Anthropogenic activity,hydrological regime,and light level jointly influence temporal patterns in biosonar activity of the Yangtze finless porpoise at the junction of the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake,China

Under increasing anthropogenic pressure,species with a previously contiguous distribution across their ranges have been reduced to small fragmented populations.The critically endangered Yangtze finless porpoise(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis),once commonly observed in the Yangtze River-Poyang Lake junction,is now rarely seen in the river-lake corridor.In this study,static passive acoustic monitoring techniques were used to detect the biosonar activities of the Yangtze finless porpoise in this unique corridor.Generalized linear models were used to examine the correlation between these activities and anthropogenic impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and boat navigation,as well as environmental variables,including hydrological conditions and light levels.Over approximately three consecutive years of monitoring(2020–2022),porpoise biosonar was detected during 93%of logged days,indicating the key role of the corridor for finless porpoise conservation.In addition,porpoise clicks were recorded in 3.80%of minutes,while feeding correlated buzzes were detected in 1.23%of minutes,suggesting the potential existence of localized,small-scale migration.Furthermore,both anthropogenic and environmental variables were significantly correlated with the diel,lunar,monthly,seasonal,and annual variations in porpoise biosonar activities.During the pandemic lockdown period,porpoise sonar detection showed a significant increase.Furthermore,a significant negative correlation was identified between the detection of porpoise click trains and buzzes and boat traffic intensity.In addition to water level and flux,daylight and moonlight exhibited significant correlations with porpoise biosonar activities,with markedly higher detections at night and quarter moon periods.Ensuring the spatiotemporal reduction of anthropogenic activities,implementing vessel speed restrictions(e.g.,during porpoise migration and feeding),and maintaining local natural hydrological regimes are critical factors for sustaining porpoise population viability.

Hydrodynamic effects of reconnecting lake group with Yangtze River in China

The hydrodynamic effects of reconnecting a lake group with the Yangtze River were simulated using a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The model was calibrated and validated using the measured water temperature and total phosphorous. The circulation patterns, water temperature, and water exchange conditions between sub-lakes were simulated under two conditions： （1） the present condition, in which the lake group is isolated from the Yangtze River; and （2） the future condition, with a proposed improvement in which connecting the lake group with the Yangtze River will allow river water to be diverted into the lake group. The simulation period selected was characterized by extremely high temperature and very little rain. The results show that the cold inflow from the river has a significant effect on the water temperature only near the inlets, and the effect is more obvious in the lower water layers than that in the upper ones. The circulation pattern changes significantly and small-scale vortices only exist in part of the lake regions. The water exchange between sub-lakes is greatly enhanced with the proposed improvement. The water replacement rate increases with water diversion but varies in different sub-lakes. Finally, a new water diversion scheme was proposed to avoid contamination of some lakes in the early stage.

Impact of Taihu Lake on City Ozone in the Yangtze River Delta

The lake-breeze at Taihu Lake generates a different specific heat capacity between the water body and the surrounding land. Taihu Lake has a significant impact on the atmospheric conditions and the air quality in the Yangtze River Delta. This phenomenon is referred to as the Taihu Lake effect. In this study, two simulations were conducted to determine the impact of the Taihu Lake effect in the reference experiment （R-E） and sensitivity experiments （NO_TH）. The control simulations demonstrated that the meteorological field and the spatial distribution of ozone （03） concentrations over Taihu lake obviously changed once the land-use type of water body was substituted by cropland. The surface temperature of Taihu Lake was reduced under the impact of Taihu Lake, and a huge temperature difference caused a strong lake-breeze effect. The results also showed that the difference in the average concentrations of 03 between the R-E and NO_TH experiments reached 12 ppbv in most areas of Taihu Lake, all day, on 20 May 2014. During daytime （0800-1600 LST, LST=UTC＋8）, the influence of the Taihu Lake effect on 03 in the Suzhou region was not significant. However, the influence of the Taihu Lake effect on 03 in the Suzhou region was obvious during nighttime （1800-2400 LST）. The larger changes in the physical and chemical processes were horizontal and vertical advections under the influence of the Taihu Lake effect in Taihu Lake.

