The changes of pigment contents and their environmental implications in the lake sediments of Ny-lesund,Svalbard,the Arctic

According to palaeoclimatic and modern instrumental data,numerous studies have indicated that the Arctic climate has undergone a significant warming during the past 100 years,and this may lead to significant impact on the fragile lake ecosystem.In this study,we collected a lake sediment core from the Nylesund of Svalbard and determined the concentrations of four pigments including chlorophyll derivatives,total carotenoids,oscillaxanthin and myxoxanthophyll in the sediments.Combined with other physical and chemical proxies such as calcium carbonate,total organic carbon,biogenic silicon etc.,we have reconstructed the historical changes of lacustrine primary productivity in Ny-lesund,especially for the past 100 years.The results showed that during the period of Little Ice Age（LIA）,the climate was unfavorable for the growth of the lake algae,and thus the lacustrine productivity declined.This result was supported by the relatively low contents of pigment and biogenic silica in the sediments.In contrast,the contents of total organic carbon（TOC） and sediment pigments increased significantly in the upper 5 cm（-1890AD）,reflecting the rapid growth of the lake algae,thus the great increase of lacustrine primary productivity,corresponding to the warming climate after LIA.However,the biogenic silica in the upper sediments still had a relatively low level,and this might be related to the growth competition with other algae species.Over the past 100 years,the ratio of Osc/Myx in the sediments decreased continuously,indicative of durative increase of myxoxanthophyll in blue-green algal pigments,and this might imply that the human activity had enhanced the nutrition level of the lake in the Arctic region.

A singular spectrum analysis on Holocene climatic oscillation from lake sedimentary record in Minqin Basin, China

The total organic carbon (TOC) content series from the lake sediment of Minqin Basin (100°57′–104°57′E, 37°48′–39°17′N) in northwestern China, which has a 10 000-year-long paleo-climatic proxy record, was used to analyze the Holocene climate changes in the local region. The proxy record was established in the Sanjiaocheng (SJC), Triangle Town in Chinese, Section (103°20′25″E, 39°00′38″N), which is located at the northwestern boundary of the present Asian summer monsoon in China, and is sensitive to global environmental and climate changes. Applying singular spectrum analysis (SSA) to the TOC series, principal climatic oscillations and periodical changes were studied. The results reveal 3 major patterns of climate change regulated by reconstructed components (RCs). The first pattern is natural long-term trend of climatic change in the local area (Minqin Basin), indicating a relatively wetter stage in early Holocene (starting at 9.5 kaBP), and a relatively dryer stage with a strong lake desiccation and a declined vegetation cover in mid-Holocene (during 7–6 kaBP). From 4.0 kaBP to the present, there has been a gradually decreasing trend in the third reconstructed component (RC3) showing that the local climate changed again into a dryer stage. The second pattern shows millennial-centennial scale oscillations containing cycles of 1 600 and 800 years that have been present throughout almost the entire Holocene period of the last 10 000 years. The third pattern is a millennial-centennial scale variation with a relatively smaller amplitude and unclear cycles showing a nonlinear interaction within the earth’s climate systems.

Environmental change inferred from Rb and Sr of lacustrine sediments in Huangqihai Lake,Inner Mongolia

Based on the geochemical elements Rb and Sr in sediments with three different grain size fractions from profile H3 on the northern lacustrine bottomland 13 m above the Huangqihai Lake surface in 1986,the paper investigates the record of palaeolake stand state, sedimentary environmental evolution,and winter monsoon change.First,these samples are separated into three different grain size fractions,i.e.,total sediments,77-20μm and〈20μm. Second,the chemical elements-Rb and Sr-of the grain size separation were tested and analyzed systematically in this paper.Then the elements compositions of these samples are measured using VP-320 mode fluorescence spectrum instrument,respectively.The magnetic susceptibility of these samples is measured using Kappabridge KLY-3 mode instrument made in Czech AGICO Company.The results showed the elements and the ratios varied regularly with the grain size.But the ratio of Rb/Sr in the sediments〈20μm correlates positively with the magnetic susceptibility of these samples.Therefore,the ratio of Rb/Sr in the fraction〈20 μm from the lake sediments reflected the strengthening of the weathering in the deposition sites.It is a good indicator of the summer monsoon-induced weathering and pedogenesis fluctuations and can be used to reconstruct the conditions of the paleoclimate and paleoenvironment.

