The Channel Branches & Network Vessels on the Tianhui Lacquered Meridian Figurine——Taking the Heart-Regulated Channel as an Example

Along with the surge of unearthed medical literature and cultural relics in recent years,a network of channels in the system of medical conduit vessels(meridians) during the early Western Han dynasty has become much clearer gradually.In it,the increasing number of channel branches,network vessels and needle insertion holes(acupoints) is an important feature of the development of channel medicine during the Western Han dynasty.This is not only a reflection of the expanding requirements of the theoretical system of the main trunk channels and other vessels,but also an inevitable result of the continuous enrichment and accumulation of clinical experience.This article integrates the information about channel branches,network vessels,inscriptions,dots and further relics on the Tianhui(天回) Lacquered Meridian Figurine to compare the unearthed literature of the channel genre with the transmitted classical literature about acupuncture.The “Heart-Regulated Channel” in Medical Manuscripts on Bamboo Slips from Tianhui(《天回医简》) serves as an example to explain the occurrence,development and changes of the channel branches and network vessels in the early system of medical channels.

Investigation and development on processing of Vietnamese lacquer

Vietnamese sap and lacquerware have a splendid history. In order to promote a sustainable Vietnamese lacquer value chain, this review was carried out for us to investigate at site Vietnamese lacquer cultivation and processing of lacquer sap, then introduce the chemical components, HPLC-MS characteristic, properity and polymerization mechanism, as well as processing techniques of Vietnamese lacquer sap. Combined with the experience of lacquer cultivation and processing of Chinese lacquer, key problems to restrict the development of lacquer value chain were analyzed in Vietnam, and some suggestions would also be proposed in this investigation.

Physicochemical properties of lacquer berries and decolorization of lacquer wax by physical adsorption and UV irradiation

Physicochemical properties of No.1 - No.6 lacquer berries were investigated from different origins. The Japan Showafuku (No.1) was the best cultivar of Rhus succedaneum, the size of the berry of it was near 3 -?4 folds, which was bigger than the Chinese cultivars (No.4 - No.6) of Rhus vernicifera et al. It had more than 5% ~ 10% of lacquer wax in pericard, and contained less than 6% - 8% of lacquer oil in seed. No.1 had lower acid value (A.V) and iodine value (I.V);the key factors for this were cultivar and its growing environment. The principal constituents of lacquer waxes of No.1?- No.6 were triglycerides of fatty acids with total saturated fatty acids (TSFA) of 75% - 82.7%, total unsaturated fatty acids (TUSFA) of 15.1% - 20%, and total dibasic acids (TDBA) of 5%. The CIEL a b system and Hunter whiteness formula were used to evaluate the bleaching effect on lacquer wax by physical adsorption and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The optimal conditions of physical decoloration were determined for activated carbon: kieselguhr = 3:2 (g/g) as adsorbent, a ratio of 1:20 (g/mL) for lacquer wax to petroleum ether, bleaching 30 min at 80?C. UV light achieved a good bleaching effect irradiated at 60?C for 60 hrs. UV irradiation definitely changed relative contents of fatty acids, TUSFA and TDBA decreased from 19.617% to 11.022% and 4.379% to 2.017% respectively, while TSFA could be raised from 76.462% to 86.077%, however, the mechanism of UV irradiation was still unclear and should be investigated in the future.

Degradation of Japanese Lacquer under Wavelength Sensitivity of Light Radiation

Degradation of Japanese lacquer caused by light irradiation was examined at various wavelengths. By exposing lacquer specimens to a narrow monochromatic light band isolated from dispersed polychromatic light emitted by a Xe lamp source, the wavelength sensitivity characteristics of lacquer degradation could be determined on the basis of radiant energy. Tame-Urushi (brown) lacquer displayed peak degradation maxima at 220 and 315 nm. A broad shoulder peak was also observed in UVA. For Shu-Urushi (cinnabar) lacquer, in addition to peaks in the UVA–UVB range, a large degree of degradation was observed following exposure to light in the visible range. Ao-Urushi (green) lacquer showed similar characteristics, although it was less prone to degradation. Similarly, Shin-Urushi (black) lacquer showed little change in response to light, although UV light caused limited degradation. These results indicate that along with the damage caused by UVA and UVB, visible light in the range 510 - 650 nm may also have a significant degradation effect. Our results provide experimental evidence that Japanese lacquer responds differently to light of various wavelengths and that specific wavelengths, including visible light, can cause significant degradation.