Maintaining healthy rivers and lakes through water diversion from Yangtze River to Taihu Lake in Taihu Basin

On the basis of the Taihu water resources assessment, an analysis of the importance and rationality of the water diversion from the Yangtz,e River to Taihu Lake in solving the water problem and establishing a harmonious eco-environment in the Taihu Basin is performed. The water quantity and water quality conjunctive dispatching ＇decisi＂ofi-makifig support system, which ensures flood control, water supply and eco-aimed dispatching, is built by combining the water diversion with flood control dispatching and strengthening water resources monitoring and forecasting. With the practice and effect assessment, measures such as setting the -integrated basin management format, further developing water diversion and improving the hydraulic engineering projects system and water monitoring system are proposed in order to maintain healthy rivers and guarantee the development of the economy and society in the Taihu Basin.

Organic Phosphorus in Shallow Lake Sediments in Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Area in China

Thirteen sediment core samples(0-10 cm) were taken from the seven lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to determine the contents and distributions of organic phosphorus(P) fractions in the sediments of the shallow lakes in the area.The organic P fractions in the sediments were in the order of moderately labile organic P(MLOP) > moderately resistant organic P(MROP) > highly resistant organic P(HROP) > labile organic P(LOP),with average proportional ratios of 13.2:2.8:1.3:1.0.LOP,MLOP,and MROP were significantly related to the contents of total organic carbon(TOC),water-soluble P(WSP),algal-available P(AAP),NaHCO3-extractable P(Olsen-P),total P(TP),organic P(OP),and inorganic P(IP).However,HROP was significantly related to OP and weakly correlated with TOC,WSP,AAP,Olsen-P,TP or IP.This suggested that organic P,especially LOP and MLOP in sediments,deserved even greater attention than IP in regards to lake eutrophication.In terms of organic P,sediments were more hazardous than soils in lake eutrophication.Although OP concentrations were higher in moderately polluted sediment than those in heavily polluted sediment,LOP and MLOP were higher in the heavily polluted sediment,which indicated that heavily polluted sediment was more hazardous than moderately polluted sediment in lake eutrophication.

The Sustainable Utilization of Lake Resources in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River

Based on geographical and hydrological characteristics of lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, this paper analyzes the factors restricting the sustainable utilization of lake resources, including the conflict among agriculture water conservancy, and fishery, lake water pollution and eutrophication, lake siltation and swamping. The countermeasures and suggestions, such as improving the strategic status of lake harnessing, strengthening integrated management of lakes and their watershed, strengthening researches on lake environment and lake resources, are proposed to practice the sustainable utilization of lake resources.

Unraveling the mechanisms underlying lake expansion from 2001 to 2020 and its impact on the ecological environment in a typical alpine basin on the Tibetan Plateau

Yanhu Lake basin(YHB)is a typical alpine lake on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau(TP).Its continuous expansion in recent years poses serious threats to downstream major projects.As a result,studies of the mechanisms underlying lake expansion are urgently needed.The elasticity method within the Budyko framework was used to calculate the water balance in the Yanhu Lake basin(YHB)and the neighboring Tuotuo River basin(TRB).Results show intensification of hydrological cycles and positive trends in the lake area,river runoff,precipitation,and potential evapotranspiration.Lake expansion was significant between 2001 and 2020 and accelerated between 2015 and 2020.Precipitation increase was the key factor underlying the hydrological changes,followed by glacier meltwater and groundwater.The overflow of Yanhu Lake was inevitable because it was connected to three other lakes and the water balance of all four lakes was positive.The high salinity lake water diverted downstream will greatly impact the water quality of the source area of the Yangtze River and the stability of the permafrost base of the traffic corridor.