Lake sediment records on climate change and human activities since the Holocene in Erhai catchment, Yunnan Province, China

According to high-resolution analyses on multi-proxy of sediment core from the Er- hai Lake, Yunnan Province, the sequence of climatic and environmental change since the Holo- cene has been reconstructed based on accurate dating. The results show that climate had tran- sited from cold-wet to warm-wet during ca. 12950-8399 aBP in this area, and the transition happened in ca. 10329 aBP. Due to the enhancing southwest Asian monsoon and increasing precipitation, the lake-level of the Erhai Lake began to rise after ca. 10329 a BP. Climate in the catchment was warm and wet during the mid-Holocene, and the warmest stage appeared in ca. 8399-6371 a BP. The lake-level descended in the mid-Holocene because of the decrease of effective moisture in the basin. Human activities appeared in ca. 6371 a BP, and the initial man- ner mainly focused on deforestation. Up to ca. 2139 a BP, due to the amount of immigration into this area, the cultivation was developed widely, which was followed by mining (coal mine).

Climatic and environmental implications from n-alkanes in glacially eroded lake sediments in Tibetan Plateau:An example from Ximen Co

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify a series of n-alkanes in the sediments of a typical glacially eroded lake in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.By comparing the distribution patterns of n-alkanes in lake sediments,surface soils and cow manure,it was shown that n-C 27-n-C 33 alkanes in the soil ecosystem of Ximen Co are derived from vascular plant species and that the distribution pattern of n-C 27-n-C 33 alkanes remains unchanged during the feeding and digestion processes of herbivores.The relative percentage of C 27,C 29 and C 31 n-alkanes decreased from the bottom to the top of the sediment core showing a trend of degradation of higher plants in the Ximen Co lake region during the formation of the 44 cm core.210 Pb dating,combined with pre-existing AMS 14 C dating results showed that the depositional core reflects climatic and environmental variations since about 900 years before present.The n-alkane indexes (ACL 27-33,P aq,P wax) are comparable with regional temperature variation,especially recording the Little Ice Age event (LIA).This study highlights that n-alkanes are valid proxies for paleo-climate and paleo-environment reconstruction,despite the same distribution patterns in n-alkane molecular fossils derived from a typical glacially eroded lake.

Ecological Responses to Holocene Millennial-Scale Climate Change at High Altitudes of East and Central Asia: A Case Study of Picea/Abies Pollen Changes in Lacustrine Sediments

Ecosystem response to climate change in high-altitude regions is a focus on global change research. Picea/Abies forests are widely distributed at high altitudes of East and Central Asia, and their distribution changes are sensitive to climate change. Humidity is an important climatic factor that affects high-altitude ecosystems; however, the relationship between distribution changes of Picea/Abies forests and millennial-scale variability of humidity is still not dear. Palynological records can provide insights into millennial-scale paleovegetation changes, which have been successfully used to reconstruct past climate change in East and Central Asia. In this study, we synthesized 24 Picea/Abies pollen and humidity/moisture changes based upon Holocene lake records in East and Central Asia in order to explore the response of high-latitude ecosystem to millennial-scale climate change. The changing pattern of Holocene lacustrine Picea/Abies pollen in arid Central Asia differs from that of monsoonal East Asia, which can be due to different millennial-scale climate change patterns between monsoonal and arid Central Asia. Then, the relationship between changes in Picea/Abies pollen and humidity/moisture conditions was examined based on a comparison of pollen and humidity/moisture records. The results indicate that millennial-scale Picea/Abies distribution changes aremainly controlled by moisture variability at high altitudes, while the temperature effect plays a minor role in Picea/Abies distribution changes. Moreover, this research proves that lacustrine Picea/Abies pollen can be used as an indicator of millennial-scale humidity/moisture evolution at high altitudes in East and Central Asia.