VISCOSITY BEHAVIOR OF LACQUER POLYSACCHARIDE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

The dependence of measured viscosity on NaCl concentration (0.1 to 3.0M), pH (range of 2—13) and cadoxen composition w_(cad) (from 2% to 100%) for the lacquer polysaccharide in NaCl/cadoxen/H_2O mixture containing HCl or without were obtained. All the viscosity exponents γ in the Mark-Houwink equations under three different solvent condition arc close to 0.5. The w_(cad) dependence of reduced viscosity ηsp/c confirms the single strand chain of the polysaccharide. As the γ values close to 0.5 and values of unperturbed dimension <S^2>_θ/M and [η] much smaller than those for usual linear polymers, these facts suggest that the polysaccharide chains in the aqueous solutions should be dense random coil owing to the highly branched structure.

LIGHT SCATTERING OF POLYSACCHARIDE FROM LACQUER IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

The polysaccharide having weight-average molecular weight M_w=1. 09×10~5, isolated from the sap of lac trees (Vietnam), was separated into 12 fractions by aqueous-phase preparative gel permeation chromatography. The molecular weights and molecular weight distributions of the fractions were measured in aqueous 0.08M KCl/0.01 M NaAc and 0.4M KCl/0.05M NaAc at pH =7. 6 by light scattering, viscometry and gel permeation chromatography. The Mark-Houwink equation in aqueous 0.08M KCl/0.01M NaAc at 30℃ was found to be [η]= 2.28×10^(-2) M_w^(0.52) (cm^3/g), which indicated the polysaccharide chain in the aqueous solution to be a spherical random coil.

GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF LACQUER POLYSACCHARIDE

Ten fractionated samples of Chinese lacquer polysaccharide in aqueous 0.1M NaC1 solution were studied by aqueous-phase gel permeation chromatography （GPC）. The universal calibration, broad MWD calibration and corrected column dispersion were adopted to the analysis of GPC chromatograms of the polysaccharide. The molecular weights M;, M;and polydispersity index M;/M;obtained from GPC are in good agreement with the results of light scattering and membrane osmometry. It is verified that the universal calibration concept is applicable to the lacquer polysaccharide having a number of side chains.

INFLUENCES OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND BRANCHING PARAMETER OF LACQUER POLYSACCHARIDE ON THE GROWTH OF LEUCOCYTES

A method of determining branching parameter of lacquer polysaccharide wasestablished by acid-base back-titration of terminal uronic acid of branches. The branchingfactors obtained are in agreement with the values determined by colorimetric method withcarbazole and the results estimated by using Zimm-Stockmayer equation from viscositydata. Influences of molecular weights and branching factors of five fractions of lacquerpolysaccharide on the bioactivities were studied. The results show that the polysaccharideshave bioactivities in motivating the growth of leucocytes, and the effect increases with thedecrease of molecular weight and branching factor in the range studied (17×10~4 >M_w>4×10~4).

COMPACT COIL OF LACQUER POLYSACCARIDE:FURTHER EVIDENCE

The weight average molecular weights Mw,radii of gyration<s^2>^(1/2) second virial coefficients A_2,and intrinsic viscosities in 8 solvent [η]_θof five fractionated samples of the chinese lacquer polysaccharide were measured by light scattering and viscosimetry.It is further evidenced that the polysaccharide in aqueous solution exists as a compact coil resulted from highly branched structure.

