Influences of environmental factors on the modern 14C reservoir effects in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau lakes

The establishment of reliable age in the lake sediment profile mainly depends on the AMS 14C dating technique.However,the presence of the 14C lake reservoir effects(LREs)restricted for using radiocarbon dating in lake sediment,especially in dry and cold areas with a scarce plant cover in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Hence,the discussion of influence factors of LREs is crucial.This paper selected 15 lakes(17 sediment and 3 plant samples)in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to examine the distribution characteristics of the modern LREs and their main influencing factors.In our study area,14 lakes were all affected by the LREs.The minimum 14C year is 5900 a BP towards the deep water area,whereas the maximum 14C year is up to 7185 a BP in the margins of Lake Heihai.The maximum 14C year is up to 7750 a BP,and the minimum 14C year is present-day carbon in the 15 lakes.One further study indicated that the LRE differences in individual lake are mostly owing to the contribution of exogenous carbonate.The results displayed that the LREs tended to increase with the increase of the salinity,moreover,the LREs of saltwater lakes or salt lakes were significantly larger than freshwater lakes due to the possible supply of old total dissolved inorganic carbon with a long residence time in the lakes.Moreover,the contribution of calcite played a significant role on the LREs.Additionally,the LREs differences are affected by the source of organic matter.The lake with groundwater supply shows large LRE due to likely being influenced by crustal and ancient CO_(2) uprising.

Screening Effect of the Diffusive Boundary Layer in Sediments of Lake Aha in the Suburbs of Guiyang City, Guizhou Province

The redox cycle of iron and manganese is a major geochemical process at the boundary layers of lake sediments. Lake Aha, which lies in the suburbs of Guiyang City,Guizhou Province, China, is a medium-sized artificial reservoir with seasonally anoxic hypolimnion. Long-term sedimentary accumulation of iron and manganese resulted in their enrichment in the upper sediments. In the anoxic season, Fe2+ and Mn2+, formed by biological oxidation, would diffuse up to overlying waters from sedlments. However, the concentration of Fe2+ increased later and decreased earlier than that of Mn2+. Generally, sulfate reduction occurred at 6 cm below the sediment-water interface. Whereas, in the anoxic season, the reduction reached upper sediments, inhibiting the release of Fe2+. The Fe concentration of anoxic water is quickly decreased from high to low as a result of reduction Of the sulphur system.

Eco-compensation effects of the wetland recovery in Dongting Lake area

Eco-compensation is an environmental economic instrument for internalization of external cost. Returning farmland to lake is one of the important parts of restoring wetland ecosystem function in the Yangtze River Valley of China. Whether the project of lake recovery can be successful depends on the compensation to the farmers who have lost their original benefits and contributed to the wetland ecosystem recovery by returning farmland to lake. Aiming at the wetland recovery of the Dongting Lake, the practical implementation of pro- grams of the lake recovery and flood control in this area has been challenged by the heavy task of population resettlement, so it is an ideal area for case studies to reach the academic objectives proposed as the above. Based on field survey and experimentation, this research evaluated the benefit losses of the resettled farmers and the increased values of ecosystem service functions caused by wetland recovery, and furthermore, the value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers was calculated by considering the combination of the farmers＇ compensation appeal. The value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers in the Dongting Lake area was 6084.5 yuan per household by synthetic analysis of the effects on wetland ecosystem restoration. Moreover, this article took Dongting Lake area as a case to study and explore the basic issues of the eco-compensation by returning farmland to lake, that was who should pay, who should be paid, how much the payment was and what the payment means was, which sought the mechanisms of wetland restoration eco-compensation and prompted the people＇s enthusiasms for ecological restoration.

Effects of main range and strength factors on change of COD in a shallow lake

A model involving the relationship between non conservative matter (COD) and main range factors(loading, water stage) and strength factor (temperature) in a shallow lake has been established on the basis of less change of water stage area curve in certain extent, broader distribution in pollution sources and more homogeneous in quantity of heat. The effects of COD inflow and /or outflow, and hydro meterological factors upon COD content in Lake Taihu were calculated and simulated under the actual situation of the loadings and regimen. The results simulated by using the model are in better agreement with the observed field data. The error of the model was also discussed.