Holocene lake carbon sequestration, hydrological status and vegetation change, China

Lakes have received considerable attention as long-term sinks for organic carbon(C)at regional and global scales.Previ ous studies have focused on assessment and quantification of carbon sinks,and few have worked on the relationship be tween millennial-scale lake C sequestration,hydrological status and vegetation,which has important scientific signifi cance in improving our understanding of lake C stocks and storage mechanisms.Here,we present a comprehensive study of pollen records,organic geochemical proxies,lake-level records,sediment accumulation rate(SAR)and organic C accu mulation rate(CAR)in China since the Holocene.We also include numerical climate classification and lake-level simula tions,to investigate variations of lake C sequestration,hydrological status and vegetation during the Holocene.Results in dicate that the evolution of lake C accumulation showed an out-of-phase relationship with hydrological status and vegeta tion in China.Lake C accumulation exhibited an overall trend of increasing from the early to late Holocene in response to gradually increasing terrestrial organic matter input.However,China as a whole experienced the densest vegetation cover in the middle Holocene,corresponding to the mid-Holocene optimum of a milder and wetter climate.Optimal hydrologi cal conditions were asynchronous in China;for example,early Holocene in Asian monsoon dominated areas,and middle Holocene in westerlies controlled regions.Our synthesis indicated that climate change was the main factor controlling the long-term variability in lake C accumulation,hydrologic conditions,as well as vegetation,and human influences were usu ally superimposed on the natural trends.

Review of the studies on climate change since the last inter-glacial period on the Tibetan Plateau

As the ＂Third Pole＂ of the world, the Tibetan Plateau has important effects on climate of its surrounding areas and even the whole world. Many results have been achieved on climate change since the last inter-glacial period in recent decades from ice core, tree-ring and lake sediment records over the Tibetan Plateau. In this paper, we review these achievements, especially those in the special periods. During the last inter-glacial period, temperature went down rapidly and went up slowly. The temperature record of the last glacial period is consistent with Greenland ice core records, also having own features over the Tibetan Plateau. Younger Dryas event agrees with the records from Europe and Greenland. Generally speaking, it is warm in the Holocene, and temperature has been rising gradually in the last 2000 years and gone up rapidly in recent decades. Climate changes on different time scales on the Tibetan Plateau occurred earlier and the change amplitude is larger than those in other parts of China.

Grain-size Age Model in Reconstructing Orbital-and Suborbital-scale Climate Changes on the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau Since the Late Glacial

Reconstructions of past climatic changes on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau(NETP) can provide insights into the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) variability. However, the regional climate changes on both orbital and suborbital time scales since the late Glacial remain controversial. Here we present the results of high-resolution geochemical and grain-size analyses of a sediment core from Genggahai Lake, a small, shallow lake in this area. Changes of the accumulation rate of the core sediments show a similar trend with variations of the coarse fraction. Accordingly, the chronological framework is constructed using a grain-size age model. In addition, the histories of chemical weathering and aeolian activity since the late Glacial are reconstructed based on the Al/Ti ratios and coarse fractions, respectively. The results suggest that an enhanced chemical weathering and a weakened aeolian activity occurred on the NETP under a warmer, wetter climate during the early to mid-Holocene(11.3–6.3 ka cal BP), compared with the late Glacial(17.1–11.3 ka cal BP) and the late Holocene(6.3 ka cal BP to present), which responded mainly to the strengthened ASM on orbital time scale. In addition, the synchronous occurrences of weakened chemical weathering, low lake level and intense aeolian activity on suborbital time scale reflect several episodes of weakened ASM. Furthermore, these episodes largely coincide with the centennial-to millennial-scale cold events in the North Atlantic, which demonstrates the close connection between the ASM and the cooling at high latitudes.