Preparation and Properties of Chinese Lacquer Modified by Methylolureas

In this study,different molar of methylolureas(MMU)were used to improve the properties and drying speed of the raw lacquer(RL).The drying time,gloss,pencil hardness and impact resistance of the lacquer film were tested.The thermal behaviors and chemical structures of the lacquer membrane were also discussed by thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA),fourier infrared spectrometer(FT-IR)and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)analysis,respectively.The results demonstrated that lower molar ratio MMU can significantly improve the properties of lacquer.The TGA analysis showed that the modified lacquer had high thermal stability than that of the control.The FT-IR and 13C NMR analysis revealed that the structures of the modified lacquer were significantly improved by cross-linking with the hydroxymethyl groups and methylene methyl ethers of MMU.In addition,through scanning electron microscopy(SEM)characterization,it was found that the introduction of MMU can effectively improve the surface smoothness of the lacquer film.

Exploration of Lacquer Heritage Across China in 2019

Exploration of Lacquer Heritage Across China by Experts in 2019 kicked off in Beijing.It was guided by the Department of Intangible Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Culture and Fourism, Hubei Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism and Jingzhou Municipal Bureau of Culture and Tourism and organized by Jingzhou Traditional Craft Workstation and Alliance for the Inheritance and Development of Lacquer Heritage (in preparation). The experts will visit the main lacquer production areas in China, breaking new ground lor the coordinated revitalization of the lacquer industry in China.

A Study on the Task Analysis and Performance Evaluation of Carved Lacquer Craft Inheritors in Novice Stage

The carved lacquer craft,a gem of traditional Chinese crafts,boasts a history of over 2,000 years and features craftsmanship of a superior order.This study attempts to investigate the typical tasks and learning result evaluation of carved lacquer apprentices at the novice stage by the method of qualitative research with 11 carved lacquer craft inheritors of a studio of a carved lacquer master.It is discovered that the design of carved lacquer draft sketches,the design of carved lacquer patterns,and the making and use of carved lacquer tools are typical tasks of novice apprentices,while the modeling and aesthetics of works,carving skills,and the level of interaction with the carved lacquer community are important criteria for evaluating the development of the skills of novice apprentices.

Simple,Inexpensive and Ecologically Friendly Derivative Spectrophotometric Fluconazole Assay from Nail Lacquer Formulations

Nail lacquers represent new drug form specifically designed to treat infected nail plate. They are complex organic solutions with specific assaying problems due to the high content of the polymer and plasticizer. Furthermore, there is a lack of assaying methods of active substances from this type of formulations in scientific literature. We developed derivative UV-spectrophotometric method for determination of fluconazole content in antifungal nail lacquer formulations. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, precision (repeatability), intermediate precision and accuracy (recovery). The method is specific, linear in the range of 99.53 - 497.65 μg/ml, precise and showed good recovery (98.79% - 101.77% from all six developed formulations). Besides, it is inexpensive, simple and nontoxic, i.e. ecologically acceptable. This method can be used for assaying fluconazole from this type of formulations.

Korean Lacquer Art Technique Korean Lacquer Craft of Goryeo to Joseon Dynasties

韩国的漆艺文化已有两千年以上的悠久历史，堪称已经渗入到内房和厢房等生活文化当中的代表性艺术品。目前，韩半岛上的主要生漆生产地为北韩平安北道泰川和南韩江原道原州，占整个半岛生漆产量的大部分。韩国产生漆的品质很好，生漆的主要成分漆酚（Urushiol）的含量高，酶的活度相当好，生漆涂层的干燥时间很短，硬度也很强。但是，南韩原州产高品质生漆的产量较少，价格也比日本产的贵，因此主要依靠中国进口。从史前时代至三国时代，韩国漆艺文化的主要技法是在生漆底上施以颜色绘制纹样，统一新罗时期开始变化为在生漆底上用螺钿、琥珀、青玉、金、银等宝石材料加以装饰。其后，高丽和朝鲜时代螺钿装饰成为漆器上所采用的主要技法。高丽螺钿在中国的宋朝也得到了高度评价，其卓越性被认可，直到现在高丽螺钿也被视为韩国的代表性艺术品之一。

