LNG储罐结构与材料成分,运用COMSOL多物理场软件建立了LNG储罐的罐顶、罐壁、罐底三个部位温度场模型并对三个部位的温度场模型开展了仿真模拟;在该基础上研究了环境温度对LNG储罐各个部位温度的影响。研究结果表明:罐底的保冷性能最差,罐壁对环境温度最敏感。该研究结果为相关工程实践提供了指导,为LNG储存和运输提供了技术支撑。

LNG接收站内罐设计与安装技术研究

LNG(液化天然气)作为清洁能源的重要代表,在能源领域的应用逐渐扩大。而LNG接收站内罐作为LNG储存和装卸的关键设施,其设计与安装技术对LNG接收站的安全运营和效益有着重要影响。本文系统研究了LNG接收站内罐的设计原理、要求和关键技术,同时探讨了LNG接收站内罐的安装方法与流程;并通过对现有技术的总结与分析,提出了改进与展望,为LNG接收站内罐的设计与安装提供了参考。

7 500 m3 C型独立LNG液舱壁厚计算方法研究

海上浮式装置运输是目前LNG的主要运输方式,其中C型独立液舱是浮式装置上重要的LNG储存设备。若液舱壁厚过小,一旦发生强度失效导致储液泄漏,将造成严重的后果。而LNG独立液舱通常采用价格较贵的9%镍钢材质,壁厚过大将会造成成本增加。因此,C型独立LNG液舱的结构强度和壁厚计算的准确性对于实际工程具有重要的影响。结合7 500 m3C型独立LNG液舱研究,对筒体和封头壁厚计算方法进行简要介绍和分析。

中国海油“CGTank~”大型LNG储罐技术体系与工程化应用

LNG储罐设计、建造工艺复杂,造价高,是能源领域中的尖端技术之一,长期由国外企业垄断。为了实现LNG储罐技术的国产化,作为目前国内最大LNG进口商的中国海洋石油总公司（以下简称中国海油）,在借鉴国内外相关单位设计建设经验的基础上,经过多年科研攻关,成功研发了LNG储罐技术体系“CGTank”：1自主开发了成套计算软件,通过建立流固耦合的三维全息及多点接触模型,完成了对储罐全工况的计算;2引入欧洲规范,结合响应谱分析,创新了地震作用研究及内罐校核研究;3首次提出利用最大剪切破坏理论得到的主应力作为应力强度判别的标准;4形成了完全自主知识产权的大型LNG全容储罐技术包。“CGTank”体系在天津LNG示范工程中完成了首次应用,由中国海油气电集团提供储罐设计核心技术,由海洋石油工程股份有限责任公司EPC总承包,目前项目已经通过了所有指标的测试,顺利运营。LNG储罐自主技术的应用前景广阔,有利于推动LNG产业的全面国产化进程。

LNG双燃料油船燃料舱结构强度评估方法研究

随着国际社会对绿色低碳要求逐步提高,采用液化天然气(liquefied natural gas,LNG)燃料的海船正成为运输船主流趋势。国际海事组织发布《使用气体或其他低闪点燃料船舶的国际安全规则》(简称“IGF规则”),虽然对使用低闪点燃料的燃料舱围护系统设计给出了载荷和设计条件的原则性要求,但对如何开展LNG燃料舱结构强度评估并同油船、散货船、集装箱船等运输船型的装载工况和评估衡准进行协调,则缺乏明确的指导,故操作性不高。该文结合IGF规则的燃料舱设计载荷要求及共同结构规范相关要求开展研究,提出了一种使用LNG燃料的油船燃料舱区域的船体结构强度直接计算方法,包括模型范围、载荷工况和强度评估衡准等,并以某油船为例,进行了燃料舱区域有限元直接计算的实船验证。结果表明该方法合理可行,并可为同类船舶的LNG燃料舱结构强度评估提供指导。

大型LNG储罐三种高效自动化焊接工艺对比研究

我国建造储存绿色能源LNG用储罐单台已达27万m^(3),针对传统的SMAW焊接效率低、含有锰蒸汽和CO_(2)的烟尘等问题,采用热丝TIG,FCAW及MIG三种自动焊方法,进行了大量的试验研究,从而使LNG储罐的施焊环境大大改善,焊接效率及质量均大幅提升。结果表明,自动焊焊缝表面成形均远好于SMAW;焊接效率为MIG最高;焊接接头低温冲击韧性为热丝TIG最优。目前三种自动焊对现场组装精度要求均高于SMAW,热丝TIG对组装精度要求最高,因此尚需进一步提升自动化水平,以便在工程中大量推广应用。

双燃料集装箱船B型LNG燃料舱疲劳强度研究

基于DNV-GL规范要求,对某大型双燃料集装箱船B型LNG燃料舱结构进行疲劳强度研究。根据规范给出燃料舱及其支撑结构的疲劳分析流程以及疲劳热点筛选方法,分析不同关键节点的疲劳强度,并提供改善疲劳问题的优化设计方案。为配置B型LNG燃料舱的相关船型的设计开发提供参考。

碰撞冲击载荷下船用LNG燃料罐的结构强度评价

针对LNG燃料船舶在碰撞事故发生情况下的LNG燃料罐结构安全问题,应用有限元方法建立有限元分析模型,并参照规范形成碰撞载荷计算及加载、结构强度评价等方法,提出碰撞冲击载荷作用下船用LNG燃料罐结构安全评价的解决方案。以18 m~3船用LNG燃料罐作为研究对象进行仿真计算分析,评估碰撞载荷作用下LNG燃料罐筒体、封头、内外容器间的支撑结构及鞍座等部件的应力水平和总体结构安全状况。结果表明,该船用燃料罐各构件应力均小于规范中的许用值,强度满足要求,符合行业规范,验证有限元分析方法在LNG燃料罐结构强度评价的可行性;内容器是工况条件下最容易失效的结构,其最大应力可达123.63 MPa,与许用值相差13.07 MPa。