Brief analysis on value-added tax transformation and its influence on enterprises

From Jan. 1st, 2009, the value-added tax transformation will be performed in all industries around the country. Based on value-added tax types and retrospection of reform practices, this article analyzes the background of the national value-added tax transformation and points out the influence of full implementation of the value-added tax transformation on various enterprises.

Value-Added Tax （VAT） on Selected Financial Transactions

This paper deals with the approach to imposing value-added tax （VAT） on financial transactions. The VAT is a highly harmonized consumption tax within the European Union （EU）. VAT operational rules have been set down by the relevant directive of the Council of the EU. Under the directive, it is possible to select either exemption or taxation of financial transactions. Only the first option is permitted in the Czech Republic. Pros and cons of both models are described, in particular, the problems with determining the difference between financial transactions and other similar performance that must always be subject to tax. Potential lower VAT revenue or tax base assessment, as appropriate, seems to be crucial in the case of the taxation of financial transactions.

Distribution of Value-added Income of Collective Construction Land Entering the Market Based on the Subject Input Contribution and TOPSIS

In order to promote the revitalization and development of rural areas and protect the property rights of farmers,it is necessary to explore the reasonable distribution ratio of land value-added income in collective operating construction land.Under the existing land value-added income distribution model,the land value-added income obtained by the government is much greater than that of village collectives,and it is difficult for village collectives and farmers to enjoy greater benefits.This distribution model is not conducive to protecting the property rights of farmers.The results show that there was a positive correlation between land value-added income and land level,that is,the higher the land level was,the higher the value-added income and its ratio to the market transaction price were.According to calculation,the reasonable distribution ratio of the value-added income of collective operating construction land entering the market among the government,village collectives and farmers was 28.6%,51.1%,and 20.3%respectively.The actual land value-added income obtained by farmers was greatly improved compared with the current situation.In actual operation,this distribution mode has universal applicability.The reform of entering the market in the future also needs to raise the standards for entering the market,explore diversified interest protection channels,and strengthen the construction of rural collective management system.

Interregional Value-Added Tax in the Era of E-Commerce: Tax Policy Design Based on Big Data from Online Retailing

The value-added tax(VAT)in China is levied and allocated based on the origin principle.Under the background of the increasing substitution of online retail for traditional offline retail,this mechanism will exacerbate the disparity of regional tax revenue,and intensify tax competition among local governments.Therefore,reconsidering the allocation mechanism of value-added tax in China can be an important policy decision,and it is influenced by various economic and social factors.Firstly,we utilize large-scale retail transaction data from an e-commerce platform to measure regional disparities in retail and consumption among different regions and then reveals present tax policy results in revenue imbalance in different regions.Secondly,we establish a model based on game theory to illustrate how the origin principle leads to fierce tax competition among regions.Furthermore,by establishing and solving tax allocation models between local governments and the central government,this study simulates and calculates the degree of revenue imbalance under different scenarios and attempts to propose policy measures.The results indicate that implementing the destination principle will reduce regional tax imbalances.Moreover,adjusting the allocation ratio between the central government and local governments based on city levels is advantageous for further reducing regional tax revenue disparities.

Research on the Distribution of Incremental Benefits from the Entry of Collective Construction Land into the Market

In this paper,based on the process data of evaluating the benchmark land prices of collective construction land and agricultural land,the score of influencing factors is calculated,and a regression model between value-added benefits and influencing factors is established.According to the contribution of the government and collectives to value-added benefits,the distribution proportions of different purposes and levels are calculated.The research results show that there are significant differences in the distribution proportion of value-added income among different levels.The government distribution proportion decreases with the decrease of level,while the collective distribution proportion increases with the decrease of level.For each level of decrease in commercial service industry land and industrial and mining warehousing industry land,the government distribution proportion decreases by an average of 2.66%and 2.34%,while the collective distribution proportion increases by an average of 2.66%and 2.34%,respectively.The average distribution proportion of the government in the value-added income of commercial service industry land is 31.58%,which is much higher than the average income of 23.68%in the value-added income of industrial and mining warehousing industry land.