Today and Yesterday for Lacquerware art and industry in Thailand

在泰国,漆器艺术和生漆工业已经成为一个重要且多交叉的学科。在泰国传统工艺品的制作过程中,工匠们所使用的生漆主要从Gluta usitata和Gluta laccifera等漆树采取,部分则是从中国进口,系Rhus verniciflua等漆树所产生漆。传统的泰国生漆工艺包括印刷技术、螺钿和珍珠镶嵌技术,以及建筑装饰工程、雕塑等领域。由于生漆是从漆树获得,所以泰国政府的禁止伐木政策致使生漆的产量非常低,已经成为泰国生漆工艺和生漆工业发展的桎梏。本文就泰国生漆的历史、生漆工艺的沿革、生漆工业的发展、漆树的品种以及存在的问题作了综述,并展望了泰国生漆的将来,使读者对泰国的生漆发展史有个较为具体的了解。

The meridian distribution on the lacquer figure unearthed in the Han dynasty tomb in Chengdu Laoguan mountain

In 2012,a lacquer figure was unearthed from the Han dynasty tomb(188 BC-87 BC) at Chengdu Laoguanshan.The lines intaglioed on the Laoguan mountain lacquer figure were similar to the meridians.Objective:To investigate the relationship between the lines on this Laoguanshan lacquer figure and the regular meridians so as to explore the development of meridian system in ancient China.Methods:Based on collecting the photos of the Laoguan mountain lacquer figure and the representative acupuncture classics,the double evidence method(combining the unearthed relics/literature and extant literature) was performed to investigate the relationship between the lines on this Laoguanshan lacquer figure and the regular meridians.Furthermore,the development of regular meridians theory was analyzed from the number,distribution,direction and branches.Results:The routes of the 28 longitudinal white lines on the Laoguan mountain lacquer figure are similar to the regular meridians in the ancient literature including Huángdì Nèijīng 《黄帝内经》 Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic).The number,distribution and branches of the meridians intaglioed on the Laoguanshan lacquer figure suggested the evolution of the regular-meridian system from the eleven-meridian system to the twelve-meridian system.Conclusions:The meridian system of Laoguanshan lacquer figure was a link connecting the preceding and the following.The Laoguanshan lacquer figure played an important role in the development of the early meridian theory.

Colored Lacquer Trunk

THIS 69-cm long trunk with an arch lid is one of the earliest trunks to be unearthed in China. It was cut from a whole log, painted with black lacquer on the inside and adorned on the outside with artwork in red. The trees in the painting have been determined to be mulberries. On top of the high tree sit crows with the sun above them; the moon and some tigers are set above the short tree. The bird between the trees is the golden crow in the sun. The man poised to shoot an arrow is Yi.

基于门控卷积生成对抗网络的西汉漆箱纹饰图案数字化修复研究

中国历史上漆器以其精美的纹饰技法闻名于世,针对古代漆器表面破损严重、纹饰信息大面积缺失的彩绘漆箱修复难题,提出了一种门控卷积生成对抗网络(GC-GAN)的古代漆箱表面图案修复方法.该方法采用门控卷积结构改进生成对抗网络模型,以提升模型对于图像中有效像素的学习能力并解决不规则大面积图像区域的高分辨率修复问题.在此基础上,首先对漆箱图案中的畸变、破损和缺失部分进行掩膜处理,然后使用GC-GAN生成掩膜区域的图案.针对漆箱纹饰图案样本数量少的问题,借助迁移学习思想,将模型在CelebA、SVHN等多种公共数据集上学习到的知识迁移到漆箱纹饰上.最终实现了“西安凤栖原西汉家族墓地”M1墓室中出土的大型木胎彩绘漆箱表面纹饰的数字化虚拟修复.

数字技术影响下的漆艺成型工艺研究

成型工艺对于漆艺创作者将构思与观念转化为实体至关重要。作为第三次工业革命的核心,数字技术介入传统漆艺领域,引发了新的漆艺成型方式——数字化成型。数字化与手工制造的结合已成为当代漆艺成型的重要方法之一,也是推动漆艺成型向现代化、科技化发展的重要助力。文章在文献综述和案例分析的基础上,探讨数字技术对漆艺成型工艺的影响,为当代漆艺形式的多样化和复杂化提供了新的思路,为我国漆艺的持续发展提供新的动力,并促进了传统漆艺的保护和传承。