Semi-nonparametric Evidence of Young Women’s Participation in the Congolese Labour Market

This article analyses the determinants of young women’s participation in the labour market. For this purpose, the Employment Policy Enhancement Survey (EAPE), conducted by the Laboratoire de Recherches et d’Etudes Economiques et Sociales (LARES) in collaboration with CERDI in 2018 was used as the database. The results of Gallant and Nychka’s (1987) semi-nonparametric procedure show that health status, household size, marital status, and educational attainment are explanatory factors of young women’s labour market participation in Congo.

Industrial Design Graduates in the Nigerian Labour Market： Unemployed or Unemployable

The annual turnout of faculty graduates in Nigeria is not only increasing numerically but it is ironically, unemployed and other times unemployable. This assertion is supported by researches in the social sciences and reasons adduced to the trend range from lack of qualitative and unavailability of teaching and research facilities, as well as insufficient capable human resources among others. This paper x-rayed the case of Industrial Design graduates and their post training outcome, to understand whether or not graduates of Industrial Design are gainfully employed, unemployed, or unemployable; and why？ Research design used was survey, while the instrument administered on the sample size was structured questionnaire. Two hundred and thirty-three （233） students of Industrial Design constituted the sample size. The research questions were analyzed with the aid of Table of frequency distribution, while a non-parametric test by way of Friedman＇s two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the hypotheses. The outcome of the study revealed that, though the programme of Industrial Design is evolving as craft-based, it is viable. Graduates of the programme are not unemployable in the Nigerian labour market. Finally, the paper proffers solutions and recommendations in form of ideas and deductions to enhance the aim of the study.

The Study-to-work Transition of Chinese International Students: Navigating a Future in the Global Labour Market

In the global competition for talents,the massive inflow of Chinese students into the UK has drawn great attention.However,only a few studies examine students’interactions with socioeconomic structures in their study-to-work transition.This study used Higher Education Statistics AgencyHESA,22data and interview data collected from Chinese postgraduate students,and it aims to:investigate structural factors that influence post-study migration patterns of Chinese students;and explore how Chinese students interact with wider social structures.This study found that different configurations between students"goals,""actions,"and"reflexivity"would lead to different employment outcomes.Three different study-to-work transition strategies were identified:"proceeding without a fixed plan";"reaching a compromise";and"knowing goals and approaching goals".Findings suggest that the transition between study and work is more complex than what is described in human capital and push-pull approaches.A better understanding of students’decision-making processes would help higher education institutions in preparing graduates for careers in the global labour market.

Labour Markets in China： A Study of the Structure and Evolution of Wages

This paper examines the development of labour markets and the evolution of a structure of wages in China, using household surveys for 1988, 1995, 2002 and 2007. It finds evidence of both provincial and sectoral segmentation in labour markets, with eastern regions and the state-controlled sector enjoying high wage premiums in the early reform period. During the reform, China has progressed slowly towards an integrated labour market with convergence in incomes between the rural non-agriculture sector and the urban market-based sector by 1995, when industry flourished in the rural areas. The wage gap between the rural non-agriculture sector and other sectors increased and the urban state-controlled sector remained segmented with respect to all other sectors up to 2002. However, the data from 2007 show there has been increasing sectoral and spatial integration.

Labour market segmentation by ownership type and gender wage gap in urban China:evidence from CHIP2013

This paper explores the labour market segmentation by ownership type and its impact on the gender wage gap in urban China.Using the latest data of the China Household Income Project(CHIP)survey conducted in 2014(CHIP2013)and based on the Brown et al.model,I employ the decomposition analysis in this study.It is found that although both inter-sector differentials and intra-sector differentials affect the gender wage gap,the effect of intra-sector differentials is greater.In addition,in considering the effect of intra-sector differentials,the influence of unexplained differentials is greater than that of explained differentials.The results indicate that when other factors are held constantly,discrimination against female workers in a given sector is more serious,which is the main factor that causes the gender wage gap in urban China.