基于耳石微化学的长江禁捕前后鄱阳湖都昌水域刀鲚群体动态变化研究

为了解长江禁捕对鄱阳湖都昌南部水域刀鲚(Coilia nasus)资源的影响,利用电子探针微区分析(EPMA)分别对该水域禁捕前(2014年)和禁捕后(2019年)刀鲚的洄游生态学特征开展了研究。结果显示,所有刀鲚个体耳石自核心至边缘均依次具有锶钙比(Sr/Ca×1000)<3、3~7以及<3的生境履历特征,表现为典型的溯河洄游履历。禁捕后刀鲚数量(17尾)明显多于禁捕前(2尾),体长[(28.1±2.3)cm]也长于禁捕前[(21.3±4.7)cm],且长于禁捕前的已有报道。此外,刀鲚耳石边缘低值区呈现多样化特征[2014年(125.0±63.6)μm、80~170μm,2019年(173.5±73.6)μm、20~290μm],表现出多个上溯群体在该水域混栖的现象。结合该水域多数个体性腺尚未成熟,且都昌南部水域(大矶山至和合乡水域)是刀鲚群体自江湖通道出入鄱阳湖中部和南部湖区及通湖河流(如饶河、信江等)的必经之路,得出都昌水域主要行使刀鲚洄游通道的生态功能,亟须加强保护。

城市新区极端雨洪汇流淹没特性与致灾机理调查研究——以郑州“7.20”特大暴雨(郑东新区)为例

近年来全球极端暴雨发生的可能性与不确定性提高,增加了城市遭遇特大洪涝灾害的风险。城市雨洪与河道洪水有显著差异,灾后雨洪信息快速采集与调研对认清雨洪特性与致灾机理尤显重要。本文以郑州2021年“7.20”特大暴雨为例,结合郑东新区地理与社会环境特点,采用野外调查测量、口述记录、多源数据分析、数值模拟对比相结合的方法开展了城市雨洪汇流淹没特性及致灾机理的调查研究。针对城市雨洪洪痕特征,拟定调查基本方法与适宜工作程序,根据调查区93处洪痕数据绘制了区域雨洪淹没分布图,分析了城市雨洪峰值水位分布特征及调查区汇流特性,探索了道路雨洪汇流流速及行洪道路阻力参数的确定方法。研究表明,城市雨洪地表主要泄流通道是街区道路,汇流方向受连续阻水、导水建筑与路网布局影响,雨洪淹没深度分布与下垫面条件和雨洪汇流特性有关。致灾机理研究分析表明,极端暴雨汇流远超城市排水管网泄流能力,雨洪选择阻力小的街道快速行洪,街道交汇处壅阻引起局部积水严重,这是极端暴雨致灾的直接诱因;而城市新区水系泄洪排涝关系不协调以及清障不力,导致城区河流行洪不畅,干支流异常高水位的顶托,严重降低了管网排涝功能,则是城市雨洪严重积涝致灾的深层原因。研究成果可为城市雨洪调查标准方法的建立与城市新区防洪排涝体系规划提供技术参考。

长江中游牛轭湖湿地含水层沉积物中铁和有机质组成对砷赋存形态的影响

以长江中游天鹅洲故道牛轭湖湿地为研究对象,研究了长江中游牛轭湖湿地内外侧C3、C5两个典型钻孔沉积物中砷、铁赋存形态和有机质组成差异,并结合内外侧沉积环境的差异,查明了牛轭湖湿地内外侧不同沉积环境中铁-有机质耦合作用对含水层沉积物中砷赋存形态的影响。结果表明:牛轭湖湿地外侧C3钻孔0~<10m浅层沉积物中含有更多的吸附在无定形铁氧化物和腐殖质类有机质上的强吸附态砷,牛轭湖湿地内侧C5钻孔沉积物中含有更多与硅酸盐铁结合的低活性砷;牛轭湖湿地外侧浅层沉积物中富含黏土矿物以及粒径偏细、风化程度较高的湖相沉积环境使得铁-有机质-砷共同富集,牛轭湖湿地内侧沉积物粒径偏粗、风化程度偏低的河流相沉积环境不利于活性砷和黏土矿物、有机质的赋存。

长江安徽段江湖连通性及生物通道恢复研究

江湖阻隔是导致长江中下游江湖复合生态系统衰退的最主要原因,江湖连通和生物通道恢复是流域生态修复的重要措施之一。通过现场调查等方法研究了华阳河湖群、菜子湖、升金湖和安庆西江古道等与长江干流的阻隔现状及连通性特征,在此基础上探讨了技术和管理层面存在的问题并提出对策建议。结果发现:依托涉水工程建设开展恢复河湖生物通道的做法可以有效缓解江湖复合生态系统的衰退,尤其是以“过鱼设施建设、季节性灌江纳苗、生态水网建设”相结合的生物通道恢复方案具有技术可行性。相关成果可为长江中下游江湖连通性及生物通道恢复、国家水网建设提供有益的参考。

