A Modified Combined Approach Framework of Climate Impact and Adaptation Assessment for Water Resource Systems Based on Experience Derived from Different Adaptation Studies in the Context of Climate Change

Warming of climate system is undisputed as evident from observations of increasing average temperatures of air and ocean, large scale melting of ice and increasing global average sea levels. The effect of climate change directly impacts society through the chain of climate-hydrology-water-water resources systems-society. Adaptation and mitigation are the two ways of society to respond the changes in climate. Adaptations may be reactive, anticipatory, autonomous, planned, compliment and substitute type. The adaptations are carried out with the help of guidelines for climate impact and adaptation assessment. The guidelines are subjective or objective. Objective guidelines are step by step procedures to arrive at proper adaptation measures while subjective guidelines are step by step adaptation measures given on the basis of study of area, problem at hand and prerequisites for the adaptation. Many objective guidelines of climate impact and adaptation assessment are given. These objective guidelines can be classified into two approaches: hazard based approach and vulnerability based approach. Both approaches have their own pros and cons, so combined approach with more focus on vulnerability was suggested as the best. In this study based on the lessons learned from the adaptation case studies across the world, the combined approach framework is modified to get modified combined approach framework of guidelines for climate impact and adaptation assessment by adding the components related: 1) explicit mentioning of stakeholders 2) revision, modification and communication of adaptation actions.

Framework analysis of fluoride salt-cooled high temperature reactor probabilistic safety assessment

Probabilistic safety assessment(PSA) is important in nuclear safety review and analysis. Because the design and physics of the fluoride salt-cooled high temperature reactor(FHR) differ greatly from the pressurized water reactor(PWR), the methods and steps of PSA in FHR should be studied. The high-temperature gascooled reactor(HTR-PM) and sodium-cooled fast reactors have built the PSA framework, and the framework to finish the PSA analysis. The FHR is compared with the PWR, HTR-PM and sodium-cooled fast reactors from the physics, design and safety. The PSA framework of FHR is discussed. In the FHR, the fuel and coolant combination provides large thermal margins to fuel damage(hundreds of degrees centigrade). The tristructuralisotropic(TRISO) as the fuel is independent in FHR core and its failure is limited for the core. The core damage in Level 1 PSA is of lower frequency. Levels 1 and 2 PSA are combined in the FHR PSA analysis. The initiating events analysis is the beginning, and the source term analysis and the release types are the target. Finally, Level3 PSA is done.

Establishment of a Risk Assessment Framework for Analysis of the Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza

To evaluate the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza （HPAI） in China's Mainland, a risk assessment framework was built. Risk factors were determined by analyzing the epidemic data using the brainstorming method; the analytic hierarchy process was designed to weigh risk factors, and the integrated multicriteria analysis was used to evaluate the final result. The completed framework included the risk factor system, data standards for risk factors, weights of risk factors, and integrated assessment methods. This risk assessment framework can be used to quantitatively analyze the outbreak and spread of HPAI in China's Mainland.

Analysis of a Conceptual Model and Assessment of the e-Procurement System in Bangladesh

The public procurement system in Bangladesh has been running by traditional manual process under the flagship of Public Procurement Act (PPA 2006) and Public Procurement Rules (PPR 2008). Public procurement agencies have been facing challenges in this manual tendering system. To overcome this problem and to bring reality to the “Digital Bangladesh” slogan, the Government of Bangladesh introduced the e-Procurement system under the e-GP (Electronic Government Procurement) guideline 2011. After the inception of e-procurement, there is no e-procurement assessment model to improve the e-GP system. The purpose of this research is to develop a conceptual framework and to design an e-procurement assessment model. With this view, we have considered one of the biggest entity Roads and Highways Department (RHD) of the Government of Bangladesh, for field study. Mixed methods along with FGD (Focus Group Discussion), KII (Key Informant Interview), and survey questionnaires are used to collect data from RHD, and then Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software is used for regression analysis and hypothesis testing to develop the e-Procurement assessment model. The novel contribution of the study lies in the test of the hypothesis that focuses on developing the conceptual model of the e-procurement assessment system in Bangladesh. Findings of the study are essential for all Procurement Entity (PE) and suppliers i.e. contractors of RHD who are engaged in the construction of the infrastructure project development project.

