Nuclear dynamics and particle production near threshold energies in heavy-ion collisions

Recent progress of the quantum molecular dynamics model for describing the dynamics of heavy-ion collisions is viewed, in particular the nuclear fragmentation, isospin physics, particle production and in-medium effect, hadron-induced nuclear reactions, hypernucleus, etc.The neck fragmentation in Fermi-energy heavy-ion collisions is investigated for extracting the symmetry energy at subsaturation densities. The isospin effects, in-medium properties, and the behavior of high-density symmetry energy in medium-and high-energy heavy-ion collisions are thoroughly discussed. The hypernuclide dynamics formed in heavy-ion collisions and in hadron-induced reactions is analyzed and addressed in the future experiments at the high-intensity heavy-ion accelerator facility(HIAF).

Nuclear in-medium effects on η dynamics in proton–nucleus collisions

The dynamics of the η meson produced in proton-induced nuclear reactions via the decay of N*(1535)has been investigated within the Lanzhou quantum molecular dynamics transport model.The in-medium modifications of the η production in dense nuclear matter are included in the model,in which an attractive η-nucleon potential is implemented.The impact of the η optical potential on the η dynamics is investigated.It is found that the attractive potential leads to the reduction in high-momentum(kinetic energy) production from the spectra of momentum distributions and inclusive cross sections and increasing the reabsorption process by surrounding nucleons.

Nuclear dynamics induced by antiprotons

Reaction dynamics in collisions of antiprotons on nuclei is investigated within the Lanzhou quantum molecular dynamics model. The reaction channels of elastic scattering, annihilation, charge exchange and inelastic collisions of antiprotons on nucleons have been included in the model. Dynamics on particle production, in particular pions, kaons, antikaons and hyperons, is investigated in collisions of p on12 C,20Ne,40 Ca and181Ta from low to high incident momenta. It is found that the annihilations of p on nucleons are of importance to the dynamics of particle production in phase space. Hyperons are mainly produced via meson induced reactions on nucleons and strangeness exchange collisions, which lead to delayed emission in antiproton-nucleus collisions.

中高能重离子碰撞中奇异粒子产生和超核研究进展

本文概述了中高能重离子碰撞奇异粒子产生动力学机制和超核实验测量和理论研究进展。基于量子分子动力学(Lanzhou Quantum Molecular Dynamics model,LQMD)输运模型,即引入Skyrme能量密度泛函和相对论协变密度泛函描述核子和共振态动力学演化,考虑介子-核子和超子-核子相互作用势和阈能修正效应。以反应系统^(12)C+^(12)C、^(40)Ca+^(40)Ca、^(112)Sn+^(112)Sn和^(197)Au+^(197)Au为例,研究了阈能附近K介子、Kˉ介子和超子(Λ、Σ、Ξ)产生机制并分析了核介质效应和高密区域对称能对同位旋粒子比值的影响。基于量子并合方法构造超核并研究了超核形成相空间分布,给出超核形成的质量数、电荷数、动能、快度分布、集体流等信息。引入两体、三体、四体核子碰撞和核结构效应分析了重离子碰撞中预平衡结团发射机制。介绍了考虑同位旋矢量介子ρ和δ耦合相对论协变的量子分子动力学输运模型。

中能重离子碰撞中π介子产生的核介质效应和集体流研究

本文基于量子分子动力学输运模型(LQMD)研究了中能重离子碰撞中π介子产生机制,包括多重性时间演化、快度分布、横向动量分布、集体流等物理量.以反应系统^(40)Ca+^(40)Ca,^(90)Zr+^(90)Zr,^(96)Zr+^(96)Zr,^(96)Ru+^(96)Ru和^(197)Au+^(197)Au为例,我们研究了Δ-核子相互作用势、核介质中散射截面、π介子-核子相互作用势和散射截面对π介子产生的影响.结果给出同位旋依赖的Δ-核子作用势会增加π^(−)/π^(+)的比值,考虑核介质效应的Δ-核子散射截面会压低π介子的产生,特别是在中心快度和低动量区域.基于π介子与原子核散射的实验数据,提取了π势并分析了快度分布、横向动量谱、集体流.π势会压低高横向动量和中心快度区域π介子产生,特别是π^(−)产生.π介子与核子散射吸收过程会导致反常流现象,特别是π^(+)直接流.三角流与直接流具有相似的分布形式,四阶流与椭圆流分布相似.

Antiproton production in heavy-ion collisions at subthreshold energies

Within the framework of the Lanzhou quantum molecular dynamics model,the deep subthreshold antiproton production in heavy-ion collisions has been investigated thoroughly.The elastic scattering,annihilation and charge exchange reactions associated with antiproton channels are implemented in the model.The attractive antiproton potential extracted from the G-parity transformation of nucleon selfenergies reduces the threshold energies in meson-baryon and baryon-baryon collisions,and consequently enhances the antiproton yields to some extent.The calculated invariant spectra are consistent with the available experimental data.The primordial antiproton yields increase with the mass number of the colliding system.However,annihilation reactions reduce the antiproton production which becomes independent of the colliding partners.Anti-flow phenomena of antiprotons correlated with the mean field potential and annihilation mechanism is found by comparing them with the proton flows.Possible experiments at the high-intensity heavy-ion accelerator facility(HIAF) in China are discussed.

