Lack of Evidence for Local Adaptation of the Endangered Karner Blue Butterfly to Its Sole Larval Hostplant—The Wild Lupine

Local adaptation is an important process that drives the evolution of populations within species, and it can be generally expressed by the higher fitness of individuals raised in their native habitats versus in a foreign location. The influence of local adaptation is especially prominent in species that subsist in small and/or highly isolated populations. This study evaluated whether the federally endangered Karner blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) is locally adapted to its exclusive larval host plant, the wild lupine (Lupinus perennis). To test for local adaptation, individuals from a laboratory-raised colony were reared on wild lupine plants from populations belonging to either their native (Indiana) or a foreign (Michigan and Wisconsin) region. For this purpose, lupine plants from the different populations were grown in a common garden in growth chambers, and one Karner blue larva was placed on each plant. Fitness traits related to growth and development were recorded for each butterfly across populations. Days from hatching to pupation and eclosion showed gender-specific significant differences across wild lupine populations and plant genotypes (within populations). The percent survival of butterflies (from hatching to eclosion) also differed among plants from different populations. These results indicate that wild lupine sources can affect some developmental traits of Karner blue butterflies. However, growth-related traits, such as pupal and adult weight of individuals reared in plants from native populations did not differ from those of foreign regions. The apparent absence of local adaptation to wild lupine suggests that, at least, some individuals of this species could be translocated from native populations to foreign reintroduction sites without experiencing decreased fitness levels. However, future studies including more populations across the geographical range of this butterfly are recommended to evaluate other environmental factors that could influence adaptation on a wider spatial scale.

Competition Indices of Intercropped Lupine (Local) and Small Cereals in Additive Series in West Gojam, North Western Ethiopia

The experiment was conducted on intercropping of lupine (Lupinus albus L.) with wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgar) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana) in 2009 at Adet Agricultural research station, in Western Gojam. The treatments were sole wheat at a seed rate of 175 kg/ha, sole barley at a seed rate of 125 kg/ha, sole finger millet at a seed rate of 30 kg/ha, sole lupine at a seed rate of 90 kg/ha, and an additive series of 25, 50 and 75% of the sole lupine seed rate combined with the full cereal seed rate to determine the effect of intercropping on competition (CR) among the different species, the land equivalent and area time equivalent ratios (LER and ATER);and the economic feasibility of each intercropping system(MAI) as compared with sole cropped. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with nine intercropping and four sole cropping systems in three replications. Lupine was planted in rows after establishment of main crops. JMP-5 (SAS, 2002) software’s was used to compute the analysis of variance. Partial LER of lupine was lower than LER of cereal, indicating an advantage for main crops and a disadvantage for the minor crop. Values of ATER showed 4.9%-31.3% and 11.1%-37.8% advantage in lupine-wheat and lupine-finger millet combinations, respectively, whilst lupine-barley combinations showed ATER of 54.5%-60.9% disadvantage. CR showed dominancy of wheat and barley over lupine while lupine was higher CR than finger millet. Positive MAI values were recorded in lupine-wheat and lupine-finger millet mixtures indicating that these intercropping systems were a definite yield advantage and the most profitable as compared to sole cropped. In conclusion, the lupine-finger millet mixture at the 50:100 seeding ratio and 75:100 seeding ratio;and lupine-wheat mixture at the 75:100 seeding ratio indicated a significant advantage from intercropping which was attributed to better MAI and land use efficiency (higher LER and ATER), lower CR and thereby enhanced sustainability of crop production in West Gojam, but the other socio-economic and cost of production aspects of intercropping should also be assessed especially under small scale farmers’ conditions.