Designing and evaluating assessment and learning in adaptive learning systems

The recent emergence of adaptive language learning systems calls for conceptual work to guide the design of assessment and learning in an adaptive environment.Although adaptive learning might have been touted as a universal cure for learning problems,many adaptive language learning systems fall short of educators’expectations,partly due to a lack of standards and best practices in this area.To fill this gap,this paper proposes some major considerations in designing a high-quality assessment and learning experience in adaptive learning and ways to evaluate an adaptive learning system.The architecture of adaptive learning is decomposed,with a chain of inferences supporting the overall efficacy of an adaptive learning system presented,including user property representation,user property estimation,content representation,user interaction representation,and user interaction impact.A detailed analysis of key validity issues is provided for each inference,which motivates the major considerations in designing and evaluating assessment and learning.The paper first provides an overview of different types of assessment used in adaptive learning and an analysis of the assessment approach,priorities,and design considerations of each to optimize its use in adaptive learning.Then it proposes a framework for evaluating different aspects of an adaptive learning system.Some special connections are made to models,techniques,designs,and technologies specific to language learning and assessment,bringing more relevance to adaptive language learning solutions.Through establishing some guidelines on key aspects to evaluate and how to evaluate them,the work intends to bring more rigor to the field of adaptive language learning systems.

Technology Demand Assessment of Adaption of Chinese Cities to Climate Change

Climate change adaptation is the process of preparing and actively adjusting to meet the climate change (negative effects and potential opportunities). Urban adaptation is aimed at the sensitivity level of risks and specific impacts of cities under the impact of climate change, and to develop policies and investment programs to reduce the vulnerability of cities to climate change risk. Urban adaptive action provides the basis and direction for the construction of urban resilience and sustainable development. Identifying the demand of adaption technologies, promoting the practical implementation of international technology transfer and reducing domestic emissions have important significance for the global response to climate change and improvement of the ability of urban adaptation. In this paper, through in-depth analysis on the concept and connotation of climate change, climate disasters and urban adaptation to climate change, the evaluation framework and steps of urban adaptation to climate change technology are determined, and six priority application technologies which can maximize the overall efficiency of sustainable development, improve the ability to adapt to climate change and at the same time reduce the cost at the greatest extent are identified.

Nursing culture assessment tool (NCAT): Empirical validation for use in long-term care

Background:Capturing general aspects of the occupational subculture of nursing is needed in long-term care(LTC)given its latent influence on the quality of care that residents receive and on the ability of nursing staff(licensed nurses and certified nursing assistants)to implement evidence-based practice innovations.The psychometrically validated Nursing Culture Assessment Tool(NCAT)provides a comprehensive assessment using six dimensions(teamwork,communication,satisfaction,professional commitment,behaviors,and expectations),and evaluation of these dimensions could help positively reshape the culture before any change implementation.Purpose:Aims were to:(1)assess the validity and reliability of the NCAT across nursing staff in a single type of clinical setting e LTC facilities,and(2)present a refined theoretical model of the interaction of culture and practice implementation.Methods:A cross-sectional,exploratory investigation of the NCAT in LTC settings was conducted.Empirical construct validity of the 19-item NCAT's six subscales was investigated by confirmatory factor analysis using a sample of licensed nurses and certified nursing assistants(n?318).Results:The model fit was judged using the comparative fit index(0.94)and standardized root mean-square residual(0.05).Cronbach's alpha correlation coefficients of items in each subscale and in the overall scale ranged from 0.76 to 0.94.Conclusion:A summary of the NCAT development and report on its psychometric properties when administered in LTC settings is provided,extending previous findings of the NCAT's enhanced stability when used in assessing nursing staff perceptions in LTC and by demonstrating that the NCAT is a reliable and valid psychometric screening tool for nursing culture.