中能重离子碰撞中K介子产生动力学研究(英文)

基于兰州量子分子动力学(LQMD)模型研究了阈能附近K介子(K0和K+)产生动力学机制。LQMD模型能够较好地描述中能重离子碰撞中K介子产额分布。通过拟合K介子动能谱分布,计算中采用了排斥的K-核子相互作用势。该光学势增强了高动量K介子产生,而降低了K介子总产额。结合实验数据比较,在高密区域给出了较软的对称核物质状态方程。对称能的软硬对K0/K+比值起着重要作用,特别是在阈下区域。而K介子光学势对K0/K+比值激发函数影响不明显。

反质子引起的核反应中碎裂机制和粒子产生（英文）

基于兰州量子分子动力学(LQMD)模型,系统研究了低能反质子引起的核反应中原子核碎裂机制和粒子产生。在LQMD输运模型中,考虑了反重子-重子、重子-重子和介子-重子碰撞可能产生的弹性散射、湮灭反应、电荷交换和非弹性散射。发展了并合模型,用于相空间构造初级碎片产生。处于激发态的碎片退激是基于统计模型描述。研究结果说明超子主要是由于奇异性交换产生;重碎片裂变会导致中等质量区域碎片产额增加;反质子引起的核反应有利于产生s=-2和s=1奇特超核,并给出了产生截面。

Isospin effect in peripheral heavy-ion collisions at Fermi energies

The isospin effect in peripheral heavy-ion collisions was thoroughly investigated within the framework of the Lanzhou quantum molecular dynamics （LQMD） transport model. A coalescence approach was used to recognize the primary fragments formed in nucleus-nucleus collisions. described using the statistical code GEMINI. The production The secondary decay process of these fragments was mechanism and isospin effect of the projectile-like and target-like fragments were analyzed using the combined approach. It was found that the isospin migration from the high-isospin density to the low-density matter occurred in the neutron-rich nuclear reactions, i.e., ^48Ca＋^208Pb, ^86Kr＋^48SCa/^208Pb/^124Sn,^136Xe＋^208Pb, ^124Sn＋^124Sn, and ^136Xe＋^136Xe. A hard symmetry energy was available for creating the neutron-rich fragments, particularly in the medium-mass region. The isospin effect of the neutron-to- proton （n/p） ratio of the complex fragments was reduced when the secondary decay process was included. However, a soft symmetry energy enhanced the n/p ratio of the light particles, particularly at kinetic energies greater than 15 MeV/nucleon.

Light fragment and neutron emission in high-energy proton induced spallation reactions

The dynamics of high-energy proton-induced spallation reactions on target nuclides of 56Fe,58Ni,107Ag,112d,184W,181Ta,197Au,and 208Pb are investigated with the quantum molecular dynamics transport model motivated by the China initiative Accelerator Driven System(CiADS)in Huizhou and the China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)in Dongguan.The production mechanism of light nuclides and fission fragments is thoroughly analyzed,and the results obtained thereby are compared with available experimental data.The statistical code GEMINI is employed in conjunction with a transport model for describing the decay of primary fragments.For the treatment of cluster emission during the preequilibrium stage,a surface coalescence model is implemented into the model.It is found that the available data in terms of total fragment yields are well reproduced in the combined approach for spallation reactions both on the heavy and light targets.The energetic light nuclides(deuteron,triton,helium isotopes etc)mainly created during the preequilibrium stage are treated within the framework of surface coalescence,whereas their evaporation is described in the conventional manner by the GEMINI code.With this combined approach,a good overall description of light clusters and neutron emission is obtained,and some discrepancies with the experimental data are discussed.Possible production of radioactive isotopes in the spallation reactions is also analyzed,i.e.,the 6.8He energy spectra.

重离子碰撞中阈能附近超子产生机制

在量子分子动力学输运模型LQMD(Lanzhou quantum molecular dynamics transport model)框架下,研究了不同重离子反应系统中同位旋和核介质效应对超子产生以及动能谱的影响。基于手征有效场理论,引入了动量和密度相关的排斥超子-核子光学势,并且考虑了该势对超子产生截面阈能的修正。结果表明,Σ超子的产生在中心快度区域和动能谱中被抑制,其集体出射的行为也受到影响,超子在反应平面内将更倾向于沿束流方向运动,在出平面内倾向于沿垂直反应平面方向运动。最后,分析了高能区域Σ^(-)/Σ^(+)比值对高密核物质对称能软硬的依赖,发现排斥的超子-核子光学势增大了对称能较硬情况下Σ^(-)/Σ^(+)比值,同时发现核物质不可压缩系数会明显影响超子的产生。