BIOGEOCHEMICAL MECHANISM OF POSTDEPOSITIONAL MIGRATION OF Fe AND Mn IN LAKE AHA, CHINA

Lake Aha in Guizhou Province, China is a medium-sized artificial reservoir with seasonally anoxic hypolimnion. Long-term sedimentary accumulation of iron and manganese resulted in their enrichment in the upper sediments. In anoxic season, Fe2+ and Mn2+ formed from bioledcal oxidation, would diffuse upto upper water from sediments. However, the concentration of Fe2+ incrlater and decreased earlier than that of Mn2+. Generally, Sulfate reduction occUrred at 6cm below the sediment-water interface. Whereas, in anoxic season, the reduction reached sediment top, inhibiting the release of Fe2+. As the oxidation of Mn2+ required molecular oxygen as catalyst, Serious anoxia caused the violent diffusion of Mn2+. Based on the bio-effects on the accumulation of Mn in natural fresh water, it’s necessary to seek a way to control manganese rerelease through accumulated manganese bacteria action.Keywrods: petdeopitional migration of Fe and Mn, biogaxhemical effect, Lake

Using Fuzzy Theory and Variable Weights for Water Quality Evaluation in Poyang Lake, China

Achieving water purity in Poyang Lake has become a major concern in recent years, thus appropriate evaluation of spatial and temporal water quality variations has become essential. Variations in 11 water quality parameters from 15 sampling sites in Poyang Lake were investigated from 2009 to 2012. An integrative fuzzy variable evaluation(IFVE) model based on fuzzy theory and variable weights was developed to measure variations in water quality. Results showed that: 1) only chlorophyll-a concentration and Secchi depth differed significantly among the 15 sampling sites(P < 0.01), whereas the 11 water quality parameters under investigation differed significantly throughout the seasons(P < 0.01). The annual variations of all water quality variables except for temperature, electrical conductivity, suspended solids and total phosphorus were considerable(P < 0.05). 2) The IFVE model was reasonable and flexible in evaluating water quality status and any possible ′bucket effect′. The model fully considered the influences of extremely poor indices on overall water quality. 3) A spatial analysis indicated that anthropogenic activities(particularly industrial sewage and dredging) and lake bed topography might directly affect water quality in Poyang Lake. Meanwhile, hydrological status and sewage discharged into the lake might be responsible for seasonal water quality variations.

河湖长制背景下复苏河湖生态环境路径探析

河湖长制是一项基于我国政治制度和国家治理结构而设计的重大制度创新,实施7年多来,取得了显著成效。复苏河湖生态环境是推动新阶段水利高质量发展的六条实施路径之一,不仅涉及工程技术问题,更重要的是面临着理念、制度和管理层面突破创新的挑战。在分析河湖长制制度效能的基础上,从体制机制、保护治理和制度政策3个维度探讨了复苏河湖生态环境的路径选择问题。研究建议:以河湖长制为复苏河湖生态环境的有力手段和重要的体制机制保障,将河湖长制的制度优势转化为河湖治理效能,统筹各方力量共同推进河湖保护治理;以建设幸福河湖为目标,通过系统治理、综合治理、源头治理,推动复苏河湖生态环境各项任务落实;将健全复苏河湖生态环境的制度和标准体系作为复苏河湖生态环境的政策制度路径。

长江-鄱阳湖顶托作用评价指标研究

长江与鄱阳湖形成的江湖交汇系统存在复杂的河床演变与物质能量交换,江湖顶托关系是影响江湖水量交换的重要因素,同时对整个区域的水资源、防洪、灌溉、航运、生态有着重要影响。以长江与鄱阳湖的交汇区为研究对象,从动量基本方程出发,建立了一套评估长江与鄱阳湖顶托强度的指标体系,提出了顶托强度指标——顶托角。研究结果表明:自20世纪80年代以来,顶托角整体上没有发生趋势性变化,说明长江对鄱阳湖的顶托作用在三峡水库蓄水后变化不明显。但从年内变化来看,在枯水期,由于三峡水库的补水作用,长江对鄱阳湖的顶托作用明显增强;在汛期,由于三峡水库的削减洪峰以及汛末蓄水,长江对鄱阳湖的顶托作用减弱。长江对鄱阳湖的顶托作用变化会在4~6月使湖水滞留湖区,易发生流域性洪水;在7~10月加速湖水的入江,使鄱阳湖的低水位形势持续恶化。研究成果可为长江和鄱阳湖的治理与保护提供参考。