Integrated Assessment of the Ecological Status of Bulgarian Lowland and Semi-Mountain Natural Lakes

This work focuses on an integrated approach for lake ecological status assessment, elaborated according to the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Data from five lowland and semi-mountain lakes in Bulgaria (Southeast Europe) collected from two years (2011-2012) form the basis for an integrated assessment and the definition of reference conditions. Several metrics were applied in combination, to classify lakes into five ecological status classes. Assemblages of aquatic organisms: phytoplankton, macrophytes and benthic macroinvertebrates, together with 11 supporting physico-chemical parameters were studied. The assessed unique conditions suggested that reference conditions of Bulgarian lakes have natural variability. This first baseline study illustrated specific cases within the lake types that should be assessed in details before providing standardized classification systems in compliance with the requirements of WFD.

城市规划健康影响评估理论框架构建

健康影响评估为预测城市发展、城市规划方案和项目的健康效益提供框架,但在融入我国城市规划中仍面临内容体系不清、技术流程不明、模型体系未建立和工作方法缺失等问题。本文构建了城市规划健康影响评估理论框架,系统性地明确了面向城市规划的健康影响评估内容体系、技术流程、模型体系和工作方法。面向城市规划的健康影响评估可从“健康风险控制影响评估”“健康资源支撑保障评估”和“健康行为促进效益评估”3个方面开展;主要技术流程包括参照对象确定、评估范围界定、评估框架构建、评估方法选取和评估开展5个步骤;模型体系由核心模型、相关模型和外围模型构成;最后,规划编制团队与健康影响评估团队可协作推进健康影响评估“全过程”融入规划。本文可为面向城市规划开展健康影响评估提供基本的理论、方法和机制指导。

联邦边缘智能网络碳排放评估及优化

近年来,通信技术的持续演进导致通信网络的能耗显著增加。随着人工智能(AI,artificial intelligence)技术与算法在通信网络中的广泛应用和深度部署,未来6G智能通信网络架构和技术演进将对通信网络的节能减排带来更为严峻的挑战。基于边缘计算和分布式联邦学习的联邦边缘智能(FEI,federated edge intelligence)网络已被普遍认为是实现6G网络内生智能的关键路径之一。然而,如何评估和优化联邦边缘智能网络的综合碳排放量仍然是一大难题。为解决该问题,首先,提出了一种联邦边缘智能网络碳排放评估框架和方法。其次,基于该评估框架和方法提出3种联邦边缘智能网络碳排放优化方案,包括动态能量交易(DET,dynamic energy trading)、动态任务分配(DTA,dynamic task allocation)和动态能量交易与任务分配(DETA,dynamic energy trading and task allocation)。最后,通过自行搭建的真实硬件平台,并利用真实世界的碳强度数据集进行联邦边缘智能网络生命周期碳排放仿真。实验结果表明,3种优化方案均能在不同场景和约束条件下显著减少联邦边缘智能网络的碳排放,为下一代智能通信网络的可持续发展和实现绿色低碳6G网络提供了依据。

化工过程系统韧性研究进展与展望

为推动对化工过程系统韧性的研究,通过文献综述的方法,辨析系统韧性概念,解析化工过程系统韧性概念框架,从定性与定量2方面分析化工过程系统韧性评估研究的进展,探讨目前的研究挑战并展望未来研究方向。研究结果表明:化工过程系统韧性表示系统应对不利事件的预测、吸收、适应、恢复和学习能力;扰动下基于系统性能的概率方法是当前化工过程系统韧性定量评估的热点;韧性定量研究的主要挑战为扰动辨识与韧性建模等;未来研究应更多关注耦合扰动下韧性分析、综合韧性建模、动态韧性评估与韧性设计优化等方向。研究结果可为化工过程系统韧性的研究与应用提供参考。

