The Special Expression and Comparison of the c-kit Protein in Spermatogenesis of Three Species of Locusts of Arcypteridae

The aim of this study was to elucidate the expression and regulation of the c.kit protein in spermatogenesis of locusts. Immunohistochemistry and biological statistics were used to investigate the expression of the c-kit protein in four representative phases of spermatogenesis of three dominant species of locusts of Arcypteridae （Orthoptera： Acridoidea）, namely, Omocestus viridulus （Linnaeus）, Euchorthippus unicolor （Ikonn.）, and Euchorthippus vittatus Zheng, and so on, in Siping area of Jilin Province, China. The results revealed the following： （1） There was weak positive expression of the c-kit protein in spermatogonia and the positive granules were thinner; （2） there was a strong positive expression of the c-kit protein in primary spermatocyte and the positive granules became the largest than in all developmental stages; （3） the c-kit protein positive expression became stronger in secondary spermatocyte, while the positive granules became thinner; （4） there was strong positive expression of the c-kit protein and the positive granules were thinner in mature sperm, which were distributed on its head and tail; （5） there were strong positive protein granules massing at the end of spermary; （6） the positive intensity of the c-kit protein in spermatogenesis was significantly different among different species of locusts. The data suggested that the c-kit protein may play a crucial role in spermatogenesis as well as maintain the physiological action of sperms and fertilization, regulate the developmental speed of spermatogenesis, and/or maintain species isolation, etc.

Preliminary Report on Occurrence Regularity of Locusts in Binzhou City

Based on the census and analysis on locust occurrence in Binzhou from 1991 to 2010, the locust species that ever occurred in Binzhou were identified. A total of 18 locust species were found. They belong to six families and 15 genera. The identified locust species were distributed in farmland, wasteland, swamp and special environment, four different ecological environments in Binzhou. The dominant species, common species and rare species, as well as floristic characters of different locust species were determined in different ecological environments at different periods. In this paper, the life histories and habits of seven dominant and two rare locust species were described in detail.

Formulation of Infant Flours Based on Fonio Enriched with Bambara Groundnut Anacardium (Cashew) and African Locust Bean Fruit Pulp

Infant malnutrition is a significant issue in Côte d’Ivoire, and this study aims to address it by formulating infant flours using local ingredients. Fermentation, germination, and malting methods were used to enhance the quality of six formulated flours, all based on Fonio and supplemented with Bambara groundnut, African locust bean fruit pulp, and cashew kernels. Results showed that Fonio had the highest carbohydrate content, while Bambara groundnut and Cashew kernels were rich in protein and lipid content. African locust bean fruit pulp was rich in fiber and Vitamin C, with a high β-carotene value. The cashew kernel had the highest energy value. Regarding mineral composition, African locust bean fruit pulp had the highest potassium content, while Bambara groundnut and African locust bean fruit pulp were rich in sodium. Cashew kernel and Fonio had higher iron and calcium content. Bambara groundnut had a higher zinc content, while cashew kernel had a higher magnesium content. The formulated flours made from fermented Fonio grains and enriched with Bambara groundnut, African locust bean fruit pulp, and cashew kernel had varying protein, fiber, carbohydrate, ash, and fat contents. The flour formulated with sprouted Fonio and enriched with the same ingredients had higher protein content and energy value than the other fermented seed-based flours. The mixed flours produced with fermented seeds and the flour produced from sprouted seeds met international standards. Overall, these findings offer valuable insights into the nutritional composition of the formulated flours and their potential to combat infant malnutrition in Côte d’Ivoire.

