As a new class of forward error correcting encoding algorithm,Luby Transform codes are suitable for the erasure channel environment based on the packet communication.The encoding,decoding algorithms and the implementa...As a new class of forward error correcting encoding algorithm,Luby Transform codes are suitable for the erasure channel environment based on the packet communication.The encoding,decoding algorithms and the implementation of LT codes are summarized in the paper.Meanwhile simulations of the ideal soliton distribution and robust soliton distribution are conducted to evaluate the performance of LT codes in terms of successful decoding probability,mean degree and decoding time over the erasure channel.The parameter optimization rules of LT codes are deeply discussed and proposed in the paper.The research results are of great practical importance for improving the real time performance in the erasure correction applications.展开更多
A deep space multi-file delivery protocol（DSMDP） based on LT codes is proposed to reduce the influence of long delay and a high bit error rate（BER） in deep space communication. The protocol increases sending redun...A deep space multi-file delivery protocol（DSMDP） based on LT codes is proposed to reduce the influence of long delay and a high bit error rate（BER） in deep space communication. The protocol increases sending redundancy by LT codes to improve the success rate of file delivery, and adopts different protective strategies for different situations of packet loss. At the same time, the multi-file united delivery strategy is adopted to make full use of the retransmission time to reduce the end-toend transmission delay. Furthermore, the protocol determines the quantity of encoded packets according to the feedback for controlling redundancy. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol can significantly reduce the transmission delay of files, which would be effectively suitable for deep space communication environment of high BER and long delay.展开更多
Fountain codes provide an efficient way to transfer information over erasure channels like the Internet. LT codes are the first codes fully realizing the digital fountain concept. They are asymptotically optimal ratel...Fountain codes provide an efficient way to transfer information over erasure channels like the Internet. LT codes are the first codes fully realizing the digital fountain concept. They are asymptotically optimal rateless erasure codes with highly efficient encoding and decoding algorithms. In theory, for each encoding symbol of LT codes, its degree is randomly chosen according to a predetermined degree distribution, and its neighbours used to generate that encoding symbol are chosen uniformly at random. Practical implementation of LT codes usually realizes the randomness through pseudo-randomness number generator like linear congruential method. This paper applies the pseudo-randomness of chaotic sequence in the implementation of LT codes. Two Kent chaotic maps are used to determine the degree and neighbour（s） of each encoding symbol. It is shown that the implemented LT codes based on chaos perform better than the LT codes implemented by the traditional pseudo-randomness number generator.展开更多
To deal with a sharp increase in transmission energy consumption due to the presence of a large number of secondary users( SUs),an energy-efficient cooperative spectrum sensing results transmission scheme is proposed ...To deal with a sharp increase in transmission energy consumption due to the presence of a large number of secondary users( SUs),an energy-efficient cooperative spectrum sensing results transmission scheme is proposed for cognitive radio systems. First,a cluster-based structure is introduced into the sensing results transmission scheme to reduce the transmission power. Then,the centralized sensing results transmission model is employed,and the non-fixed code rate Luby transform( LT)code is selected as the channel coding since its code rate can dynamically adapt to channel conditions and therefore avoid unnecessary redundancy in the transmission power.Furthermore,an improved optimal degree distribution( ODD)is designed for the LT code. The simulation results show that the choice of the appropriate parameters in degree distribution is very helpful for the LT code to achieve a promising performance. The ODD with optimized parameters can achieve more than 2 d B performance gain than other typical degree distributions when the bit error rate( BER) is 10-3. The energy consumption of the proposed scheme is not only at least71. 4% lower than that of the non-coding system,but also lower than that of the convolutional coding system with different code rates. Meanwhile, the energy consumption can be further reduced in the case that a suitable clustering method is selected.展开更多
With the increasing of communication applications in recent years, the demand for radio spectral resources has increased significantly. Cognitive radio scenario was proposed to improve spectrum efficiency in wireless ...With the increasing of communication applications in recent years, the demand for radio spectral resources has increased significantly. Cognitive radio scenario was proposed to improve spectrum efficiency in wireless communication systems. In cognitive radio network, it is essential that control information is sent securely and reliably. Ensuring the trustworthiness of the transmitting of spectrum sensing information is important in the CR networks since spectrum sensing directly affects spectrum management and incumbent coexistence. In this paper, the first secondary link channel model is presented, then a secure LT Code is proposed to be compatible with presented channel model and acquires good QoS. As we may know, LT code overcomes packet loss when the channel of the SU is reclaimed by PU. In the new proposed combined encoding and ciphered block, a LT code matrix is used to generate a symmetric cryptographic key. Thus, less complexity observed in the processing computation. Besides, cryptographic key is not sent over the channel. As a result, an attacker has no way to eavesdrop the key unless he is prepared to consider all possible key combinations. This replaced block supplies secure controlling channel and increases spectrum efficiency too.展开更多