Labour market performance of young migrant workers with heterogeneous educational trajectories in China

Successful global cities present a spectrum of development strategies but share the benefit of the reciprocal dynamics between tailored education systems and matching labour markets.This paper examines burgeoning cities in China and investigates the effects of the heterogeneous educational trajectories of young migrant workers in urban China on their labour market performance.Drawing on the National Migrant Dynamics Monitoring Survey,this paper finds striking wage variations among the young migrant population.Migrant workers who attended high schools in current receiving cities earned less than their counterparts who received senior-secondary education elsewhere.Students following the academic track were better off than students following the vocational track.To further explore what has prevented the urban labour market from rewarding migrants who studied in a receiving city,where the education system is expected to better cater to the city’s specific industrial needs,we tested and found evidence of the mediating effects of job industry and occupation.In addition to engaging with empirical debates in the field,this paper develops a theoretical framework to model how the qualitative attributes of an education system affect wage variations among migrant workers.

Jiangsu labour markets work well

Nanjing-Last year,206,000 peo-ple found jobs through labour mar-kets,reducing the unemployment rateof the province to 2 per cent,lowerthan the country’s average. Well-functioning job centreshave now been established inJiangsu’s 11 cities and 64 counties.More than 75 per cent of its townsand villages also have improved em-ployment services. Local labour departments have al-so strictly implemented the relevantlaws and regulations and strengthenedthe supervision and direction of pri-vately-owned employment agencies The improved labour marketshave attracted not only those seekingfirst time employment but also thosewanting to change to more lucrativejobs.As a result,substantial changeshave occurred in employment trainingcourses. Now people from all walks of lifecan benefit from these courses bylearning skills and knowledge,eitherto increase their employmentcompetitiveness or just for their owninterest. Jiangsu Province now has 601 em-ployment training centres;more than110,000 people received

互不挖角协议的反垄断法规制

互不挖角协议发生于劳动力市场,是用人单位之间达成的不招揽或雇佣对方员工的合意。互不挖角协议具有降低生产成本、稳定劳动力竞争秩序的价值,但同时也会产生减损劳动力市场和产品市场竞争、扭曲竞争和交易公平、降低市场效率的垄断后果,并最终损害消费者福利和社会公共利益。基于对互不挖角协议的竞争损害和反垄断法适用性的不确定,大多数法域对以反垄断法规制互不挖角协议尚持慎重态度。实际上,互不挖角协议对竞争的损害确有规制必要。反垄断法存在规制互不挖角协议的现实需求,且相较于其他规制手段更具效益优势,因而是互不挖角协议最适当的规制手段。在我国之后可能的制度设计中,还可以考虑对互不挖角协议分类设计具体规则,并引入相关性分析手段,以提升反垄断法规制互不挖角协议的实效。

高职院校专业结构调整的基本原则、现实困境及优化路径

新一轮智能科技革命和产业革命席卷全球,智能经济、数字经济以及技术经济正在深刻改变人类生产和生活方式。面对智能产业的新需求,我国高职院校在专业结构调整中开展了系列行动及措施。通过分析我国高职院校专业调整的基本原则,发现存在专业结构调整目标缺乏清晰定位、劳动力市场外部信息掌握有限、专业结构调整机制不健全以及专业结构调整效果和质量差异较大等现实问题。在此基础上,提出优化专业结构调整目标设定流程、完善外部需求环境调研流程、制定院校内部要素衔接计划以及建立质量评价反馈制度与诊改体系等优化路径。

人工智能对劳动力市场的影响机制研究

人工智能技术的快速发展和应用给社会发展带来了新动力,优化了生产环节和管理过程,提高了制造业企业的生产率水平。与此同时,也引发了就业市场对于“机器换人”的担忧。文章使用2013—2020年231家制造业企业面板数据,通过实证回归,研究和分析了人工智能技术应用对于制造业企业员工数量和工资收入的影响。研究发现:人工智能应用对制造业企业员工数量有着显著负向效应,对工资水平有着显著正向效应,且两者影响均具有异质性。据此,应该正确认识人工智能的替代效应,抓住人工智能带来的人才培养机遇,针对不同地区、不同规模的企业合理把握人工智能的应用范围与程度。

