Integrated Use of Existing Global Land Cover Datasets for Producing a New Global Land Cover Dataset with a Higher Accuracy: A Case Study in Eurasia

It has been commonly acknowledged that the current global mapping projects have encountered the accuracy challenge. By conducting a comparison among the four existing global land cover datasets (MODIS LC, GLC2000, GLCNMO and GLOBCOVER), it has been identified that certain areas’ accuracy has dragged down the overall accuracy of these global land cover datasets. In this paper, those areas have been defined as the “unreliable area”. This study has recollected the training data from the “unreliable area” within the above four mentioned datasets and reclassified the “unreliable area” by using two supervised classifications. The final result has shown that compared with any existing datasets, a relatively higher accuracy has been able to achieve.

High Resolution Land Cover Datasets Integration and Application Based on Landsat and GlobCover Data from 1975 to 2010 in Siberia

Land cover is recognized as one of the fundamental terrestrial datasets required in land system change and other ecosystem related researches across the globe. The regional differentiation and spatial-temporal variation of land cover has significant impact on regional natural environment and socio-economic sustainable development. Under this context, we reconstructed the history land cover data in Siberia to provide a comparable datasets to the land cover datasets in China and abroad. In this paper, the European Space Agency(ESA) Global Land Cover Map(GlobCover), Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper(ETM), Multispectral Scanner(MSS) images, Google Earth images and other additional data were used to produce the land cover datasets in 1975 and 2010 in Siberia. Data evaluation show that the total user′s accuracy of land cover data in 2010 was 86.96%, which was higher than ESA GlobCover data in Siberia. The analysis on the land cover changes found that there were no big land cover changes in Siberia from 1975 to 2010 with only a few conversions between different natural forest types. The mainly changes are the conversion from deciduous needleleaf forest to deciduous broadleaf forest, deciduous needleleaf forest to mixed forest, savannas to deciduous needleleaf forest etc., indicating that the dominant driving factor of land cover changes in Siberia was natural element rather than human activities at some extent, which was very different from China. However, our purpose was not just to produce the land cover datasets at two time period or explore the driving factors of land cover changes in Siberia, we also paid attention on the significance and application of the datasets in various fields such as global climate change, geopolitics, cross-border cooperation and so on.

Land Cover Classification with Multi-source Data Using Evidential Reasoning Approach

Land cover classification is the core of converting satellite imagery to available geographic data.However,spectral signatures do not always provide enough information in classification decisions.Thus,the application of multi-source data becomes necessary.This paper presents an evidential reasoning (ER) approach to incorporate Landsat TM imagery,altitude and slope data.Results show that multi-source data contribute to the classification accuracy achieved by the ER method,whereas play a negative role to that derived by maximum likelihood classifier (MLC).In comparison to the results derived based on TM imagery alone,the overall accuracy rate of the ER method increases by 7.66% and that of the MLC method decreases by 8.35% when all data sources (TM plus altitude and slope) are accessible.The ER method is regarded as a better approach for multi-source image classification.In addition,the method produces not only an accurate classification result,but also the uncertainty which presents the inherent difficulty in classification decisions.The uncertainty associated to the ER classification image is evaluated and proved to be useful for improved classification accuracy.

Integrating TM and Ancillary Geographical Data with Classification Trees for Land Cover Classification of Marsh Area

The main objective of this research is to determine the capacity of land cover classification combining spec- tral and textural features of Landsat TM imagery with ancillary geographical data in wetlands of the Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang Province, China. Semi-variograms and Z-test value were calculated to assess the separability of grey-level co-occurrence texture measures to maximize the difference between land cover types. The degree of spatial autocorrelation showed that window sizes of 3×3 pixels and 11×11 pixels were most appropriate for Landsat TM im- age texture calculations. The texture analysis showed that co-occurrence entropy, dissimilarity, and variance texture measures, derived from the Landsat TM spectrum bands and vegetation indices provided the most significant statistical differentiation between land cover types. Subsequently, a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) algorithm was applied to three different combinations of predictors: 1) TM imagery alone (TM-only); 2) TM imagery plus image texture (TM+TXT model); and 3) all predictors including TM imagery, image texture and additional ancillary GIS in- formation (TM+TXT+GIS model). Compared with traditional Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) supervised classification, three classification trees predictive models reduced the overall error rate significantly. Image texture measures and ancillary geographical variables depressed the speckle noise effectively and reduced classification error rate of marsh obviously. For classification trees model making use of all available predictors, omission error rate was 12.90% and commission error rate was 10.99% for marsh. The developed method is portable, relatively easy to im- plement and should be applicable in other settings and over larger extents.