铁路网络联系对城市土地绿色利用效率的影响研究——以长三角地区为例

研究目的:探究铁路网络联系对城市土地绿色利用效率的影响及空间溢出效应,为依托铁路交通发展促进土地绿色利用效率提升提供科学依据。研究方法:超效率SBM模型,社会网络分析方法,空间面板模型。研究结果:(1)长三角城市铁路联系强度和土地绿色利用效率均呈现显著的增长趋势,土地绿色利用效率存在着较为明显的区域差异。(2)铁路联系强度的提高促进了本城市土地绿色利用效率的提升,与综合铁路联系相比,高铁联系对本城市土地绿色利用效率的提升作用更加明显。(3)铁路联系的加强促进了本城市产业结构合理化水平的提升和创新产出的增长,进而对土地绿色利用效率产生影响。高铁联系在促进本城市产业结构合理化水平提升和创新产出增长方面的作用更加明显。(4)城市对外铁路联系强度的提高产生了负向的空间溢出效应,抑制了邻近城市土地绿色利用效率的提升。研究结论:应充分发挥铁路建设在优化产业结构、促进创新方面的作用,依托铁路网络加强区域内经济技术合作、发挥各城市比较优势,以推动区域土地绿色利用效率的整体性提升。

鄱阳湖水沙与氮磷输移过程及滞留效应研究

为了开展鄱阳湖水沙、氮磷输移过程及滞留变化的研究,收集了鄱阳湖“五河”七口水文站1958-2021年的径流量和悬沙浓度数据、1965-2020年鄱阳湖湖口入江水道地形数据、2003-2021年水质监测数据以及1973-2018年湖区围垦遥感解译等数据,采用统计、对比、双累计曲线及质量守恒法等方法,分析了鄱阳湖“五河”入湖沙量变化趋势、鄱阳湖入江水道地形变化以及鄱阳湖TN、TP滞留变化过程.结果表明:①从20世纪90年代起“五河”入湖总沙量呈显著下降趋势.②鄱阳湖出口河段河床于2000-2010年期间在深度10.0~12.0m中滩河床发生了强烈下切和横向展宽,2010-2020年下切显著减缓,中滩河床还存在横向展宽的可能.③出入湖TN、TP通量与出入湖泥沙通量成正比.④鄱阳湖2003-2021年逐年TN、TP滞留率显著降低.研究显示:鄱阳湖“五河”流域各大中型梯级水库的建设使得鄱阳湖湖区多年来沙量显著降低,鄱阳湖流域水土保持及闸坝体系在2000年后水土流失韧性增强;但湖区采砂挖沙和航道整治等使得鄱阳湖出口河段河床显著下切;采砂挖沙活动导致鄱阳湖湖盆沉积物受到扰动,使得沉积物中的氮磷被释放出来,增加了出湖TN、TP通量,在一定程度上降低了鄱阳湖TN、TP滞留率.

基于耳石微化学特征的鄱阳湖刀鲚永修群体的关键栖息地识别

随着长江禁渔国策的持续实施,长江干流和沿线通江湖泊中刀鲚资源及其关键栖息地将有可能得到恢复。为了确证长江禁渔后的2020年在鄱阳湖永修瓢头水域所采集到21尾刀鲚的洄游履历和资源类型,本研究采用电子探针微区分析技术(EPMA)对其耳石元素锶(Sr)和钙(Ca)的微化学特征进行了测定和分析。结果显示,所有个体耳石的Sr/Ca值变化较为复杂。自耳石核心至边缘Sr/Ca值分别出现了对应淡水生境的低值(<3)和对应河口半咸水或海水生境的中高值(>3),最后边缘部分再次出现了对应洄游返回淡水生境的低Sr/Ca值(<3)。Sr含量面分析图中也呈现出了对应淡水—河口半咸水—海水—淡水的蓝色—黄绿色、红色—蓝色变化的图谱;证明上述个体均具有明显的江海洄游特征,为典型溯河洄游型刀鲚。鄱阳湖永修瓢头水域是一处尚未曾正式报道过的洄游型刀鲚分布区。根据性成熟度和摄食情况可将瓢头水域刀鲚分为产卵场群体和非产卵群体两类。通过与鄱阳湖其他水域刀鲚情况的比较分析可以推定,两类刀鲚可能起源于鄱阳湖内两个不同区域的产卵场。对于产卵场群体而言,瓢头水域可能更主要起到产卵场的作用;而对于非产卵群体来说,瓢头水域更多地起到洄游通道的作用。本研究可为了解长江禁渔对刀鲚资源和关键栖息地的恢复效果提供最新的基础信息。