儿童照管、家庭禀赋与女性非农就业——基于CFPS的数据分析

利用2014年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据分析儿童照管对女性非农就业的影响,并探究了家庭禀赋缓解两者间的阻碍作用。结果表明,儿童照管对农村女性非农就业具有重要且显著的抑制作用,而家庭经济资本和人力资本可以部分减少农村女性照管儿童的成本,有助于缓解这一抑制作用。另外,从农村女性年龄、儿童年龄和儿童白天的照管方角度展开异质性分析,再一次证明儿童照管对农村女性非农就业的阻碍作用。这一结果反映了现阶段中国农村依旧存在部分因需要照管儿童而未进入非农就业市场的农村女性劳动力,而提升家庭禀赋则有利于将这些重要劳动力从中释放出来,对调整劳动力市场结构、提高家庭经济生活水平和幸福感及农村女性寻找家庭和工作的平衡点具有现实意义。

双循环视角下贸易开放与区域劳动力市场重构

为了解双循环视角下贸易开放与区域劳动力市场重构的关系,文章基于开放的多区域空间一般均衡模型,以中国加入WTO作为贸易开放冲击准自然实验,采用三重差分法考察了贸易开放带来的国际需求冲击对不同规模城市劳动力市场工资调整和就业调整的异质性。研究发现:贸易开放带来的国际需求冲击显著促进了城市工资增长和就业增长;在面临国际需求冲击时,大城市由于较小的劳动力供给弹性表现为更多的工资调整,而小城市则因为较大的劳动力供给弹性表现为更大的就业调整。在国际需求萎缩的大环境下,小城市比大城市需更加重视融入国内大市场以降低劳动力失业风险。

巴基斯坦海外劳工移民研究

巴基斯坦是世界主要的劳动力输出国之一,其庞大的海外劳工移民群体已成为推动巴基斯坦社会经济发展和改善人民生活的重要外部因素。巴基斯坦政府重视海外劳工在国家经济、社会发展中的地位和作用,积极鼓励劳务输出,允许劳务中介公司市场化运营,为劳工提供海外招聘信息、技能培训等服务。巴基斯坦劳务输出地集中,长期以来,大规模的巴基斯坦劳工前往沙特阿拉伯、阿联酋等海湾国家的低技能部门务工。他们多数是临时性、项目性或合同制度下的劳工移民,合同期满后须返回巴基斯坦,无法获得所在国的永久居住权。在海外的工作经历强化了巴基斯坦劳工的国家身份认同,与母国联系也愈加密切。巴基斯坦劳工移民不仅在增加外汇储备、减缓就业压力方面发挥了积极作用,还在国际社会中增强了巴基斯坦的族群影响力。虽然巴基斯坦劳工移民面临技术转型及就业市场竞争加剧等严峻挑战,但海湾国家对巴基斯坦劳工的需求短时间内不会消失,共同的宗教信仰注定让巴基斯坦劳工移民在海湾国家的稳定性高于印度教劳工。巴基斯坦劳工移民是世界移民潮的重要组成部分,对其特点、动因及发展趋势展开研究具有重要的理论及现实意义。

中国武汉劳动力市场大楼深基坑边坡支护设计与施工

武汉劳动力市场大楼位于武汉汉口交通繁忙的新华路西侧,地质条件复杂,基坑深达8 m。介绍了该基坑边坡支护所采用的喷锚网支护设计及施工过程,指出深基坑喷锚支护成功的关键除了可行的设计外,采用信息法施工、挖土与支护施工紧密配合以及善于应变等施工技术也是非常重要的。

上海产业结构、人口、就业的互动关系研究

1990年以来,上海产业结构战略性调整的增长效应已初步显现。然而,随着产业结构的进一步调整,上海市政府可能将面临一系列新问题,主要是产业结构调整过程中出现的结构性与磨擦性失业问题;二元劳动力市场条件下外来劳动力对本地人员所产生的就业替代效应与挤出效应问题;外部劳动力进入所导致的上海产业"滞移"现象,等等。同时,上海也面临着是继续追求经济增长还是追求人与社会经济共同发展模式的选择。本文利用上海市第五次人口普查的数据资料分析了上海产业结构调整与人口增长及就业之间的内在关系,提出实现上海产业结构调整、人口增长及充分就业目标协调发展的战略与政策建议。