脉冲降水和凋落物对温性草原土壤碳矿化激发效应的影响

脉冲式降水和凋落物输入均会显著影响土壤有机碳矿化速率,但温性草原有机碳矿化及其激发效应对其的响应尚不明确。以青海湖流域温性草原为研究对象,设置脉冲式降水频次(0~2次)、凋落物添加和对照处理,通过14 d室内培养试验,开展脉冲式降水(P)、凋落物添加(L)及两者交互作用(L+P)对土壤有机碳矿化及其激发效应影响研究。结果表明:3种处理均显著促进矿化速率和累计碳矿化量,增幅为L+P>P>L>CK。L及L+P处理均产生极显著正激发效应,且L+P>L。3种处理均提高了MBC,降低了电导率。L和L+P处理下碳矿化速率与pH值、NO_(3)^(-)-N显著正相关,与MBC,MBN呈负相关关系,P处理与MBC,NO_(3)^(-)-N显著负相关,与pH值、NH+4-N呈正相关关系。综上所述,脉冲式降水和凋落物添加及其交互作用显著促进青海湖流域温性草原土壤碳矿化速率和激发效应,增强其碳源强度。

太湖底泥—水界面总溶解态磷的Fick扩散释放通量研究

太湖蓝藻暴发与水体中总溶解态磷(TDP)密切相关,而底泥是否向水中释放TDP是一个重要的科学问题。由于太湖底泥间隙水与上覆水的TDP之间存在3~5倍的浓度差,因此会存在TDP的Fick扩散过程。针对Fick扩散计算仍然未能精确地考虑含有机磷时的扩散系数等问题,本文在考虑有机磷的影响、孔隙率、温度等变化的条件下进行了监测和计算。基于全湖30个采样点的现场调查数据,使用只有无机磷扩散系数20%左右的扩散系数计算太湖TDP年Fick扩散量约为127.8 t;磷的Fick扩散量与上覆水磷浓度相同,具有西北高、东南低的特点。敏感性分析表明:相对于温度变化,有机磷的占比和孔隙率的取值对于Fick扩散量的计算值有更大的影响。

基于水动力水质模型的浅水型湖泊水环境治理目标可达性评估

当前湖泊水环境治理仍然面临着湖泊水质的实际改善效果与工程方案预期不相符的难题,特别是城市浅水型湖泊,其受外源污染、底泥释放、降雨冲击等因素,对治理成效扰动响应更为剧烈,因此,进行多因素成效评估对城市浅水型湖泊水环境治理尤为重要。采用InfoWorks ICM模型,以武汉市墨水湖为例,搭建浅水型湖泊水质水动力模型,依据气象水文、城市开发建设、湖泊污染情况等现状数据,基于模型计算原理,研究COD、NH_(3)-N、TP等污染物的变化趋势,定量分析不同工况情景下湖泊水质的可达性,评估规划拟建工程的实施效果,可为同类湖泊水环境治理工程方案优化提供参考。

基于耦合湖模式的城市边界层模式研究太湖的气象与环境效应

本文发展了一个耦合的城市边界层—湖泊模式(RBLM-Chem-Lake),通过离线和在线两种方式对模式的模拟效果进行了检验。并通过敏感性实验分析了太湖冬季和夏季对周边地区气象特征和空气污染的影响。结果表明:(1)白天太湖对周边气象环境产生了明显的降温效应,而夜晚出现了明显的升温。冬季夜晚周边地区升温达到0.4~0.6℃,白天可以使得周边气温降低1~2℃。夏季夜晚使周边地区升温可达1~1.5℃,白天使得周边气温降低1~2℃。(2)太湖对周边地区气温的影响范围夏季远高于冬季,夏季影响范围可达到80 km,冬季影响范围平均为5 km。此外,太湖使得湖区平均边界层高度下降,湿度上升,使得苏州市区垂直风速减弱,这种影响同样在夏季更为明显。(3)太湖的存在总体上使湖区和周边地区PM_(2.5)和臭氧的质量浓度增加。在冬季PM_(2.5)污染个例中,太湖导致区域夜晚PM_(2.5)质量浓度下降,下降幅度达到4~5μg·m^(-3)。而在白天,太湖区域500 m高度以下PM_(2.5)质量浓度增加,幅度达到25~30μg·m^(-3),在500 m高度以上质量浓度下降约5~10μg·m^(-3)。夏季的臭氧污染日个例中,白天,在太湖的东岸以及苏州市区臭氧的质量浓度出现了明显的增加,可以达到10~12μg·m^(-3)。

基于四元联系数集对分析的河湖长制建设效果评价

为科学评价河湖长制建设成效,从水资源管理、水域岸线管理、水工程建设管理、水污染防治、水环境治理、执法与组织实施6个方面选取20个指标构建河湖长制建设效果评价指标体系。选用序关系法确定主观权重,熵权法确定客观权重,通过乘数合成法组合主客观权重求得最终权重,构建基于四元联系数集对分析评价模型。利用该模型对辽宁省14个设区市2022年河湖长制建设效果进行评价。结果表明,总体上辽宁省河湖长制建设效果落实情况较好。大连、鞍山、抚顺、营口和朝阳实施效果最好;盘锦总体评价等级最低,与其他地区差距较大。