Salt lakes in China:Challenges for reconstructing ecological and climate variations

1 Introduction Studies on lakes have become an important concern for many scientists since it is well known that lakes can monitor detailed information about ecological,hydrological and sedimentary cycles which can be

川中地区中侏罗世早期天文驱动下的湖平面波动及沉积物分布规律

陆相湖盆的湖平面升降导致的盆内沉积充填差异对油气形成与富集具有重要影响,而湖平面波动受气候作用影响明显。选取川中地区中侏罗世早期沙溪庙组一段的湖相连续沉积记录,采用高分辨率自然伽马测井资料作为气候替代指标,开展了中侏罗世早期陆相地层的旋回地层学研究,对长、短偏心率周期进行滤波分析,建立了沙溪庙组一段的浮动天文年代标尺。研究发现:(1)沙溪庙组一段陆相湖盆沉积地层中保存了完好的天文旋回响应信号;(2)通过川中地区沙溪庙组一段的天文年代标尺计算,认为沙溪庙组一段沉积持续时间约为2.43 Ma;(3)偏心率接近极大值且岁差振幅较大表明气候温暖、潮湿,湖平面相对上升,发育偏泥质沉积,偏心率接近极小值且岁差振幅较小表明气候寒冷、干旱,发育偏砂质沉积,砂质沉积物厚度差异受岁差振幅所调控;(4)中侏罗世早期不同尺度的轨道周期驱动力共同控制了气候的变化,气候变化引起湖平面的波动,湖平面的波动影响了沉积物的分布。

Humid Medieval Warm Period recorded by magnetic characteristics of sediments from Gonghai Lake, Shanxi, North China

Variations in monsoon strength, moisture or precipitation in eastern China during the MWP reflected by different climatic records have shown apparent discrepancies. Here, detailed environmental magnetic investigations and mineralogical analyses were conducted on lacustrine sediments of Core GH09B1 (2.8 m long) from Gonghai Lake, Shanxi, North China, concerning the monsoon history during the MWP. The results demonstrate that the main magnetic mineral is magnetite. The sediments with relatively high magnetic mineral concentrations were characterized by relatively fine magnetic grain sizes, which were formed in a period of relatively strong pedogenesis and high precipitation. In contrast, the sediments with low magnetic mineral concentrations reflected an opposite process. The variations of magnetic parameters in Gonghai Lake sediments were mainly controlled by the degree of pedogenesis in the lake drainage basin, which further indicated the strength of the Asian summer monsoon. The variations in the and S 300 parameters of the core clearly reveal the Asian summer monsoon history over the last 1200 years in the study area, suggesting generally abundant precipitation and a strong summer monsoon during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, AD 910–1220), which is supported by pollen evidence. Furthermore, this 3–6-year resolution environmental magnetic record indicates a dry event around AD 980–1050, interrupting the generally humid MWP. The summer monsoon evolution over the last millennium recorded by magnetic parameters in sediments from Gonghai Lake correlates well with historical documentation (North China) and speleothem oxygen isotopes (Wanxiang Cave), as well as precipitation modeling results (extratropical East Asia), which all indicate a generally humid MWP within which centennial-scale moisture variability existed. It is thus demonstrated that environmental magnetic parameters could be used as an effective proxy for monsoon climate variations in high-resolution lacustrine sediments.