核心素养导向下体育学习目标设计的现状、争议、定位与对话

基层体育教师以布卢姆教育目标分类框架(包括认知、技能、情感,以下简称“布卢姆目标框架”)进行学习目标设计时,难以全面、深入地观察和评析学生体育与健康核心素养的达成水平,因此存在“摒弃布卢姆目标框架”和“质疑核心素养导向下体育学习目标设计的可操作性”两大争议,深究争议的症结在于未廓清分类学意义上的布卢姆目标框架与发生学意义上的体育与健康核心素养的理论定位。从理论定位看,布卢姆目标框架为观察、解析和鉴赏学生体育与健康核心素养的发生过程提供了可行的分析框架。对此,提出基于核心素养课改理念弥补布卢姆目标框架在教学实践中的不足、依托布卢姆目标框架推进体育与健康核心素养落实的对话融合路径。

基于概念框架的衰弱评估工具发展及应用现状

衰弱是人口老龄化面临的最大挑战。根据衰弱评估的目的选择合适的概念框架和评估工具对衰弱的认识和管理具有重要意义。本文对衰弱评估的概念框架、常见的衰弱评估工具的优缺点和选择要点进行了梳理,同时对以我国传统中医为理论依据的衰弱病机和评估内容进行了阐述和现状介绍,以期为我国衰弱研究的理论创新和发展提供参考依据。

热带雨林类国家公园水生态系统服务价值核算方法综述

热带雨林类国家公园的“水库”价值对国家具有重要战略意义。但由于热带雨林类国家公园水生态系统服务受益主体复杂、生态效益与核算边界多元,其价值核算方法仍存在诸多挑战,使得建立在其准确计量基础上的热带雨林类国家公园保护与修复难以有效开展,阻碍了国家公园水生态产品价值实现及国家生态文明试验区建设进程。基于此,首先厘清现有研究中热带雨林类国家公园水生态系统服务的多元受益主体、多尺度生态效益、多边界评估框架,综述现有研究中热带雨林类国家公园水生态系统服务价值核算方法,并总结其优势与挑战,进一步结合热带雨林类国家公园水生态系统服务形成机制指出其对核算研究的启示。可为后续热带雨林类国家公园水生态系统服务价值核算、水生态系统管理与保护等提供理论与方法支撑。

河流样式框架:基于水文地貌评估支撑河流景观的可持续修复与管理

河流景观是人类需求与自然基底相互作用形成的复杂、多尺度嵌套的社会生态和水文地貌系统。基于水文地貌学原理的“河流样式框架”为理解河流“形式与过程”之间的关系提供了一个成熟的分析工具。系统梳理河流样式框架的基本原则、具体步骤与核心内容,提出多尺度的空间层级划分、河流样式与地貌单元的分类体系是该框架解释河流特征与河流行为的核心方法。进而在流域尺度依据地貌状况与修复潜力评估结果确定各个河段修复管理的优先次序,在河段尺度通过河流演变轨迹分析预测河流的变化趋势。以期为“基于过程”的河流景观修复设计与行动计划提供理论支持。

基于VSD框架的滇中城市群绿色建筑经济脆弱性测度研究

绿色建筑经济是实现“双碳”和“中国式现代化”的有效途径,其评价带有技术性、经济性和社会性等多因素。本研究选取滇中城市群为对象,以VSD框架模型为基础,提出体现经济发展-生态环境-社会认知耦合系统的“暴露性、敏感性、适应性”三要素二十四子项的绿色建筑经济脆弱性评价指标体系。并通过定性定量相结合的方法,进行脆弱性分析。研究结果表明,滇中四州市绿色建筑经济脆弱性指数有明显差异:昆明脆弱性最低,即发展绿色建筑产业条件较好;楚雄脆弱性最高,发展条件最弱;玉溪与曲靖次之;整体呈现“中间低四周高”的空间格局。基于此,对各州市针对不同分项评价和短板提出参考建议。

新时代高考内容改革:理论、实践与成效

高考内容改革是考试招生制度改革的重要内容,《关于深化考试招生制度改革的实施意见》明确将深化高考考试内容改革作为主要任务。十年来,新时代高考内容改革坚持全面落实党的教育方针,建立健全高考立德树人机制,研制发布《中国高考评价体系》,探索完善价值引领、素养导向、能力为重、知识为基的综合考查模式,初步建立了具有中国特色的考试评价理论体系。在高考内容改革实践中坚持以高考评价体系为指导,以立德树人、服务选才、引导教学核心功能为方向,探索形成了向全面育人载体转变、向解决问题转变、向考教衔接转变三条基本路径,开辟了具有中国特色的考试评价实践路径,有力推进了教育考试现代化。