Detection of landuse/landcover changes using remotely-sensed data

We evaluated the use of spatial sampling and satellite images to identify deforested areas in Wonju, South Korea. The changes in land cover were identified using a grid of sample points overlaid onto medium and high-resolution remote sensing （RS） satellite images. Deforestation identified in this way （hereafter, RSD） was compared to administrative data on deforestation. We also compared high-resolution satellite images （HR-RSD） and actual deforestation based on categories which were Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change data. RSD generated by medium-resolution satellite images overesti- mated the amount of deforested area by 1.5-2.4 times the actual deforested area, whereas RSD generated by HR- RSD underestimated the amount of deforested area by 0.4-0.9 times the actual area. The highest degree of matching （90 %） was found in HR-RSD with a grid interval of 500 m and the accuracy of HR-RSD was the highest, at 67 %. The results also revealed that the largest cause of deforestation was the establishment of settlements followed by conversion to cropland and grassland. We conclude that for the identification of deforestation using satellite images, HR-RSD with a grid interval of 500 m is most suitable.

Land Cover Map Delineation, for Agriculture Development, Case Study in North Sinai, Egypt Using SPOT4 Data and Geographic Information System

Land cover map for a part of North Sinai was produced using the FAO—Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) of 2004. The standard FAO classification scheme provides a standardized system of classification that can be used to analyze spatial and temporal land cover variability in the study area. This approach also has the advantage of facilitating the integration of Sinai land cover mapping products to be included with the regional and global land cover datasets. The total study area is 7450 km2 (1,773,842) feddans. The landscape classification was performed on SPOT4 data acquired in 2011 using combined multi-spectral bands of 20 meter spatial resolution. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to edit the classification result in order to reach the maximum possible accuracy. GIS was also used to include all necessary information. The identified vegetative land cover classes of the study area are irrigated herbaceous crops, irrigated tree crops and rain fed tree crops. The non-vegetated land covers in the study area include: bare rock, bare soil, bare soil stony, bare soil very stony, bare soil salt crusts, loose and shifting sands and sand dunes. The water bodies were classified as artificial perennial water bodies (fish ponds and irrigated canals) and natural perennial water bodies as lakes (standing) and rivers (flowing). Artificial surfaces in the study area include linear and non-linear. The produced maps and the statistics of the different land covers are included in the following sub-sections.

Land cover mapping of deciduous forest regions using ETM+ data: a case study of Azerbaijan Province, Iran

Up to date information about the existing land cover patterns and changes in land cover over time is one of the prime prerequisites for the preparation of an integrated development plan and economic development program of a region. By using ETM＋ image data from 2002, we provided a land cover map of deciduous forest regions in Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Initial qualitative evaluation of the data showed no significant radiometric errors. Image classification was carried out using a maximum likelihood-based supervised classification method. In the end, we determined five major land cover classes, i.e., grass lands, deciduous broad-leaf forest, cultivated land, river and land without vegetation cover. Accuracy, estimated by the use of criteria such as overall accuracy from a confusion matrix of classification was 86% with a 0.88 Kappa coefficient. Such high accuracy results demonstrate that the combined use of spectral and textural characteristics increased the number of classes in the field classification, also with excellent accuracy. The availability and use of time series of remote sensing data permit the detection and quantification of land cover changes and improve our understanding of the past and present status of forest ecosystems.

Vegetation Cover Density and Land Surface Temperature Interrelationship Using Satellite Data, Case Study of Wadi Bisha, South KSA

The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between Vegetation Cover (VC) and the land Surface Temperature (LST), using satellite data of Wadi Bisha, south the Kingdome of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The Landsat 7 Thematic Mapper (ETM) thermal band (band 6) was used for calculating the (LST) values. The near-infrared (NIR) and red band (bands 3 and 4 respectively) were used for estimating the vegetation cover. ERDAS Imagine 9.3 and ArcGIS 10.2 were used in the current study. The results of the study show that the increase of vegetation cover (VC) coincides with decrease of (LST), while the decrease in vegetation cover is linked with increase of (LST). It was found that there was no vegetation observed in areas practiced the highest temperature of 49℃, while areas of lowest temperature of 28℃ were characterized by dense vegetation cover. Thus, a quite significant correlation is approved between the (VC) and the (LST), based on the validation of (50) locations. It was concluded that availability and continuity of Satellite remote sensing data was required for elaborating a continuous monitoring of vegetation cover conditions and mapping was recommended in Wadi Bisha. Operational monitoring is recommended to ensure the adoption of flexible land cover validation protocols.