Development and Characterization of Extruded Broken Rice and Lupine (<i>Lupinus albus</i>)

Mixtures of cereals and legumes result in products with higher content of high biological value proteins. The thermoplastic extrusion promotes the transformation of chemical, physical and nutritional characteristics of the food such as starch gelatinization and promotes the inactivation of anti-nutritional compounds and enzymes. This study aimed to develop products extruded using broken rice and lupine and to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of those products. The expansion index (EI), water solubility (WSI), water absorption (WAI), texture and color were determined for the extruded rice, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of the extruded rice was also performed. As the rice concentration in the mixture increased, the EI, WSI and WAI values as well as the a* color parameter were increased too, and the brightness was reduced. An increase in the levels of essential amino acids with the addition of lupine grain to the extrudates was observed. SEM analysis identified intact loose starch granules or pellets in the raw materials, and the extruded samples showed a compact and amorphous shape without apparent starch granules. Due to the structural changes and reduced expansion rate of the extruded mixture prepared with lupine and rice grits, use of the extruded mixtures as snacks would not be suitable. However, these mixtures could be used in pre-gelatinized flour to formulate various products to increase the protein level.

The Nutritional Value of Yellow Lupine (Lupinus luteus)for Growing Pigs

The aim of the study was a comparison of the composition and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients in the seeds of two varieties of yellow lupine (YL). Moreover, an examination of the level of soybean meal (SBM) substitution by YL meal and in a combination with rapeseed meal (RSM) on the pigs’ performance was performed. In a digestibility trial, 30 male pigs were tested using a marker method. In two growth experiments, 60 pigs (in each) were fed diets where SBM was replaced by YL in 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% or by a mixture of RSM and YL or by both these components. The chemical composition of varieties differed among crude protein (CP), fiber, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and fat. The digestibility coefficients of protein, fat and gross energy were similar for both varieties. The substitution of SBM with YL did not negatively affect the pigs’ performance. A mixture of RSM with YL had no negative effect on growth parameters, except for the starter phase, when a level of above 15% RSM in the diet reduced the pigs’ gains. In conclusion, YL alone and with RSM may be a sustainable alternative to SBM in pig nutrition.

Effect of Germination on the Nutritional and Protein Profile of Australian Sweet Lupin (<i>Lupinus angustifolius</i>L.)

Australian Sweet Lupin (ASL) has a nutritional profile ideally suited for human consumption with high protein and fibre, but low starch and fat content. The nutritional and protein profile of germinated ASL may be better than ungerminated ASL and these improvements would provide further benefits in its use as an ingredient in food applications. In this study the nutritional components such as protein, crude fibre, fat and protein profile of germinated ASL flour following germination at 25℃ and 90% - 95% relative humidity for 9 days were determined. The changes in the pattern of ASL protein during germination were analysed using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Germination significantly increased crude fibre contents by 450% (db), total protein contents by 38% (db) and decreased the fat content by 70% (db) at day 9 of germination. Electrophoretic analysis of the protein fractions revealed that during germination up to 9 days, some of the high molecular weight proteins disappeared. Germination represents a means to further improve the nutritional profile of the germinated ASL flour with an increased fibre and protein, but lower fat content.

Effect of Phytase on Digestibility and Performance of Growing and Finishing Pigs Fed Diets with Lupins and Rapeseed Meal

Lupin seeds and rapeseed meal(RSM)contain relatively high amounts of poorly digestible phytate.Phytase additive can help in the utilization of nutrients from the diet.The aim of this study was to determine total tract digestibility coefficients of nutrients and performance results of finishing pigs fed diets containing yellow lupin or narrow-leafed lupin seeds and/or RSM with similar or increasing levels of phytase.Three experiments were conducted.In Experiment I the effect of RONOZYME®HiPhos(100 g/t)in diets containing narrow-leafed or yellow lupin seeds and RSM on production parameters of fatteners was analyzed.In Experiment II the effect of phytase RONOZYME®HiPhos(1,000 FTU/t)in similar diets was analyzed but calcium(Ca)and phosphorus(P)levels in diets were reduced.In Experiment III the effect of increasing levels of Quantum Bluephytase(0,5,000,10,000 and 15,000 FTU/t)in diets with yellow lupin seeds with reduced Ca and P level on total tract digestibility coefficients of selected nutrients and performance of pigs was analyzed.In none of the experiments the enzyme additives included in the diet affected pig performance(p>0.05).There were no significant differences(p>0.05)in apparent total tract digestibility coefficients of dry matter(DM)and crude protein(CP).The phytase additives significantly improved P and Ca digestibility coefficients(p<0.05)in comparison with the control diet,but this improvement was not linearly related with phytase dosage.By improving digestibility phytase allows to reduce mineral contents in diets,thus reducing the cost of pig nutrition.