数字教育资源发展水平如何?——基于国家中小学智慧教育平台资源的证据回应

数字教育资源是建设高质量智慧教育新生态的基础。在政策和研究层面,相关主体高度重视数字教育资源的配置、共享、应用和评价等方面的理论探讨。然而,尚未有研究从实践层面出发,系统回应“我国数字教育资源发展水平如何”这一核心议题。鉴于此,通过梳理数字教育资源的内涵及其关键要素,构建数字教育资源发展水平的评估框架,提出从资源配置、资源共享、资源应用和资源评价方面,测评我国数字教育资源的发展水平。在量化层面,以国家中小学智慧教育平台为评估对象,客观考察其数字教育资源发展的综合水平和差异表现,据此提出有针对性、可操作性的数字教育资源建设路向。评估发现:(1)资源配置方面:主题聚焦于课程教学,小学阶段资源数量占比最多,以语文、数学和英语学科资源为主,云南省、新疆维吾尔自治区、湖南省、山东省、山西省的资源配置水平位居前五;(2)资源共享方面:资源共享版本主要为英语和数学学科,资源共享的时间高峰值为2019年,资源共享空间呈现东部地区>西部地区>中部地区>东北地区的样貌;(3)资源应用方面:小学学段的资源应用水平最高,资源应用学科主要为语文、数学和英语,湖南省、云南省和新疆维吾尔自治区的资源应用水平位居前三;(4)资源评价方面:小学学段的资源评价人数占比最高,数学、语文、英语、物理和政治学科的点赞人数位居前五。在质性层面,以用户对于数字教育资源的反馈内容为分析对象,分析当前数字教育资源的发展水平。结果表明:目前资源内容建设重点为标准化的数字资源;资源缺少典型应用场景,难以深化使用;亟需构建数据联通的平台体系。基于量化评估结果与质性内容分析,提出推动我国数字教育资源高质量发展的核心议题:构建各要素耦合联动的数字教育资源发展机制;打造多主体协同参与的数字教育资源发展模式;建设互联互通的多层级智慧教育平台体系。

如何合理评估危险化学品安全管理水平:来自中国30个省份的经验

为解决目前中国各省份危险化学品安全管理水平评估片面性、缺乏客观性的问题,基于所搜集的2006—2019年中国各省份发生的12065起危险化学品事故信息,从显性和隐性两个方面多维度、多层次、多指标建立中国各省份危险化学品安全管理综合评估体系,并利用熵值TOPSIS-RSR模型客观评估中国各省份危险化学品安全管理水平,为各省份进一步加强安全管理提供依据。

Integrated risk assessment framework for transformation products of emerging contaminants:what we know and what we should know

The continuous input of various emerging contaminants(ECs)has inevitably introduced large amounts of transformation products(TPs)in natural and engineering water scenarios.Structurally similar to the precursor species,the TPs are expected to possess comparative,if not more serious,environmental properties and risks.This review summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding the integrated risk assessment frameworks of TPs of ECs,mainly involving the exposure-and effectdriven analysis.The inadequate information within existing frameworks that was essential and critical for developing a better risk assessment framework was discussed.The main strategic improvements include(1)non-targeted product analysis in both laboratory and field samples,(2)omics-based highthroughput toxicity assessment,(3)multichannel-driven mode of action in conjugation with effectdirected analysis,and(4)machine learning technology.Overall,this review provides a concise but comprehensive insight into the optimized strategy for evaluating the environmental risks and screening the key toxic products from the cocktail mixtures of ECs and their TPs in the global water cycle.This facilitates deciphering the mode of toxicity in complex chemical mixtures and prioritizing the regulated TPs among the unknown products,which have the potential to be considered a class of novel"ECs"ofgreatconcern.