Holocene climatic and environmental changes recorded in Baahar Nuur Lake core in the Ordos Plateau, Inner Mongolia of China

A 5.3 m lake core was drilled in Baahar Nuur Lake in the Ordos Plateau, and measurements of meangrain size, organic δ 13C (δ 13Corg), organic carbon content (TOC), C/N, carbonate content, carbonate δ 13C(δ 13Ccar) and δ 18O (δ 18Ocar) were conducted for retrieving the Holocene chronosequence of climaticchanges based on 15 AMS 14C dates. The record documented four major stages of climate change inthe Ordos Plateau: (IV) a cold and dry condition before ～7.65 14C ka BP; (III) a warm and humid stagebetween ～7.65 and ～5.40 ka BP; (II) a generally drier and cooler climate since ～5.40 ka BP with twohumid events occurring from ～4.70 to ～4.60 ka BP and from ～4.20 to ～3.70 ka BP, and (I) a dry climatecharacterized by complete desiccation of the lake after 3.70 ka BP. Stage III can be further divided intothree sub-stages: (IIIa) a warm and humid episode from ～7.65 to ～6.70 ka BP, (IIIb) a warm and relativelydry episode from ～6.70 to ～6.20 ka BP, and (IIIc) the magthermal and maghumid episode of the Holo-cene from ～6.20 to ～5.40 ka BP.

贝加尔湖沉积物记录的第四纪大陆气候对轨道驱动的响应（英文）

The long sediment core BDP98 obtained from Lake Baikal was analyzed in order to discuss the periodicity of glacial cycles in the terrestrial climatic record of the past 2.6 Ma.Spectral analysis shows that the Baikal grain size record has been dominated by orbit-related cycles with periods of about100 ka,41 ka,and 23 ka,similar to those in the marine isotope record.However,there are some notable differences between the Baikal and oceanic records.In the marine isotope record,the 41 ka cycle was dominant before 1 Ma and the 100 ka cycle became significant only afterward.Conversely,in the Baikal record,the 100 ka period has appeared continuously throughout the past 2.6 Ma,and no appreciable shift in period is detected.These results suggest that the terrestrial climatic response to orbital forcing,as imprinted in the Baikal sediment,is different from the oceanic response.The 100 ka cycle detected in the Baikal record from before 1 Ma may be attributable to relatively long interglacials with skipping of two or three 41 ka obliquity cycles.This result may support the hypothesis that the 100 ka cycle is paced by the obliquity cycle.

青海湖近900年来气候环境演化的湖泊沉积记录

通过对青海湖沉积物碳酸盐含量、磁化率、TOC等多环境指标的分析 ,探讨了青海湖地区近 90 0年来的气候环境演变 .结果表明青海湖地区近 90 0年来气候变化属于暖干 -冷湿的气候演替类型 ,经历了 5次冷湿期和 5次暖干期 ,中世纪暖期、小冰期以及 2 0世纪以来的升温在该沉积岩芯有清晰的记录 .沉积物的磁化率和沉积速率的变化忠实地记录了本世纪以来人类活动的影响 .

近2000年来云南洱海沉积记录的气候变化

对云南洱海湖泊岩心沉积物进行了多环境指标的分析 ,建立了近 2 0 0 0 a来云南洱海流域气候与环境变化的序列 :气候演化具有暖干、冷湿交替的组合特点 ,不同于东亚季风区黄土沉积记录的冷干 -暖湿气候组合特征。一些特征气候阶段如中世纪温暖期、小冰期气候特征在洱海湖泊沉积记录中均有反映。洱海湖泊沉积记录的暖干 -冷湿气候交替变化规律反映了西南季风影响下的气候演化特征 ,具有一定的普遍性。