Analysis of Genetic Difference Between Species in Lupins by AFLP

The genetic difference between species in 18 lupins (Lupinus L .) varieties including L. angus-tifolius L., L . albus L., L. pilosus Murr. was analyzed using AFLP. A total of 462 bands were observed, a-mong of which, 442 (95.7%) were polymorphic, with an average of 110.5 polymorphic bands for each AFLP primer combination. The average genetic diversity index was 0.781 in this study. The genetic difference between species was higher than that of between varieties, the average identification percentage of four AFLP primer combinations was 100% and 84.7% between species and between varieties, respectively. The cluster analysis indicated that 3 species were distinctly distinguished on the dendrogram using UPGMA method.

Analyze Production, Utilization and Its Future Trends of Lupin in Ethiopia

Lupin is a significant legume crops to maintain the sustainable farming practice. It is important to analyze production and utilization trends to forecast future trends and create good insights. The CSA published data, recorded in 2001/02 until 2017/18 cropping seasons, were used for analysis using Excel and SPSS version 21. Inconsistent trends of Lupin productions were recorded in Ethiopia, South Africa and Egypt, but increasing in Morocco. In Ethiopia, the productions were ranged between 48,326 and 443,705.05 quintals. All the recorded yields were ranged between 3.22 and 16.65 q/ha and declined in 2009/10-2012/13 and increased trends in 2015/16-2017/18 cropping seasons. In Ethiopia, about 95.85% of land coverage and 99.29% of total productions accounted from Amhara region in 2017/18 cropping season and Benishangul Gumz region is the second producers. West Gojam and Awi zone are the first and the second, which accounted major productions in the country. Out of the total production, 44.61%, 53.28% and 50.48% in 2009/10, 2011/12 and 2017/18 were utilized as sales respectively. The major Lupin production, in 2009/10 (Amhara and Benishangul Gumz), 2010/11 (Benishangul Gumz and Oromia) and 2011/12 (Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Regional state), were utilized as household consumption. In Amhara region, the majority of the productions were utilized for sales in 2009/10, 2011/12 and 2017/18 cropping seasons. This indicated that the percentage of utilization showed inconsistent trends and mostly used as sales. In Ethiopia, inconsistent trends of Lupin will be continued in the next four years.

Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Signs of White Lupin (Lupinus albus L.) Genotypes

Genetic variability in the base population plays an important role in crop⁃breeding program.A comprehensive assessment on the quantitative signs of white lupin genotypes was performed to be included in the selection process.Two limits of the environment were applied,i.e.,dense and sparse sowing.Positive true heterosis was established in PI533704×Zuter and PI533704×Lucky801 crosses by using the traits of the weight of nodules and fresh root mass weight at both limits of the environment.In more favorable growing conditions,the number and weight of nodules,as well as fresh aboveground mass weight had greater influence on the inheritance of epistatic gene interactions.In the case of dense sowing,the dominant gene actions for the weight of seeds were found more significant.With a high coefficient of inheritance in both environments,the hybrids of PI533704×Zuter and Lucky801×PI533704 were characterized by number and weight of nodules,Zuter×PI533704 by fresh root and aboveground mass weight,and almost all hybrids by seed weight per plant.The assessment of the initial material makes it highly likely to speed up the process of creating new varieties of white lupin.