长江中游通江湖泊对干流顶托作用变化规律

长江中游通江湖泊(洞庭湖和鄱阳湖)对干流的顶托作用直接关系到区域防洪安全。通过构造支流顶托强度指标并结合Copula函数,分析三峡水库蓄水前后两湖出流对长江干流顶托强度的变化和异同,讨论干支流流量分布和地形变化对两湖顶托强度变化的贡献。研究结果表明:①三峡水库蓄水后,对干流顶托强度变化方面,汛期洞庭湖变化不大、鄱阳湖明显减弱;枯水期洞庭湖略有增强、鄱阳湖变化不大。②干支流流量分布导致的汇流比变化和江湖交汇区地形调整综合影响导致了两湖蓄水后顶托强度变化的差异;三峡水库蓄水后,干支流流量分布变化使洞庭湖、鄱阳湖对干流平均顶托强度分别减弱5.11%和13.45%;干流河床冲刷加剧导致的交汇区干支流河床高程差增大使洞庭湖、鄱阳湖对干流平均顶托强度分别增强6%和0.9%。

三峡工程运行背景下洞庭湖近25年来水生态环境的动态研究

三峡工程自2003年运行以来,对长江中下游水环境的影响备受关注。本研究基于25年来对洞庭湖11个点位的监测结果,分析了三峡工程运行背景下洞庭湖水情、水环境质量的时空变化特征,明确了洞庭湖水环境演变的主控因素。结果显示,1996—2015年,长江三口年均水量和输沙量分别为(1.83~10.46)×10^(10) m^(3)、(1.07~147)×10^(6) t,三峡工程运行后的入湖水量和输沙量分别降低了27%和87%;湖体主要水质指标总氮(total nitrogen,TN)浓度在1999—2022年显著上升,而总磷(total phosphorus,TP)浓度则明显下降,全湖处于中营养水平,而东洞庭湖则处于轻度富营养化水平;浮游藻类密度变化范围为(9.00~272.03)×10^(4) ind./L,且逐年上升,藻的优势类群逐渐由硅藻、隐藻向绿藻和蓝藻演替。整体来看,水文调节是维持洞庭湖营养平衡和水环境安全的关键要素。此外,加强农业面源污染控制,推进全面清洁生产,通过生境改善和生态修复来有效拦截入湖口及上游河流污染物是洞庭湖环湖经济带管理部门进行洞庭湖综合治理与水质提升的主要抓手。

浅水湖泊沉积物生源要素与浮游藻类和沉水植物的关系

为探究长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物碳、氮、磷等生源要素的含量及其对浮游藻类和沉水植物的影响,以长江中下游11个浅水湖泊为研究对象,分析2003-2020年夏季沉积物总氮(TN_(Sed))、总磷(TP_(Sed))和有机碳(TOC_(Sed))含量与浮游藻类和沉水植物的关系。结果表明:(1)在长江中下游湖泊中,TP_(Sed)在藻型湖泊中最高,为(0.71±0.21)g/kg,草型湖泊中最低,为(0.52±0.13)g/kg。TN_(Sed)和TOC_(Sed)则在草型湖泊中最高,分别为(4.64±3.57)g/kg和(55.89±50.28)g/kg,中间态湖泊最低,分别为TN_(Sed)(1.86±1.26)g/kg,TOC_(Sed)(20.00±12.13)g/kg。(2)回归分析结果显示,夏季浮游藻类Chl-a含量在TP_(Sed)较高的湖泊中更高(P=0.01),沉水植物生物量(BMac)则在TP_(Sed)较低的湖泊中更高(P=0.03),而TN_(Sed)和TOC_(Sed)与Chl-a和BMac的回归关系不显著(P>0.17)。(3)长江中下游湖泊夏季沉水植物消失的沉积物总磷阈值约为0.87~0.98 g/kg。在长江中下游湖泊的沉积物中,磷含量对浮游藻类和沉水植物生物量的预测力比碳、氮含量更高,进一步研究二者定量关系后可为评价水生态系统沉积物污染状况及确定水生植被修复的沉积物条件需求提供科学依据。