Inventory of Atmospheric Pollutant Emissions from Burning of Crop Residues in China Based on Satellite-retrieved Farmland Data

The burning of crop residues emits large quantities of atmospheric aerosols.Published studies have developed inventories of emissions from crop residue burning based on statistical data.In contrast,this study used satellite-retrieved land-cover data(1 km×1 km)as activity data to compile an inventory of atmospheric pollutants emitted from the burning of crop residues in China in 2015.The emissions of PM10,PM2.5,VOCs,NOx,SO2,CO,and NH3 from burning crop straw on nonirrigated farmland in China in 2015 were 610.5,598.4,584.4,230.6,35.4,3329.3,and 36.1 Gg(1 Gg=109 g),respectively;the corresponding emissions from burning paddy rice residues were 234.1,229.7,342.3,57.5,57.5,1122.1,and 21.5 Gg,respectively.The emissions from crop residue burning showed large spatial and temporal variations.The emissions of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants from crop residue burning in nonirrigated farmland were highest in east China,particularly in Shandong,Henan,Anhui,and Sichuan provinces.Emissions from burning paddy rice residue were highest in east and central China,with particularly high levels in Shandong,Jiangsu,Zhejiang,and Hunan provinces.The monthly variations in atmospheric pollutant emissions were similar among different regions,with the highest levels observed in October in north,northeast,northwest,east,and southwest China and in June and July in central and south China.The developed inventory of emissions from crop residue burning is expected to help improve air quality models by providing high-resolution spatial and temporal data.

Forest Change and Its Effect on Biomass in Yok Don National Park in Central Highlands of Vietnam Using Ground Data and Geospatial Techniques

This paper assesses the changes in forest cover in Yok Don National Park of Vietnam between 2004 and 2010, and the implications of such changes on the biomass stocks of this national park. Remote sensing and GIS tools along with the ground truth data collected from the field were employed for classifying the forest types of the study area from SPOT HRV satellite imagery for years 2004 and 2010. The total area considered in this study is 115.5 thousand ha. Five different categories of forests were identified. The results demonstrated that between 2004 and 2010, the Evergreen broad leaved rich quality forest decreased by 11.2 thousand ha (3.5 Mega tons of biomass) and the Dry open dipterocarps medium quality forest decreased by 15.3 thousand ha (2.5 Mega tons of biomass). In that time period, the Evergreen broad leaved medium quality forest increased by 3.2 thousand ha (0.8 Mega tons of biomass), the Evergreen broad leaved poor quality forest increased by 2.5 thousand ha (0.24 Mega tons of biomass), and the Dry open dipterocarps poor quality forest increased by 3.2 thousand ha (0.69 Mega tons of biomass). Total biomass of the study area decreased by 4.3 Mega tons.

Assessment of Land Use Land Cover Change Detection Using Geospatial Techniques in Southeast Rajasthan

Change analysis acquires effective information in the form of maps and statistical data which becomes the central component in spatial planning, monitoring environmental changes, management and utilization of land. The present study makes an attempt to assess the changes in land use land cover using multi-temporal satellite data in south-east Rajasthan. These maps were derived from geocoded dia-positive False Color Composites (FCC’s) of IRS 1991, 2001, 2010 & 2018 using Arc GIS platform. The present study demonstrates the extension, approach and result of change analysis which might be helpful for decision making and sustainable growth. The landscape has been divided into 12 categories. Mining and its associated features were increased whereas forest and open scrub cover shows decreasing trend during the study period. The former increased by 23.82 km2 while the later shrunk by 26.08 km2. Most significant changes are also witnessed in settlement and industrial areas which shows increment by 8.8 km2 and 1.33 km2. Stone quarrying has destroyed arable land, natural vegetation cover, topsoil, subsoil and consequently the soil profile of the area. On the other hand cultivated land is increasing due to the conversion of uncultivated land and scrub cover with facilitation of irrigation and modern agricultural activities under different government schemes. The study shows that the area of 184.88 km2 has undergone significant spatial and temporal changes during the study period.