The Effect of Partially Substituted Lupin, Soybean, and Navy Bean Flours on Wheat Bread Quality

Many edible legumes contain high amounts of proteins, fibers, minerals and vitamins. Their essential amino acid composition and concentration complements the amino acids in wheat and other cereals. In addition, breads fortified with protein rich legumes make the breads more palatable. In this study, we evaluated breads made from wheat flour partially substituted with soybean, navy bean, and lupin flours at 10%, 20%, and 30% levels. The physicochemical properties of breads were measured and compared with the control (made from 100% wheat flour). Statistical analysis was used to assess the significance of the differences. The breads fortified with soybean, lupin and navy bean flours showed remarkable springiness, similar to the breads made from wheat flour. However, the higher amount of substitution increased the firmness of the breads, probably due to the incorporation of additional fibers and proteins into the formulations. Compared to wheat bread, the volumes of 90:10 wheat-soybean, wheat-lupin, and wheat-navy bean breads decreased about 7%, 2%, and 10%, respectively. Higher substitution levels would result in a higher reduction in volume for all legumes tested. The volume reduction as a result of legume substitution appears to be navy bean flour > soybean flour > lupin flour. The inclusion of legumes in the bread formulations imparts a slightly darker crust color and crumb color with the exception of breads with the soybean flour substitution. Lupin appears to be the best substitution candidate among the legumes tested for fortified bread making. Lupin can be presented as a high-value protein source in developing marketable foods for health conscious consumers.

Replacement of Soybean Meal with Lupin or Chickpea Seed Meal in Diets for Fattening Iberian Pigs Promotes a Healthier Ileal Microbiota Composition

Five castrated male Iberian pigs (100 ± 2 kg b.w.) fitted with T-shaped ileal cannulas at the terminal ileum were used to determine the effects of legume feeding on intestinal microbiota composition. The diets were based on defatted soybean (Glycine max), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) or chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seed meals and contained similar amounts of digestible energy (14.2 - 15.1 MJ·kg-1) and protein (107 g·kg-1). A hydrolyzed casein diet was used to determine the bacterial counts in pigs fed on a vegetable-free diet. The composition of the intestinal microbiota at the terminal ileum was analysed by q-PCR. Higher (P 10 number of copies was determined in the ileal contents of pigs fed on lupin- or chickpea-based diets with respect to those fed on the soybean-based diet. Bacteroides and the Clostridium coccoides/Eubacterium rectale group log10 number of copies was lower (P < 0.01) than that of soybean in the ileal contents of chickpea-fed pigs. Enterobacteria and the Escherichia/Shigella group log10 number of copies was lower (P < 0.01) than that of soybean in pigs fed on diets based on lupin or chickpea. The number of copies of the different bacterial groups in animals fed on the casein-based diet was lower (P < 0.01) than that of soybean for lactobacilli and bacteroides, but was higher than that of soybean for bifidobacteria, enterobacteria and the Escherichia/Shigella group. This information suggests that lupin or chickpea feeding might induce a benefit in the microbiota composition of Iberian pigs in their final productive stages.

Analyses Using SSR and DArT Molecular Markers Reveal that Ethiopian Accessions of White Lupin (<i>Lupinus albus</i>L.) Represent a Unique Genepool

PCR-based genic and microarray-based Diversity Arrays Technology (DArTTM) markers were used to determine genetic diversity in 94 accessions of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) comprising Australian and foreign cultivars, landraces, and advanced breeding lines from Australian breeding programs. A total of 345 (50 PCR-based and 295 DArT-based) polymorphic fragments were identified, which were used to determine the genetic diversity among accessions. Both cluster analysis of bivariate marker data using UPGMA, and principal coordinate analysis, indicated a high level of genetic diversity in the germplasm. Our results showed that both types of markers used in this study are suitable for estimation of genetic diversity. Landrace accessions from Ethiopia formed a very distinct and separate grouping with both marker systems. Australian cultivars and breeding lines were clustered together and tended to be distinct from European landraces. These findings will allow breeders to select appropriate, diverse parents to broaden the genetic base of white lupin breeding populations.