关于语义网格环境中异构数据资源整合的研究

目前,许多电子政务系统面临着一个共同的问题,这就是所谓的“信息孤岛”问题,解决该问题的关键是如何将现有数据资源进行有效的整合.而语义网格理论的提出,为这一难题的解决提供了一个新的思路.应用语义网格理论,针对劳动力市场信息化的应用需求,构造了语义网格模型LF-Grid,并且实现了一种利用本体整合分布式异构数据库资源的机制,有效地解决了这一问题.

西方现代劳动力地理学研究进展及对中国研究的意义

劳动力地理学研究有助于理解全球化背景下劳动力作为当前国际国内经济转型和产业区位的一个重要因素及其发生作用的内在机制,对指导劳动力市场调节、促进地方劳动力市场发展具有重要意义。本文总结了国外劳动力地理学理论研究的起源,认为其理论演变经历了由新古典经济地理学区位理论,到马克思主义新经济地理理论,到近年来"文化、制度转向"的劳动力市场地理发展历程。介绍了近年来地方化劳动力市场地理理论和实证研究领域,及其对产业空间组织的影响等方面所取得的最新进展。在对当前的研究进行评述的基础上,指出不足和未来方向。与西方学术界相比,我国相关理论研究较为欠缺,尤其是文化、制度等因素对我国劳动力市场影响的研究有待进一步加强。

新经济地理学视角下的劳动力跨省转移机制研究——以长三角城市群为例

新经济地理学理论认为劳动力出于商品多样性偏好和节约商品运输成本的目的集聚于厂商集聚的地区。文章以长三角城市群为例,利用第六次人口普查数据和NEG模型研究了劳动力流动跨省迁移的影响因素,着重考察了市场潜能对劳动力跨省迁移的作用。研究发现:市场潜能对劳动力跨省迁移有显著的正向效应,从而证明了新经济地理学的"前向联系";地理距离对劳动力跨省迁移有弱化效应,但没有通过显著性检验;工资水平、就业率、边界效应对劳动力跨省迁移有显著的正向效应。

国有企业改革与工资支付结构变革的面板数据分析

本文考察了在1988-2002年期间国企改革对中国城镇工资支付结构变革的影响,特别是工资决定因素的变化。我们发现对教育的回报在增长,而对工作经验的回报在下降。2002年的数据表明:不断扩大的性别工资差距以及不断增加的非市场因素工资溢价可能均已不再上升。国企改革以及重工业在总体产业结构中比重的不断降低对这些部门职工的工资均产生了影响。我们使用1998-2002年回顾性面板数据提供了关于部门所有制结构、是否是党员以及失业等变量对工资影响的固定效应估计。

人力资本投入差异与城乡居民收入差距——基于省级面板数据的实证分析

文章基于历年《中国统计年鉴》、《中国人口和就业统计年鉴》和《中国劳动统计年鉴》中的数据,对我国城乡居民收入差距和人力资本投入差异进行分析发现,改革开放以来,我国城乡居民收入差距不断扩大,且近年来仍没有明显下降的趋势,而近十年来我国城乡居民人力资本投入差异已得到很大程度的改观,利用2001-2011年省级面板数据实证分析发现,无论在全国范围内还是在区域范围内,我国城乡居民收入差距均没有随着城乡居民人力资本投入差异的缩小而降低,主要是由教育资源失衡、学历层次不同、劳动力市场扭曲及歧视性择业等因素造成的。因此,在缩小我国城乡居民的人力资本投入差异的同时,要采取相应的措施,如加大对农村地区的教育投入、增加接受高等教育的农村居民比重、统一劳动力市场、引导居民树立正确就业观等,消除其他因素的制约,才能达到缩小城乡居民收入差距的目的。