鄱阳湖水沙与氮磷输移过程及滞留效应研究

为了开展鄱阳湖水沙、氮磷输移过程及滞留变化的研究,收集了鄱阳湖“五河”七口水文站1958-2021年的径流量和悬沙浓度数据、1965-2020年鄱阳湖湖口入江水道地形数据、2003-2021年水质监测数据以及1973-2018年湖区围垦遥感解译等数据,采用统计、对比、双累计曲线及质量守恒法等方法,分析了鄱阳湖“五河”入湖沙量变化趋势、鄱阳湖入江水道地形变化以及鄱阳湖TN、TP滞留变化过程.结果表明:①从20世纪90年代起“五河”入湖总沙量呈显著下降趋势.②鄱阳湖出口河段河床于2000-2010年期间在深度10.0~12.0m中滩河床发生了强烈下切和横向展宽,2010-2020年下切显著减缓,中滩河床还存在横向展宽的可能.③出入湖TN、TP通量与出入湖泥沙通量成正比.④鄱阳湖2003-2021年逐年TN、TP滞留率显著降低.研究显示:鄱阳湖“五河”流域各大中型梯级水库的建设使得鄱阳湖湖区多年来沙量显著降低,鄱阳湖流域水土保持及闸坝体系在2000年后水土流失韧性增强;但湖区采砂挖沙和航道整治等使得鄱阳湖出口河段河床显著下切;采砂挖沙活动导致鄱阳湖湖盆沉积物受到扰动,使得沉积物中的氮磷被释放出来,增加了出湖TN、TP通量,在一定程度上降低了鄱阳湖TN、TP滞留率.

青海祁连山区山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程生态成效评估

生态成效作为判定山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程有效性的重要途径,对加强工程总体布局和顶层设计、确保工程取得显著成效具有非常重要的意义。青海省祁连山区具有极其典型的“山水林田湖草”生命共同体特征,是中国第一批山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点之一。通过构建“生态干扰变化-生态系统格局变化-生态系统质量变化-生态系统功能变化-生态成效变化”逻辑框架,运用时空对比分析方法,对青海祁连山区山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程的生态成效进行了评估。结果表明:工程实施后,重要生态用地面积增长了0.1%、生态连通度降低了0.5%、植被覆盖度指数提升了10.1%、单位面积水源涵养量提高了31.5%,土壤保持量增加了3.1%,固碳量增加了2.8%,表明工程实施以来,生态干扰增加,部分类型生态系统破碎化有所加剧,但总体生态系统格局相对稳定,生态系统质量和各生态功能均有提升,修复成效显现。研究结果对青海祁连山区山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程的实施有一定的指导性作用,能为未来山水林田湖草生态保护修复工作提供先进经验,对科学指导中国更好地开展生态修复工作具有重要意义。

环鄱阳湖城市群“三生”用地转型的生态环境效应及其地形梯度分析

[目的]准确评估“三生”用地转型对生态环境质量的影响,可为国土空间优化和区域高质量发展提供科学依据。[方法]基于环鄱阳湖城市群2000年、2010年、2020年的土地利用数据,使用土地转移矩阵、生态环境质量指数、地形分布指数等方法,分析了“三生”用地转型过程、生态环境效应及其梯度分异特征。[结果](1) 2000—2020年环鄱阳湖城市群生活用地大幅增长(1 063.45 km^(2)),生态用地持续减少(997.41 km^(2)),生产用地总体上保持稳定,主要的用地转型模式为城镇生活用地和工矿生产用地对农业生产用地和林地生态用地的侵占。(2)时序变化上,2000—2010年,随着工矿生产用地和城乡生活用地的扩张,生态环境质量指数由1.428下降至1.424;2010—2020年,伴随着生态用地的恢复以及城镇生活用地和工矿生产用地内部格局的不断优化,生态环境质量指数由1.424升至1.447。(3)空间分布上,整体上呈现“东西高、中部低”的空间分布格局,形成了以南昌大都市圈为中心的中部生态环境质量低值区和以宜春市、景德镇市、上饶市为中心的东西部生态环境质量高值区。(4)随着地形梯度的上升,低质量区的分布指数下降,高等级质量区逐渐呈优势分布;2000—2020年,低质量区趋向于向高地形梯度转移,较高质量区和高质量区的下移趋势明显。[结论]20年间研究区的生态环境质量整体向好,空间分布差异较大。土地利用转型导致了用地属性及其空间格局的双重变化,建议在布局各类用地时,既要注重对生产、生活用地的“总量控制”,又要保证生态用地的完整性和连通性。