It is known that Luby Transform code (LT code) is the first code fully realizing the digital fountain concept and provides an efficient scheme to transfer information over different channels. The key to make LT code w...It is known that Luby Transform code (LT code) is the first code fully realizing the digital fountain concept and provides an efficient scheme to transfer information over different channels. The key to make LT code work well is the degree distribution used in the encoding procedure. It determines the degree of each encoding symbol. On the basis of robust solition distribution and optimized degree distribution, a novel degree distribution which has only one parameter is proposed in this paper. Through computer simulation, the performance of LT code with the novel degree distribution is better than the robust solition distribution and sparse degree distribution. The conclusion of the research is practically valuable in improving the efficience of data distribution application.展开更多
According to large coverage of satellites, there are various channel states in a satellite broadcasting network. In order to introduce an efficient rateless transmission method to satellite multimedia broadcasting/mul...According to large coverage of satellites, there are various channel states in a satellite broadcasting network. In order to introduce an efficient rateless transmission method to satellite multimedia broadcasting/multicast services with finite-length packets, a cross-layer packet transmission method is proposed with Luby transform （LT） codes for efficiency in the network layer and low density parity check （LDPC） codes for reliability in the physical layer jointly. The codewords generated from an LT encoder are divided into finite-length packets, which are encoded by an LDPC encoder subsequently. Based on noise and fading effects of satellite channels, the LT packets received from an LDPC decoder either have no error or are marked as erased, which can be mod- eled as a binary erasure channels （BECs）. By theoretical analysis on LT parameters and LDPC parameters, the relationships between LDPC code rates in the physical layer and LT codes word lengths in the network layer are investigated. With tradeoffs between the LT codes word lengths and the LDPC code rates, optimized cross-layer solutions are achieved with a binary search algorithm. Verified by simulations, the proposed solution for cross-layer parameters design can provide the best transmission mode according to satellite states, so as to improve throughput performance for satellite multimedia transmission.展开更多
In relay-assisted multi-user system, relay coding is important to enhance the robustness and reliability of cooperative transmission. For better adaptability and efficiency, two joint network and fountain coding(JNFC)...In relay-assisted multi-user system, relay coding is important to enhance the robustness and reliability of cooperative transmission. For better adaptability and efficiency, two joint network and fountain coding(JNFC) schemes are proposed. When the condition of all direct channels is worse, JNFC scheme based on distributed LT(DLT) codes is used. Otherwise, JNFC scheme based on multi-dimensional LT(MD-LT) codes is suited. For both two above-mentioned schemes, the united degree distribution design method for short-length fountain codes is proposed. For the latter scheme, MD-LT codes are proposed for equal error protection(EEP) of each user. Simulation results and analysis show that the united degree distribution need less decoding overhead compared with other degree distribution for short-length fountain codes. And then, all users are protected equally in despite of asymmetric uplinks.展开更多
In this paper,we propose Triangular Code(TC),a new class of fountain code with near-zero redundancy and linear encoding and decoding computational complexities of OeLklog kT,where k is the packet batch size and L is t...In this paper,we propose Triangular Code(TC),a new class of fountain code with near-zero redundancy and linear encoding and decoding computational complexities of OeLklog kT,where k is the packet batch size and L is the packet data length.Different from previous works where the optimal performance of codes has been shown under asymptotic assumption,TC enjoys near-zero redundancy even under non-asymptotic settings for smallmoderate number of packets.These features make TC suitable for practical implementation in batteryconstrained devices in IoT,D2D and M2M network paradigms to achieve scalable reliability,and minimize latency due to its low decoding delay.TC is a non-linear code,which is encoded using the simple shift and XOR addition operations,and decoded using the simple back-substitution algorithm.Although it is nonlinear code at the packet level,it remains linear code when atomized at the bit level.We use this property to show that the backsubstitution decoder of TC is equivalent to the Belief Propagation(BP)decoder of LT code.Therefore,TC can benefit from rich prolific literature published on LT code,to design efficient code for various applications.Despite the equivalency between the decoders of TC and LT code,we show that compared to state-of-the-art optimized LT code,TC reduces the redundancy of LT code by 68%-99% for k reaching 1024.展开更多
针对空间信息网络(Space Information Network,SIN)节点存储资源严重受限及存储可靠性问题,该文提出一种基于LT(Luby Transform)码的分布式存储策略(Distributed Storage Strategy based on LT codes,DSSLT)。采用定向随机漫步机制,使...针对空间信息网络(Space Information Network,SIN)节点存储资源严重受限及存储可靠性问题,该文提出一种基于LT(Luby Transform)码的分布式存储策略(Distributed Storage Strategy based on LT codes,DSSLT)。采用定向随机漫步机制,使得源数据包能够更快地遍历整个网络。在信息估计阶段利用基于ID的估计方法进行网络全局信息估计,使所有节点快速获得网络全局信息。合理的数据包选择机制使得最终编码度分布趋于期望的度分布。分析和仿真结果表明,与具有代表性的分布式存储策略相比,该方法大幅度减少了数据包传输时的随机漫步步长,同时提高了译码性能,简单易行。展开更多