中国式现代化的合理住房制度构建

我国现行住房制度与全体人民住有所居的目标差距显著,症结在于普通商品房结构性过剩,重售轻租、重商品轻保障和供需错配的结构性矛盾突出。系统构建面向中国式现代化的合理住房制度,需要协同发挥政府和市场两种力量,以普通商品房合理调控推动实现人口规模巨大的现代化,以保障性住房合理建设推动实现全体人民共同富裕的现代化,以改善性住房合理供给推动实现人与自然和谐共生的现代化。房地产税改革将从效率、公平和治理三个维度完善合理住房制度构建。在调整中央与地方财权与事权关系的前提下,流通和保有环节的差异化课税对促进合理住房制度内部循环意义重大,并在远期推动实现物质文明与精神文明相协调的中国式现代化。

减税冲击、土地调控与城投债定价

减税冲击会加大地方财政压力,而地方政府隐性担保能力的下降会导致城投债发行利差上升;然而,城投债是地方经济建设的重要融资手段,地方政府有动机采取增信措施来抵消减税冲击的影响,甚至促使城投债利差下降。基于2017—2019年的三次增值税税率下调实践,通过产业结构、减税点数和政策时间构造地级市层面的减税冲击变量,分析发现:减税冲击会扩大地方政府的财政收支缺口,但地方政府会采取土地调控措施来为城投公司提供增信,导致城投债的发行利差不升反降;具体而言,面对减税冲击,地方政府并没有调整土地出让结构、提高工业用地和住宅用地出让价格,而是通过向城投公司注入土地资产、提高商服用地出让价格的路径来提升城投公司的融资能力、抵押价值和信用水平,这也反映出地方政府“以地谋发展”的运作方式已由土地财政转向土地金融。因此,应深化土地要素市场化配置改革,打破地方政府在土地征收和出让环节的双垄断格局;划清地方投融资平台和地方政府之间的界限,促进地方财政的可持续发展,改变地方政府过度依赖土地调控的局面。

税内税外:清代前期的地丁原额与实际税负

清代前期的地丁(田赋)“原额”是一个值得注意的问题。它既涉及作为定税基础的亩制、折亩、税率,也直接与清初沿袭的“万历则例”关联。清初沿袭的田赋征收标准是万历四十八年的定例,但在田赋征收货币化的进程中,清初所定的本色折银额过高,事实上增加了人民的负担,是清初田赋税额高出明代万历年间税额的重要原因之一。同时,由于在地丁征收过程中存在的银两与铜钱的折算,影响着纳税者和地方政府的实际利益。丁银摊入地亩,从总体上实现了“地丁”的合一,丁银征收标准以及丁银的摊入地亩或未摊入地亩,同样错综复杂。在地丁“原额”之外,预征、加征与差徭银的摊征,也反映出纳税、承差者的实际负担较为沉重。

基于整体规划建模的公平性区域货运碳税规划方法

针对货运碳税政策影响的公平性问题,本文提出一种基于整体规划建模的公平性区域货运碳税规划方法。该方法使用双层规划模型,上层模型使用Dagum基尼系数分析货运碳税政策对不同地区制造业区位影响,并据此优化各地区的货运碳税价格,提升政策影响的公平性;下层模型通过改进土地利用—交通整体规划模型,模拟区域中社会经济活动、交通及货运碳排放之间的交互关系。由于决策变量与目标函数之间的复杂关系,本文提出一种贝叶斯优化算法求解模型。拓展所使用的土地利用—交通整体规划模型,改进后的模型不仅能一体化分析货运碳税政策对区域货运减排和产业区位的综合影响,而且能在政策制定中考虑不同地区综合运输网络和产业区位的差异,确保政策影响的公平性。以长江经济带为例的研究结果表明,在80元·t^(-1)的货运碳税政策下,不同地区的制造业区位受到的影响差异显著,区域间净差异对总体基尼系数贡献率为74.63%。相比之下,本方法通过差异化区域货运碳税政策,在同等货运减排目标下,有效降低了区域间净差异,将总体基尼系数由0.180降至0.115,较好地平衡了货运碳税政策对长江经济带各地区制造业区位影响的公平性。

解读乡村性:中国城乡边界的历史源流、概念迷思与规划政策解析

立足乡村振兴,分析城乡之间高度互嵌的面貌,提出中国城乡边界界定与乡村性溯源的思考,将其概括为“城乡边界在哪里”“我们想要什么样的乡村”两个具体问题。结合中国乡村发展历史演进中的过程变迁,认为户籍、税收、治理与土地等4个制度要素是塑造城乡边界的关键。基于此,结合近现代乡村发展制度与政策的分析,引入西方研究中的“乡村性”概念并分析城乡边界在乡村性中的作用与效应;基于历史与理论的对话分析,围绕户籍、税收、治理与土地对中国城乡边界政策展开研究,分别阐释这4个维度在彰显乡村发展本体性、保存乡村风貌原真性中的作用。通过总结城乡边界在乡村规划建设中的效应,以期为中国乡村性的发展提供经验。