基于Locust的Web性能测试工具设计

随着Web应用的普及和用户对响应速度要求的不断提升,确保Web应用在高并发环境下的性能成为开发过程中的关键环节。为了更高效地对Web应用进行性能测试,文章设计了一种基于Locust框架的Web性能测试工具,旨在通过分布式架构实现多台测试机同时施压,达到真实有效的高并发目的,通过软件方式解决传统测试中资源消耗占用率高的问题。文章结合Web开发技术将性能测试结果以可视化图表进行实时展示,支持关键指标图表联动,方便用户进行数据分析。该工具支持HTTP/HTTPS协议的Web应用测试,支持梯形场景设计,同时结合操作系统和中间件的性能监控指标,利用Prometheus和Grafana构建实时监控体系,实现对Web应用服务响应的全方位监控与分析。经过测试,该工具具有良好的可行性和实用性。

CO/FT调节元件与植物开花时间调节研究进展

综述了CO/FT调节元件与植物开花时间调节的最新研究进展。开花是植物由营养生长向生殖生长转变的关键过程。光周期和温度在植物开花时间控制中起主要作用。在拟南芥和水稻中,CONSTANS(CO)对植物的日照长度测定至关重要,它与其靶基因FLOWERINGLOCUST(FT)构成的调节元件(regulon)在依赖于光周期的开花过程中起重要作用。目前已从多种植物中鉴定出CO和FT基因,并对其在开花时间的调控作用进行了深入研究。

The Dynamic Study on Transpiration Consumption of Black Locust Forest

To know the annual water consumption of forest, it is necessary to acquire the annual transpiration value of stands. This paper is based on the data measured in the typical weather of the growth season, from 1998 to 2000, with the LI 1600 Steady Porometer and the general weather information. The daily variation of transpiration in black locust forest ( Robinia pesudoacacia L.) is modeled by Penman Monteith equation. As a result of the model, a continuous daily transpiration in the growth season was calculated. The net radiation, intercepted by black locust forest canopy, was acquired from a semi empirical equation of measuring net radiation R n with the extinction coefficient k and leaf area index LAI . The canopy integral stomatic resistance is a mimesis with an empirical equation of measuring data. Compared with measuring data, the relative error of the modeled ones is less than 12% averagely. At last, the total transpiration of black locust forest during the period of 1998 and 2000 in the growth season of May to October, as an average transpiration of the different density stands, were 192 46, 187 07 and 195 59?mm respectively.

Egg tanning improves the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutant locust production by enhancing defense ability after microinjection

The mutant efficiency and hatching ratio are two key factors that significantly affect the construction of genome-modified mutant insects.In the construction of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated dsLmRNase2^(–/–)mutant locusts,we found that the tanned eggs which experienced a 20-min contact with the oocyst exhibited a higher success rate compared to fresh newly-laid eggs that were less tanned.However,the heritable efficiency of the dsLmRNase2 deletion to the next generation G_(1 )progeny was similar between adults derived from the tanned or less tanned engineered eggs.Further,the similar effective mutant ratios in the normally developed eggs and G_(0) adults of tanned and less tanned eggs also indicated that tanning did not reduce the absolute mutation efficiency induced by CRISPR/Cas9.Moreover,we found that the syncytial division period,which was longer than the time for tanning,conferred a window period for microinjection treatment with efficient mutation in both tanned and less tanned eggs.We further found that tanned eggs exhibited a higher hatching rate due to a reduced infection rate following microinjection.Both the anti-pressure and ultrastructure analyses indicated that the tanned eggs contained compressed eggshells to withstand increased external pressure.In summary,tanned eggs possess stronger defense responses and higher efficiency of genome editing,providing an improved model for developing Cas9-mediated gene editing procedures in locusts.

A new species in the genus Hedotettix Bolívar(Orthoptera:Tetrigoidea:Tetrigidae) from Guizhou, China

A new species in the genus Hedotettix Bolivar, Hedotettix circinihumerus Deng ＆ Zheng sp. nov., is described from the Luodian Area of Guizhou, China.

A new species in the genus Austrohancockia Günther(Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea: Cladonotidae) from Anhui, China

One new species in the genus Austrohancockia Giinther, Austrohancockia yuexiensis Zha, Deng ＆ Zheng sp. nov., is described and photographed from Yuexi, Anhui, China. The type specimens are deposited in the Specimen Room of the School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China.

Discovery and description of the female Tetrix grossifemura (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea)

The female of Tetrix grossifemura Zheng ＆ Jiang, 1997 is discovered and described, voucher specimens are in the School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University.

Discovery and description of the male Macromotettix convexa(Orthoptera:Tetrigoidea)

The male of Macromotettix convexa Deng, Zheng ＆ Zhan, 2010 is discovered and described. Voucher specimens are in the School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University.