基金supported by Zhongguancun Haidian Science Park Postdoctoral Special Fund
文摘As a new class of forward error correcting encoding algorithm,Luby Transform codes are suitable for the erasure channel environment based on the packet communication.The encoding,decoding algorithms and the implementation of LT codes are summarized in the paper.Meanwhile simulations of the ideal soliton distribution and robust soliton distribution are conducted to evaluate the performance of LT codes in terms of successful decoding probability,mean degree and decoding time over the erasure channel.The parameter optimization rules of LT codes are deeply discussed and proposed in the paper.The research results are of great practical importance for improving the real time performance in the erasure correction applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61271261)the Natural Science Foundation Project of CQ CSTC(CSTC2012jjA40048)
文摘A deep space multi-file delivery protocol（DSMDP） based on LT codes is proposed to reduce the influence of long delay and a high bit error rate（BER） in deep space communication. The protocol increases sending redundancy by LT codes to improve the success rate of file delivery, and adopts different protective strategies for different situations of packet loss. At the same time, the multi-file united delivery strategy is adopted to make full use of the retransmission time to reduce the end-toend transmission delay. Furthermore, the protocol determines the quantity of encoded packets according to the feedback for controlling redundancy. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol can significantly reduce the transmission delay of files, which would be effectively suitable for deep space communication environment of high BER and long delay.
基金Project supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 60774088 and 10772135)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of China (NCET)the Foundation of the Application Base and Frontier Technology Research Project of Tianjin (Grant Nos 08JCZDJC21900 and 07CYBJC05800)
文摘Fountain codes provide an efficient way to transfer information over erasure channels like the Internet. LT codes are the first codes fully realizing the digital fountain concept. They are asymptotically optimal rateless erasure codes with highly efficient encoding and decoding algorithms. In theory, for each encoding symbol of LT codes, its degree is randomly chosen according to a predetermined degree distribution, and its neighbours used to generate that encoding symbol are chosen uniformly at random. Practical implementation of LT codes usually realizes the randomness through pseudo-randomness number generator like linear congruential method. This paper applies the pseudo-randomness of chaotic sequence in the implementation of LT codes. Two Kent chaotic maps are used to determine the degree and neighbour（s） of each encoding symbol. It is shown that the implemented LT codes based on chaos perform better than the LT codes implemented by the traditional pseudo-randomness number generator.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61771126)the Foundation of Graduate Innovation Center in NUAA(No.kfjj20170402)
文摘To deal with a sharp increase in transmission energy consumption due to the presence of a large number of secondary users( SUs),an energy-efficient cooperative spectrum sensing results transmission scheme is proposed for cognitive radio systems. First,a cluster-based structure is introduced into the sensing results transmission scheme to reduce the transmission power. Then,the centralized sensing results transmission model is employed,and the non-fixed code rate Luby transform( LT)code is selected as the channel coding since its code rate can dynamically adapt to channel conditions and therefore avoid unnecessary redundancy in the transmission power.Furthermore,an improved optimal degree distribution( ODD)is designed for the LT code. The simulation results show that the choice of the appropriate parameters in degree distribution is very helpful for the LT code to achieve a promising performance. The ODD with optimized parameters can achieve more than 2 d B performance gain than other typical degree distributions when the bit error rate( BER) is 10-3. The energy consumption of the proposed scheme is not only at least71. 4% lower than that of the non-coding system,but also lower than that of the convolutional coding system with different code rates. Meanwhile, the energy consumption can be further reduced in the case that a suitable clustering method is selected.
文摘With the increasing of communication applications in recent years, the demand for radio spectral resources has increased significantly. Cognitive radio scenario was proposed to improve spectrum efficiency in wireless communication systems. In cognitive radio network, it is essential that control information is sent securely and reliably. Ensuring the trustworthiness of the transmitting of spectrum sensing information is important in the CR networks since spectrum sensing directly affects spectrum management and incumbent coexistence. In this paper, the first secondary link channel model is presented, then a secure LT Code is proposed to be compatible with presented channel model and acquires good QoS. As we may know, LT code overcomes packet loss when the channel of the SU is reclaimed by PU. In the new proposed combined encoding and ciphered block, a LT code matrix is used to generate a symmetric cryptographic key. Thus, less complexity observed in the processing computation. Besides, cryptographic key is not sent over the channel. As a result, an attacker has no way to eavesdrop the key unless he is prepared to consider all possible key combinations. This replaced block supplies secure controlling channel and increases spectrum efficiency too.