The Stagnant Export Upgrading in Northeast China:Evidence from Value-added Tax Reform

China's 2004 value-added tax(VAT)pilot reform in the Northeast region,which changed the VAT from production type to consumption type,introduced a sizable tax credit for fixed investment in manufacturing industries,leading to more investment and higher productivity at firm level.This paper,however,uses difference-in-difference estimation and finds a negative structural effect;that is,the VAT pilot reform leads to a reduction in the export sophistication of Northeast cities relative to other cities in China,and the results hold for a battery of robustness checks.It is found that resources are reallocated towards less-sophisticated industries.As the products with higher export sophistication are more skill and research and development(R&D)intensive,the shortfalls of skilled labor and R&D spending hinder the upgrading process.With a new round of revitalization plans in the Northeast,policymakers should be cautious with similar structural effects and focus on increasing skilled labor supply and R&D investment.

房地产开发企业土地增值税预征政策改革分析——基于应对人口老龄化、防风险稳增长背景

中国经济经历三十多年高速增长,房地产开发行业作为支柱行业贡献可观,但现在房地产开发企业可持续发展问题凸显。中国老龄化程度持续加深造成商品房需求转弱导致主营业务收入下降,同时减缓城镇化进程造成房地产开发企业过度竞争面临利润减少问题,高周转、高杠杆生产经营模式和宏观政策调控也使其出现流动性减弱、资金链断链的风险,目前的困境导致房地产开发企业对我国宏观经济稳定增长的拉动作用放缓。土地增值税是我国房地产开发企业税率最高的税种,并且具有调节房地产市场的功能,其主要通过预征环节缴纳税金。因此,房地产开发企业土地增值税预征制度有必要作为调控企业现金流的工具进行相应的改革,缓解企业资金周转压力,帮助房地产开发企业应对当前问题。

土地房地产税基基准价管理系统的设计与实现

为实现在土地房地产交易环节中实行计税基准价数字化、规范化管理的目标,针对土地房地产税基基准价管理中的问题,分析设计了土地房地产税基基准价管理系统主要功能、系统用例图、主要状态图等,并通过轻量级J2EE框架SSH来实现系统。系统主要包括系统管理、数据采集管理、数据运维管理、数据审核管理、应用查询系统等五大部分。该系统易于操作、使用、维护,满足用户的使用习惯,有效提高土地房地产交易环节中计税价格公正合理性,提高信息共享程度,具有较好的示范性及应用推广价值。

政府储备土地涉及的耕地占用税争议探析——以太原市为例

耕地占用税是保护耕地的重要税收调节手段。实践中,对政府储备土地涉及的耕地占用税的纳税主体与缴税时点存在较大争议。本文从《耕地占用税法》立法目的、纳税主体界定、税收本质及法际交集与融合视角进行了分析,认为政府储备土地的耕地占用税的纳税主体应为实际用地人,缴税时点应在征地阶段。建议通过完善政策条款、优化涉税流程、分类处理历史问题的方式,促进政府储备土地的耕地占用税缴纳工作,从而真正实现耕地占用税的立法目的和价值导向。

Value-Added Tax(VAT)Development and Reform History—A Study of VAT Evolution Around the World and in China

Value-added Tax(VAT),a turnover tax levied on the value appreciated in commodities production,circulation and sale,has been widely practiced by economies worldwide for its neutrality.From the international perspective,European Union VAT and New Zealand VAT stand out as characteristic models of VAT development and reform history.With changing economic development models and the growth of e-commerce businesses,VAT systems have been upgraded to meet taxation challenges brought about by the digital economy.Recently,VAT policies and measures have been introduced particularly to combat the COVID-19 impact.In China,the VAT system has been reformed constantly over the past 40 years and has been converging with international practice.China now needs to address emerging VAT issues through legislation,tax incentives,and tax-rate grades so as to meet challenges in VAT collection and management and to suit the“new normal”of economic development.