First report of males of two Alulatettix species(Orthoptera:Tetrigoidea:Tetrigidae)

Males ofAlulatettix anhuiensis Zheng, 2001 and A. tianzhushanensis Zhang, Deng ＆ Zha, 2014 are reported for the first time. Voucher specimens are deposited in the Specimen Room of the School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China.

A new species in the genus Bolivaritettix Günther(Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea: Metrodoridae) from the Karst area of Guizhou, China

During the investigation of species diversity at the Lengshuihe Nature Preserve in Jinsha, Guizhou,China in Aug. 2015, a new species of the genus Bolivaritettix, B. jinshaensis Zha Wen sp. nov. was found.Herein we introduce it with description and illustration. It is similar to but differs from B. yuanbaoshanensis Zheng Jiang by： 1） vertex 1.8（♂） or 2.0（♀） times as wide as one eye; 2） in profile, vertex together with frontal ridge protruding and distinctly visible before eyes; 3） midkeel of pronotum interrupted or obscure between lateral keels of prozona; 4） pronotum and hind femur distinctly longer than those of the latter; 5）upper valvulae of ovipositor only 3.8 times as long as wide.

A new species in the genus Epitettix Hancock(Orthoptera:Tetrigoidea: Cladonotidae) from Yunnan Province

One new species of Epitettix Hancock in the family Cladonotidae is described, i.e. Epitettix torulosinota sp. nov. This new species is allied to Epitettix tamilus Günther, 1939, but differs in： 1） anterior margin of pronotum straight; 2） lateral carinae of prozona long, obviously shrunk to posterior; 3） posterior process reaching 3/4 of hind femur; 4） disc of pronotum rough, with dense protuberances; 5） lower margin of lateral lobe of pronotum in postzona straight, space between lateral carina and lower margin of lateral lobe narrow.

Description of a new species of the genus Coptotettix Bolívar(Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea) from Thailand

A new species, Coptotettix nigrifemurus Deng ＆ Jiang sp. nov. （Tetrigidae： Tetriginae）, is described and photographed. The species was collected from the Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park in Loci Province, Thailand. The genus Coptotettix in Thailand is reviewed and a key to the genus in Thailand is provided.

美国陆军大力发展托盘化高能激光武器

近来年,美国开展了多种作战概念研究、新型装备研制和前沿技术探索,以应对高端威胁。2022年美国陆军大力发展具有反无人机分层防御能力的托盘化高能激光武器(PHEL),将通过原型样机的开发与演示实验来了解其作战效能对作战的影响,并借此对作战条令进行调整。托盘化高能激光武器是美“分层防御”战略思想下嵌入“托盘化武器”概念相结合的产物,将极大地提升高能激光武器在未来多域作战中的防空反导与打击能力。

基于ECC安注热混合试验的LOCUST 1.2分析与验证

在失水事故(LOCA)工况下安注系统投入使用时,蒸汽与安注冷却剂会发生流体热力学混合,热混合过程中冷腿段的冷却是直接影响堆芯再淹没与否的重要因素。中国广核集团有限公司自主研发了一款两相流热工水力系统分析软件LOCUST,可用于压水堆核电厂事故工况的分析计算。基于西安交通大学堆芯应急冷却系统(ECCS-XJTU)试验台架进行的堆芯应急冷却(ECC)安注热混合试验,本文使用LOCUST软件对ECC热混合试验进行了几何建模及计算分析。ECC热混合试验工况主要为不同流量下主管纯蒸汽与安注管过冷水的混合,蒸汽流量为25~125 kg/h,过冷水流量为100~500 kg/h。模拟计算结果和试验结果的对比分析表明:试验段出口质量流量计算值的最大相对误差在13.8%以内,混合后温度计算值的最大相对误差在8%以内,LOCUST在计算高温蒸汽和过冷水混合时的计算结果相对保守,总体上验证了LOCUST在LOCA下两相热混合安注计算的可靠性和准确性。

Age-related Changes of Carbon Accumulation and Allocation in Plants and Soil of Black Locust Forest on Loess Plateau in Ansai County, Shaanxi Province of China