文摘It is known that Luby Transform code (LT code) is the first code fully realizing the digital fountain concept and provides an efficient scheme to transfer information over different channels. The key to make LT code work well is the degree distribution used in the encoding procedure. It determines the degree of each encoding symbol. On the basis of robust solition distribution and optimized degree distribution, a novel degree distribution which has only one parameter is proposed in this paper. Through computer simulation, the performance of LT code with the novel degree distribution is better than the robust solition distribution and sparse degree distribution. The conclusion of the research is practically valuable in improving the efficience of data distribution application.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61101125)
文摘According to large coverage of satellites, there are various channel states in a satellite broadcasting network. In order to introduce an efficient rateless transmission method to satellite multimedia broadcasting/multicast services with finite-length packets, a cross-layer packet transmission method is proposed with Luby transform （LT） codes for efficiency in the network layer and low density parity check （LDPC） codes for reliability in the physical layer jointly. The codewords generated from an LT encoder are divided into finite-length packets, which are encoded by an LDPC encoder subsequently. Based on noise and fading effects of satellite channels, the LT packets received from an LDPC decoder either have no error or are marked as erased, which can be mod- eled as a binary erasure channels （BECs）. By theoretical analysis on LT parameters and LDPC parameters, the relationships between LDPC code rates in the physical layer and LT codes word lengths in the network layer are investigated. With tradeoffs between the LT codes word lengths and the LDPC code rates, optimized cross-layer solutions are achieved with a binary search algorithm. Verified by simulations, the proposed solution for cross-layer parameters design can provide the best transmission mode according to satellite states, so as to improve throughput performance for satellite multimedia transmission.
基金supported in part by a grant from the Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China under Grants No. 20094307110004National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No.61372098, No.61101074Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China under Grants No.12jj2037
文摘In relay-assisted multi-user system, relay coding is important to enhance the robustness and reliability of cooperative transmission. For better adaptability and efficiency, two joint network and fountain coding(JNFC) schemes are proposed. When the condition of all direct channels is worse, JNFC scheme based on distributed LT(DLT) codes is used. Otherwise, JNFC scheme based on multi-dimensional LT(MD-LT) codes is suited. For both two above-mentioned schemes, the united degree distribution design method for short-length fountain codes is proposed. For the latter scheme, MD-LT codes are proposed for equal error protection(EEP) of each user. Simulation results and analysis show that the united degree distribution need less decoding overhead compared with other degree distribution for short-length fountain codes. And then, all users are protected equally in despite of asymmetric uplinks.
文摘In this paper,we propose Triangular Code(TC),a new class of fountain code with near-zero redundancy and linear encoding and decoding computational complexities of OeLklog kT,where k is the packet batch size and L is the packet data length.Different from previous works where the optimal performance of codes has been shown under asymptotic assumption,TC enjoys near-zero redundancy even under non-asymptotic settings for smallmoderate number of packets.These features make TC suitable for practical implementation in batteryconstrained devices in IoT,D2D and M2M network paradigms to achieve scalable reliability,and minimize latency due to its low decoding delay.TC is a non-linear code,which is encoded using the simple shift and XOR addition operations,and decoded using the simple back-substitution algorithm.Although it is nonlinear code at the packet level,it remains linear code when atomized at the bit level.We use this property to show that the backsubstitution decoder of TC is equivalent to the Belief Propagation(BP)decoder of LT code.Therefore,TC can benefit from rich prolific literature published on LT code,to design efficient code for various applications.Despite the equivalency between the decoders of TC and LT code,we show that compared to state-of-the-art optimized LT code,TC reduces the redundancy of LT code by 68%-99% for k reaching 1024.
文摘针对空间信息网络(Space Information Network,SIN)节点存储资源严重受限及存储可靠性问题,该文提出一种基于LT(Luby Transform)码的分布式存储策略(Distributed Storage Strategy based on LT codes,DSSLT)。采用定向随机漫步机制,使得源数据包能够更快地遍历整个网络。在信息估计阶段利用基于ID的估计方法进行网络全局信息估计,使所有节点快速获得网络全局信息。合理的数据包选择机制使得最终编码度分布趋于期望的度分布。分析和仿真结果表明,与具有代表性的分布式存储策略相比,该方法大幅度减少了数据包传输时的随机漫步步长,同时提高了译码性能,简单易行。