房地产企业土地增值税清算的税务筹划策略

近年来,为了推动房地产行业更加稳定地建设和发展,国家陆续出台了一系列政策,减缓了房地产行业持续发展的势头,也促使很多房地产企业的盈利空间逐渐缩小。在这种情况下,一些房地产开发企业为了扩大自身的收益空间,必须采取精细化管理的策略,精简费用、节约成本,对相关税费进行筹划,就成为一种现实需要。土地增值税作为房地产企业需要投入的一项重要成本,需加强筹划,进而帮助企业在遵守法律法规的情况下,优化内部税负结构、合理管控成本。文章将围绕这一话题进行论述,通过具体的案例,分析筹划方式,以期为广大工作人员提供参考和启示。

房地产限购、企业税负与企业全要素生产率

在“房住不炒”的政策导向下,限购措施已成为各地政府调控房地产市场的重要手段。然而,该项政策在稳定房市的同时,可能会降低地方“土地财政”收入。基于稳定和扩大财政收入的动机,地方政府可能会增加企业的税负压力,进而对企业生产造成负面影响。本文深入探讨了房地产限购政策如何通过企业税负变动影响企业的全要素生产率,并对其作用机制进行了细致剖析。研究结果显示,限购政策显著降低了企业的全要素生产率。机制分析表明,税负压力的增加是其中的关键机制。因此,如何在保障居民住房需求的同时,减轻企业税负压力,提高生产效率,成为政府亟待解决的现实问题。本文进一步分析了限购政策导致土地财政压力上升后,地方政府对企业进行的策略性税费执法现象。这不仅有助于深入理解当前经济现状,也为政府制定更为合理的政策措施提供了重要参考。

不同类型土地财政收入与城市扩张关系分析——基于省际面板数据的协整分析

土地财政收入是城市土地扩张的重要影响因素,但是仅以土地出让金等同于土地财政考察这种影响是不全面的,土地税也是土地财政收入的重要内容。本文将土地财政分为土地出让金和土地税两部分,在当前财政和城市土地管理制度框架内分别分析了土地出让金、土地税对城市扩张的影响,提出了两个研究假说:1在现行财政和土地制度安排下,土地出让金会显著推动城市扩张;2与土地出让金相反,土地税的增长可以遏制城市扩张。进而依据30个省级行政区2000-2011年的土地出让金、土地税与城市建成区面积数据,运用面板协整计量方法对研究假说进行了检验。结果表明:1土地出让金、土地税两类土地财政收入对城市土地扩张的影响是不同的;2全国层面及东部、西部地区的数据表明,土地出让金收入的增长会显著推动城市土地扩张;3无论是在全国层面还是东、中、西部层面,目前我国征收的5种土地税均未发挥遏制城市土地扩张的作用。据此,应该通过完善现有土地税种、开征物业税,改革土地出让制度、加强土地收益管理,改革财政体系、缩小地方财政缺口等政策实现土地税对土地出让金的替代,最终实现城市土地的有效管控。另外,在东、中、西3大区域应实行差别化政策,有序实现土地税替代土地出让金。

区域土地用途管制的不同方式

在分别介绍及比较分析区域土地用途管制3种主要方式(直接管制、税费制度、产权安排)实施效果的基础上,认为将不同的管制方式结合起来实施将起到更为有效的土地用途管制效果.同时,随着中国市场经济体制的不断完善,以及政府职能的不断转变,税费制度、产权安排等管制方式将发挥着越来越重要的作用.最后提出了中国土地用途管制制度改革的建议,具体是:(1)通过制定区域土地用途管制的等级差异,构建区域土地用途管制规则,建立区域土地用途转换的预评价制度,完善"占一补一"制度,建立农业用地休耕制度,进一步增强直接管制决策的科学性;(2)重塑推进区域土地用途管制的产权制度,主要是:根据区域土地用途管制的目的和规则,分别确定不同土地用途类型区土地的权能结构,实现农地产权尤其是承包经营权的物权化,实施土地产权时效条款,设立可转移的发展权和许可证制度;(3)完善区域土地用途管制制度运行的经济约束机制,即将土地占用的外部性成本纳入地价体系,科学实施土地税收制度,建立健全区域农业用地市场流转机制,建立土地交易监视区制度以及加强区域土地用途管制实施的成本-效益分析;(4)建立公众参与制度,增强区域土地用途管制制度实施的有效性.