面向多源异质遥感影像地物分类的自监督预训练方法

近年来,深度学习改变了遥感图像处理的方法。由于标注高质量样本费时费力,标签样本数量不足的现实问题会严重影响深层神经网络模型的性能。为解决这一突出矛盾,本文提出了用于多源异质遥感影像地物分类的自监督预训练和微调分类方案,旨在缓解模型对于标签样本的严重依赖。具体来讲,生成式自监督学习模型由非对称的编码器-解码器结构组成,其中深度编码器从多源遥感数据中学习高阶关键特征,任务特定的解码器用于重建原始遥感影像。为提升特性表示能力,交叉注意力机制模型用于融合异源特征中的信息,进而从多源异质遥感影像中学习更多的互补信息。在微调分类阶段,预训练好的编码器作为无监督特征提取器,基于Transformer结构的轻量级分类器将学习到的特征与光谱信息结合并用于地物分类。这种自监督预训练方案能够从多源异质遥感影像中学习到刻画原始数据的高级关键特征,并且此过程不需要任何人工标注信息,从而缓解了对标签样本的依赖。与现有的分类范式相比,本文提出的自监督预训练和微调方案在多源遥感影像地物分类中能够取得更优的分类结果。

全球地表覆盖时空变化交互式知识地图集设计与表达方法

地图集是呈现地表覆盖知识的高效表达工具。然而现有地图集仅面向预定区划的知识内容展示,难以满足用户对不同兴趣区域的个性化需求,从而导致图集实用性较差。另外,传统地图集图幅版面布局主要以不同信息的拼合模式为主,难以体现知识所包含信息的关联性,从而不利于用户较快的理解知识内容。为满足地图应用的个性化和知识服务需求,本文基于三期GlobeLand30数据,进行近20年全球地表覆盖时空变化地图集编研工作。除了制作了从宏观角度反映全球、大洲和国家尺度的地表覆盖分布和变化图幅集,还采用用户交互式选择感兴趣区域的方式实时化生成地表覆盖时空变化知识,并提供用户选择不同的知识可视化表达形式和图-文双向交互功能,从而以更为个性化和易懂的方式展示地表覆盖时空变化知识内容。

全球30m地表覆盖遥感数据产品-Globe Land30

在国家863重点项目支持下,我国成功研制出全球30 m地表覆盖数据产品Globe Land30。该成果包括2000基准年和2010基准年两期,有耕地、森林、草地、灌木地、湿地、水体、苔原、人造地表、裸地和冰雪十大类型,第三方评价总体精度为83.50%。2014年9月22日,中国政府将其赠送给联合国使用,是中国向联合国提供的首个全球地理信息产品。该成果成为全球变化和可持续发展研究的重要科学数据,目前已有近120个国家的用户下载使用,推动了国际对地观测与地理信息的开放共享,彰显了中国负责任大国的形象。本文主要介绍了Globe Land30产品的技术创新、精度评价与成果应用。

全球地表覆盖数据辅助多源影像融合提取城市不透水面

本文提出了一种利用GlobeLand30数据辅助多源数据融合进行城市不透水面自动提取的方法。首先基于波段映射和小波变换的影像融合方法,融合哨兵二号和高分二号影像,获得同时具有较高空间分辨率和光谱分辨率的融合影像,其具有丰富的光谱特征和空间特征,有利于提升复杂城市区域的不透水面和非不透水面区分能力。然后利用GlobeLand30数据的类别信息自动获取初始分类样本,基于融合影像的丰富光谱信息构建多种植被指数、水体指数和建成区指数,对初始分类样本进行优化。最后利用优化后的训练样本,使用光谱、地物指数等特征训练分类器,实现城市不透水面的自动准确提取。本文以济南市2019年的高分二号和哨兵二号影像为试验数据,在时相、分辨率与影像均不同的GlobeLand30全球地表覆盖数据辅助下获得了总体精度优于92%的不透水面提取结果,验证了本文方法的有效性。