基于无人机机载激光雷达的退圩还湖实施效果监测

为弥补传统人工复核退圩还湖进度时空分辨率低、耗时长的缺点,利用无人机搭载高精度激光雷达对平旺湖退圩还湖实施效果进行监测。基于获取的激光点云数据,采用工作流的技术方法,建立平旺湖DEM和DSM及坡度精细化模型,实现退圩还湖区域内排泥场和成湖区空间信息的特征提取。采用同期GPS现场测量成果和高分遥感影像分别对高程、面积进行精度验证,结果显示:激光雷达高程总体中误差为0.023m,其中岸线高程提取精度略低于水面,提取的面积与高分影像人工目视解译结果对比精度达99.3%,且更加接近退圩还湖实施方案的要求,表明无人机机载激光雷达技术可有效运用于退圩还湖工程的动态监测,为掌握工程实施效果、科学调整工程进度提供技术支撑。

船舶噪声对菜子湖越冬大白鹭的行为影响分析

明确船舶噪声对水鸟的影响范围阈值,为通航船舶管理和水鸟保护提供科学依据。以引江济淮工程菜子湖航道为研究区域,采用模拟噪声法研究船舶噪声对长江中下游常见越冬候鸟大白鹭(Ardeaalba)的正常栖息活动、警戒和飞行行为的影响,分析大白鹭对船舶噪声的响应阈值。结果表明:距声源151~200 m时,船舶噪声增加会干扰大白鹭正常栖息活动、增加警戒行为,一段时间后可能产生适应性,100 dB(A)会影响飞行行为但总体较小;200 m外的大白鹭种群,随着船舶噪声源强增加,其正常栖息活动基本不受干扰,仅在100 dB(A)时飞行行为比例小幅增加,但各类行为基本不受影响。研究采用基于模拟噪声的水鸟行为影响程度分析方法,有效实现了船舶噪声影响范围的阈值判定。

滇池螺类碳汇分布储存特征研究

通过形态学鉴定和容量法测定碳酸钙含量,运用IBM SPSS Statistics 26软件进行数据分析,并使用ArcGIS 10.2和Origin 2022软件进行绘图,探究滇池湖区螺类的碳汇效应大小和分布情况。结果表明:(1)螺蛳数量最多,占56.99%;其次为方格短沟蜷、蚌、钉螺滇川亚种;中国圆田螺和梨形环棱螺数量较少,占比不足1.00%。(2)不同螺类之间的形态特征具有明显差异,方格短沟蜷的壳体表面积最大且固碳能力最佳,平均碳含量为112.94 mg/g;其次是钉螺滇川亚种;蚌和螺蛳的碳含量相对较低,均值在70.00 mg/g左右。(3)除方格短沟蜷外,其他3种螺类的碳固存含量均与其壳高、壳宽及壳重呈负相关。滇池湖区的螺类碳汇大部分汇集于方格短沟蜷中,其次是数量最多的螺蛳。该研究结果可为滇池及其周边地区的碳储量评估和生态修复提供科学依据和参考。

湖陆风对滨湖夏季气温和岳阳市城市热岛强度的影响

利用逐日逐时气象资料对岳阳市主城区2019-2021年夏季城市热岛强度进行了评估,探讨了东洞庭湖湖陆风对滨湖夏季气温以及城市热岛强度的影响。结果表明:平均气温郊区较城区、滨湖低1.47、1.11℃,最低气温郊区较城区、滨湖低1.89、2.03℃,最高气温城区较郊区高0.61℃、郊区较滨湖高0.63℃。白天城区气温高于郊区,郊区气温高于滨湖;夜间城区气温与滨湖相当,且明显高于郊区。各区逐时气温变率郊区最大,城区次之,滨湖最小,三者在23时-次日06时相当且变化较小。城区平均、最高、最低气温分别比郊区高1.47、0.61和1.89℃,对应城市热岛强度分别为弱、弱、中等。08-19时城市热岛强度为弱,20时-次日07时为中等。滨湖09-18时湖风强,19时-次日08时陆风弱。湖陆风与各区气温以及城市热岛强度均极显著相关。夜间城市热岛效应强于白天湖泊冷效应,白天城市热岛效应和夜间湖泊热效应受站点与滨湖和郊区的距离远近影响的强度不同,离滨湖越近的城市站白天受城市热岛效应影响越小,夜间受城市热岛效应影响越大。