江湖洪水遭遇下鄱阳湖水动力模拟

鄱阳湖接纳流域内来水,其洪水的形成和发展受鄱阳湖流域来水和长江洪水的双重影响,造成该地区在特定时段极易引发特大洪水。文章分析了江湖作用机制,并基于1959-2009年汉口和湖口洪水资料,统计分析了江湖洪水遭遇及长江洪水倒灌入湖频次;通过构建鄱阳湖-长江干流二维水动力模型,对江湖顶托加剧情景、江湖顶托相持情景、长江洪水倒灌情景等典型洪水过程进行了重演与分析,将模拟结果与实测水位过程进行验证与误差分析,并应用该模型对1998年极端洪水遭遇过程进行模拟分析。研究结果表明:鄱阳湖洪水一般早于长江洪水出现,两者遭遇主要在6-7月;长江倒灌情景一般发生在长江主汛期,通过统计分析长江洪水的倒灌天数及倒灌水量,反映了江湖顶托强度在年代际尺度上处于此消彼长的波动状态;模型对江湖洪水遭遇典型水位过程与1998年极端洪水遭遇过程的模拟预测精度较高,效果较好,说明模型能够很好地处理鄱阳湖洪水与长江洪水遭遇的高动态变化问题,可为鄱阳湖地区的经济建设和防洪治理提供理论支撑。

长江苏州段水质变化及七浦塘引水对阳澄湖水质影响分析

根据2019—2022年长江苏州段水质各指标数据,分析变化趋势。结果表明,全年7月份的水质质量最差,超标主要项目为氨氮和溶解氧;夏季的水质较其他季节稍差,超标主要项目为溶解氧;2022年水质较前几年好转,Ⅱ类水断面占比上升,不达标月份减少,测次达标率集中在90%以上。溶解氧、总磷、总氮呈明显的季节性变化规律,溶解氧和总氮的含量冬春较高,夏秋较低;总磷变化规律则相反,冬春较低,夏秋较高。七浦塘引水工程对周边地区水质改善明显,七浦塘与阳澄湖引水期溶解氧、氨氮和总磷均显著优于排水期。

Middle-late Holocene environment change induced by climate and human based on multi-proxy records from the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River,eastern China

Our knowledge about the interaction between human activities and the environment in the middle-late Holocene remains incomplete.Core C1 in Lake Chaohu from the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River (MLYR),eastern China,provides an opportunity to investigate vegetation and climate changes,human activities,and East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) evolution since 5100 cal.yr BP.These variables are assessed based on radiocarbon dating,pollen and charcoal records,and magnetic susceptibility (χ_(lf)),median grain size and TP.Results reveal a hiatus in sedimentation between 2080 and 730 cal.yr BP in the western part of Lake Chaohu,which is common in most lakes in the MLYR.Evergreen and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest retreated gradually after 3650 cal.yr BP,and was replaced by secondary Pinus forest after at least 730 cal.yr BP.Intense agricultural activities and vegetation clearance are first detected at 2520 cal.yr BP.Human settlements expanded from the lake front wetlands (during the period 2520–2080 cal.yr BP) to remote high-altitude areas(2080–400 cal.yr BP),and then returned to the lake front to reclaim the wetlands and lake (after 400 cal.yr BP).A gradual trend of recessional EASM strength from 4300 cal.yr BP and centennial-scale variations of EASM during the period5100–3650 cal.yr BP are revealed.The reduction of summer insolation,southward shift of the ITCZ,and El Ni?o Southern Oscillation may control the intensity of EASM and climate on a large regional scale.