松辽流域生态环境时空动态评价及驱动因素分析

目前,我国高度重视以流域为基础的生态文明建设。及时有效的评估流域生态环境质量时空变化并分析其驱动因素对于制定流域协同性保护以及以流域为基础的生态文明建设十分重要。本文基于以数据为关键要素的,依托于遥感产品得到的绿度指数、湿度指数、干度指数、热度指数四项指标运用主成分分析方法建立松辽流域生态环境评估模型,并探索生态环境质量变化情况及其原因。结果表明:①松辽流域的生态环境质量整体优良,呈“东北优,西南差”的空间分布。②2000-2020年,松辽流域生态质量总体呈变好局势。第一个十年生态质量得到巨大改善,第二个十年处于生态保护维护阶段。③从空间分布上看,生态评级较差及以下等级面积明显收缩,优良等级面积显著向外扩张。④人类的社会经济生产活动对于生态环境的质量评估有至关重要的作用,如何平衡社会经济生产与生态环境保护之间的关系是帮助生态环境恢复的关键。

基于Landsat TM/ETM数据的锡林河流域土地覆盖变化

根据1987年、1991年、1997年和2000年4期Landsat TM/ETM影像的土地利用/土地覆盖分类结果,运用地理信息系统空间分析方法,分析了内蒙古锡林河流域1987～2000年间各土地利用类型及草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原的数量变化和空间变化特征.分析结果显示,锡林河流域土地利用/土地覆盖变化的主要特征为草甸草原、典型草原面积的大幅减少和荒漠草原、农田和沙漠化土地面积的大幅增加及城镇的扩张.其中面积增加最大的是荒漠草原,增加了2328 km2;相当于1987年荒漠草原面积的56%.农出和城镇面积逐年增大,分别从1987年的114.3 km2和25.2 km2增加到2000年的332.1 km2和43.6 km2.面积减少最多的是羊草+丛生禾草、羊草+杂类草等优良高产温带典型草原类型,共减少2040km2.草甸草原面积亦呈逐年减少的趋势,从1987年的1103 km2减少到2000年375 km2,面积减少了65.9%.农出、沙化地及城镇等非草原土地利用类型面积增加了62.5%.

基于地质大数据技术对云南土壤重金属地质高背景区的划定

为系统研究云南省土壤重金属地质高背景区的分布范围及超标元素,以全省1∶20万水系沉积物重金属元素含量数据和区域地质图为基础,采用GIS空间分析功能,并利用昆明、玉溪、昭通等地区的土壤重金属数据进行验证,确定云南省土壤重金属含量值超农用地筛选值的地质单元61个,占全省国土面积的21.09%,其中位于地质高背景区的耕地面积约284.41万公顷,占全省国土面积的7.22%;影响土壤重金属超标的岩性主要为碳酸盐岩、基性—超基性火山岩、中基性侵入岩、含煤碎屑岩和含基性组分碎屑岩;地质高背景区超标重金属元素主要为Cu、Cr、Ni、Cd,而As主要于碳酸盐岩地层中存在超标风险,Pb、Zn仅于个别地层中存在超标风险,Hg基本无超标风险。

融合“国土三调”地表覆盖数据内业更新方法研究

为落实自然资源部“两统一”职责的要求,把所有的专项调查都整合到国土调查中,2021年地理国情监测地表覆盖数据融合了“国土三调”图斑。两套数据的分类规则和位置信息是不同的,从而导致融合后数据属性和图斑边界不一致。以山西省测绘地理信息院2021年地理国情监测项目为例,分析了融合后的地表覆盖底图的特点,提出了基于ArcGIS模型构建器的数据内业更新方法。这给集成自然资源各项调查成果形成“一张底图”,统一调查监测提供了工作思路与方法。

高分一号与Landsat-8影像在荒漠绿洲过渡带应用对比

针对国产高分一号卫星(GF-1)成像质量是否可以满足区域生态环境监测需求的问题,开展了宽幅多光谱相机(wide field view,WFV)在荒漠绿洲过渡带的成像质量评估研究。从辐射质量、纹理、地类识别精度和归一化植被指数等方面构建评估指标,定量分析了GF-1 WFV和Landsat-8OLI在荒漠绿洲过渡带的成像质量差异。结果表明:GF-1 WFV影像虽然具有较高的空间分辨率,但在辐射质量、地类识别效果、纹理信息及植被指数等方面与Landsat-8OLI相比有一定差距;GF-1 WFV影像的信噪比优势明显,对噪声的抑制效果较好;通过与纹理信息的波段组合,可以有效提高GF-1WFV影像的地物识别效果,缩小与Landsat-8OLI在分类精度上的差距;鉴于明显的光谱范围差异,二者归一化植被指数数据在协同应用的过程中宜分地物类型转换,在西北荒漠绿洲过渡带的国土资源调查、城市规划、农情监测等方面可发挥积极作用。