The effects of reforestation on carbon （C） sequestration in China＇s Loess Plateau ecosystem have attracted much research attention in recent years. Black locust trees （Robinia pseudoacacia L.） are valued for their important use in reforestation and water and soil conservation efforts. This forest type is widespread across the Loess Plateau, and must he an essential component of any planning for C sequestration efforts in this fragile ecological region. The long-term effects of stand age on C accumulation and allocation after reforestation remains uncertain. We examined an age-sequence of black locust forest （5, 9, 20, 30, 38, and 56 yr since planting） on the Loess Plateau to evaluate C accumulation and allocation in plants （trees, shrubs, herbages, and leaf litter） and soil （0-100 cm）. Allometric equations were developed for estimating the biomass of tree components （leaf, branch, stem without bark, bark and root） with a de- structive sampling method. Our results demonstrated that black locust forest ecosystem accumulated C constantly, from 31.42 Mg C/ha （1 Mg = 106 g） at 5 yr to 79.44 Mg C/haat 38 yr. At the ＇old forest＇ stage （38 to 56 yr）, the amount of C in plant biomass significantly decreased （from 45.32 to 34.52 Mg C/ha） due to the high mortality of trees. However, old forest was able to accumulate C continuously in soil （from 33.66 to 41.00 Mg C/ha）. The C in shrub biomass increased with stand age, while the C stock in the herbage layer and leaf litter was age-independent. Reforestation resulted in C re-allocation in the forest soil. The topsoil （0-20 cm） C stock increased constantly with stand age. However, C storage in sub-top soil, in the 20-30, 30-50, 50-100, and 20-100 cm layers, was age-independent. These results suggest that succession, as a temporal factor, plays a key role in C accumulation and re-allocation in black locust forests and also in regional C dynamics in vegetation.

Long-term impact of municipal sewage irrigation on treated soil and black locust trees in a semi-arid suburban area of Iran

The effects of municipal sewage irrigation on the soil and black locust （Robinia pseudoacacia L.） tree were studied. For this purpose, two artificial black locust stands under irrigation of municipal sewage and well water were selected in south of Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using technique of systematic random sampling with 4 replicates in each stand. It was found that the growth of black locust tree, as indicated by diameter at breast height, total height, crown length, average crown diameter, basal area and volume, in sewage irrigation stand was much higher than that of well water irrigation stand （P 〈 0.01）. Plant analysis indicated that concentrations of leaf nutrients （N, E K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn） were greater in sewage-irrigated trees, without toxicity to the minerals of tree leaf, than those of well waterirrigated trees, and positively correlated with their respective value in soil. Ni, Cr and Pb were not detected in leaf samples. Application of sewage resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in the concentrations of soil nutrients, Ni, Cr and Pb. Among these minerals only Pb and Ni in some soil samples exceeded the toxicity limit. The increase in pH, electrical conductivity （EC） and organic carbon of soil was also observed in sewage irrigation. Results confirm that besides the use as irrigation water, municipal sewages are also a potential source of plant nutrients. However, significant accumulation of heavy metals such as Pb and Ni in soil needs to be monitored.

Biomechanical and dynamic mechanism of locust take-off

The biomimetic locust robot hopping vehicle has promising applications in planet exploration and reconnaissance. This paper explores the bionic dynamics model of locust jumping by using high-speed video and force analysis. This paper applies hybrid rigid-flexible mechanisms to bionic locust hopping and studies its dynamics with emphasis laid on the relationship between force and jumping performance. The hybrid rigid-flexible model is introduced in the analysis of locust mechanism to address the principles of dynamics that govern locust joints and mechanisms during energy storage and take-off. The dynamic response of the biomimetic mechanism is studied by considering the flexi- bility according to the locust jumping dynamics mechanism. A multi-rigid-body dynamics model of locust jumping is established and analyzed based on Lagrange method; elastic knee and tarsus mechanisms that were proposed in previous works are analyzed alongside the original bionic joint configurations and their machinery principles. This work offers primary theories for take-off dynamics and establishes a theoretical basis for future studies and engineering applications.