Effect of biochar fertilizers on amino acid variability of Secale cereale and Lupinus angustifolius

Little is known on the effects of biochar on N uptake and amino acid variability in crops such as winter rye and narrow-leafed lupine despite the fact that amino acids are important indicators,for food quality and plant stress.N uptake of both crops showed contrasting results when treated with different biochar fertilizers.Total amino acid contents referred to total nitro-gen generally tend to decrease in rye grains in the presence of biochar;whereas lupine seeds were more or less unaffected by biochar combined with mineral fertilizer or compost.In lupine seeds,total amino acid contents significantly increased when biochar was mixed with digestate but decreased when mixed with fermented digestate.Lysine,one of the most limiting amino acids in cereals,reached the recommended value of 4 g kg^(−1) in rye grain for most biochar fertilizers.In lupine seeds,lysine decreased when biochar had been applied but were still in the recommended range when used as animal feed.Proline,an indicator for plant stress,significantly decreased(−49%)in rye when 2 Mg biochar ha^(−1) was added in combination with mineral fertilizer.In contrast,proline increased when biochar was added to organic(digestate and compost)fertilizers(up to 43%).Further biochar research should focus much more on food quality,which is a key challenge for global food production.

Root Cluster Formation and Citrate Exudation of White Lupin （Lupinus albus L.） as Related to Phosphorus Availability

Abstract: A split-root system was used to investigate whether the external or internal P concentration controls root cluster formation and citrate exudation in white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) grown under controlled conditions. In spite of low P concentrations in the shoots and roots of the -P plant, its dry weight was not reduced compared with the +P plant. Supplying external P (0.25 mmol/L) to one root half resulted in an increase in P concentration not only in the shoot, but also in the P-deprived root half, indicating P cycling within the plants. Omitting P from both split-root pots stimulated root cluster formation in both root halves, whereas P supply to one root half stimulated root cluster formation at the beginning of the treatment. Neither P supply to just one root half continuously nor resupply of P to one root half after 19 d of P starvation inhibited root cluster formation on the P-deprived side, although the concentration of P in this root half and shoot increased markedly. The results indicate that root cluster formation in L. albus is controlled by both shoot and root P concentrations. The rates of citrate exudation by both root halves with P deficiency were higher than those of the one root half supplied with P only. In the treatment with one root half supplied with P, the rates of citrate exudation by either the P-supplied or -deprived root halves were almost the same, regardless of P concentration in the roots. The results suggest that internal P concentration controls root cluster formation and citrate exudation in white lupin, but these processes may be regulated by different mechanisms.

Carbon Isotope Discrimination is not Correlated with Transpiration Efficiency in Three Cool-Season Grain Legumes(Pulses)

The carbon isotope discrimination （δ^13C） of leaves has been shown to be correlated with the transpiration efficiency of leaves in a wide range of species. This has led to δ^13C being used in breeding programs to select for improved transpiration efficiency. The correlation between δ^13C and transpiration efficiency was determined under well-watered conditions during the vegetative phase in six genotypes of lentil （Lens culinaris Medikus）, six genotypes of chickpea （Cicerarietinum L.） and 10 cultivars of narrow-leafed lupin （Lupinus angustifolius L.）. Biomass （dry matter） accumulation and water use （transpiration） varied among the genotypes in all three species and transpiration efficiency was 40% to 75% higher in the most efficient compared with the least efficient genotypes. However, δ^13C and transpiration efficiency were not significantly correlated in any of the species. This suggests that the δ^13C technique cannot be used in selection for transpiration efficiency in the three grain legumes （pulses） studied.