安徽巢湖全新世湖泊沉积物磁化率与粒度组合的变化特征及其环境意义

通过对获取的巢湖湖泊沉积岩芯的磁化率与粒度组合特征的分析，结合孢粉及相邻其它区域的环境考古资料，得出该岩芯柱样所反映的环境变化信息。结果表明：（1）巢湖湖泊沉积物磁化率曲线在117cm以下总体上比较平稳而略有下降，117cm以上人类活动所导致的侵蚀作用加剧使得磁化率值异常升高；（2）本岩芯柱样117cm以下样品的磁化率强度与粘土的百分比含量呈正相关，而与粉砂组分的百分比含量成负相关；（3）根据磁化率与粒度组合变化特征，结合孢粉分析及全新世以来区域气候变化背景，9870 Cal a B．P．以来的巢湖流域古气候环境演变可以划分6个不同的时期：9870～7000 Cal a B．P．，气候呈温和略干的特点；7000～4750 Cal a B．P．，气候温暖湿润；4750～2170 Cal a B．P．，流域气候温和干燥，巢湖湖盆局部地区可能出露水面以上；2170～1040 Cal a B．P．，气候总体上温和湿润，但是冷暖波动明显；1040～200 Cal a B．P．流域处在温凉稍湿的时期，人类活动逐渐加强；200 Cal a B．P．至今，流域总体上处于相对温暖湿润阶段。

青海湖近千年来气候环境变化的湖泊沉积记录

本文根据青海湖沉积岩芯 (QH0 0A)碳酸盐含量、TOC和Rb Sr等环境指标的综合分析 ,探讨了该地区近千年来的气候变化过程和化学风化史。结果表明 :青海湖地区近千年来经历了 5次冷湿期和 5次暖干期 ,气候组合类型为冷湿与暖干交替。中世纪暖期、小冰期以及 2 0世纪以来的升温在该沉积岩芯中得到良好的记录。沉积岩芯Rb Sr较好地记录了湖泊流域化学风化的历史 ,并揭示流域化学风化的主要控制因素为气温变化。

近1800年来云南洱海流域气候变化与人类活动的湖泊沉积记录

对云南洱海湖泊岩芯沉积物进行了多环境指标 (年代学、色素、硅藻、有机碳稳定同位素、磁化率、化学元素 )的分析 ,建立了近 180 0年来云南洱海流域气候与环境变化的序列 ,气候演化具有暖干、冷湿交替的组合特点 ,一些特征气候阶段如中世纪温暖期、小冰期气候特征在洱海湖泊沉积记录中均有反映 .洱海湖泊沉积记录的气候暖干 -冷湿交替变化规律 ,反映了西南季风影响下的气候演化特征 .湖泊沉积记录中包含丰富的人类活动的信息 ,磁化率、元素Fe、色素与历史时期人类活动的强度变化过程具有较好的一致性 .多环境指标的综合分析方法 ,可以判识人类活动和气候变化的湖泊沉积响应 ,对高分辨率研究 2 0 0 0年时段湖泊沉积记录并合理解释环境指标变化具有重要意义 .

星云湖硅藻群落响应近现代人类活动与气候变化的过程

随着人类活动的增强与全球气候变暖的持续,近年来云南湖泊的生态系统功能持续退化,而目前对云南湖泊生态系统的研究还主要集中于单一环境压力的生态效应。以星云湖为研究对象,通过沉积物记录与现代监测资料,识别在湖泊富营养化、气候变化以及人类强烈干扰下硅藻群落结构响应的过程,并甄别驱动群落变化的主要环境压力及其强度。结果显示随着湖泊生产力水平(如沉积物叶绿素a浓度)的增加,硅藻物种组成发生了明显的变化,主成分分析表明了水体富营养化是驱动群落变化的主要环境因子(r=-0.63,P<0.001)。简约模型与方差分解的结果表明近200年来(钻孔长度38cm),湖泊营养水平和水动力是驱动星云湖硅藻群落变化的主要环境因子,分别解释了群落变化的18.8%和2.9%;而1951年以后,湖泊营养水平和温度分别解释了硅藻群落结构变化的31.4%和26.8%。研究结果表明了硅藻群落长期变化的主控因子是湖泊营养水平,而人类活动及气候变化等可以通过改变湖泊水动力及湖水温度来驱动硅藻群落的演替,同时抚仙湖-星云湖的连通性也对硅藻群落的演替产生了一定影响。