Welfare effects of rural-urban land conversion on different aged land-lost farmers:exemplified in Wuhan city

Rural-urban land conversion is a universal phenomenon in the rapid process of economic development and urban growth.The welfare of farmers who lost their farmland attracted a widespread concern within the society and academia.However,further research about differentiated policies according to the characteristics of different farmer groups is still need to be conducted.This article divides the land-lost farmers into three age groups:younger than 45,45-65,and more than 65.It proposes a welfare index system including eight functional areas based on different age groups of affected farmers,taking four districts of Wuhan City as case study area.Fuzzy mathematics method is used to derive the aggregated welfare effect index.Our analysis show that the overall welfare levels of land-lost farmers of all age groups declined,but with a varying degree,with the level of welfare in those farmers who are 45-65 years old,younger than 45 years old,and older than 65 years old decreased by 18.7%,16.6%,and 12.7%,respectively.The direction and degree of effects on the functional activity index varies among different groups.Economic conditions,living environment,health,and social participation of all age groups decrease while social security and housing conditions increase.On the other hand,development opportunities,social communication,and leisure have different changing directions in different age stages.These results call for differentiated and tailor-made compensation policies for land-lost farmers,towards improving the welfare levels of all farmers and reduce the disparity among them.

Mutual Conversion of Land Use between Urban and Rural Area in the Process of Urbanization: A Case Study of Shandong Province

Urbanization is one of the driving forces for the land use change in type and structure, and its prominent effect is to convert rural land to urban land. This paper takes Shan-dong Province as an example to analyze the current situation of the mutual conversion between the urban and rural areas from the aspects of the structure of land use, the decreasing tendency of the cultivated land, the changes of land use in urban and rural residential areas. It points out that cultivated land is converted to residential area land, industrial and/or mining area land. The relationship between the urban area land and the cultivated land is more direct; meanwhile, the changes of rural residential area lag behind obviously. The decrease of the cultivated land and the decline of soil quality will be the two difficult problems in the process of urbanization.

Reform of Rural Land System from the Perspective of New Urbanization

In view of artificially high urbanization rate of China and possible causes,survey and data analysis methods were used to discuss reform of household registration system,and path for promoting rural land system reform. Results show that it is required to eliminate bottlenecks of land system in the advance of new urbanization process. In line with land system bottlenecks of new urbanization,it is recommended to take following measures.( i) Promoting land right confirmation centered land system reform.( ii) Weakening rural land ownership and stressing land use right.( iii) Establishing urban and rural integrated land market and putting an end to low cost urbanization road.( iv) Realizing asset value of rural construction land and tackling the problem of insufficient construction land.( v) Reforming the land expropriation system and increasing the share of gain in land value to farmers.( vi) Implementing different land policies to promote coordinated development of regional social economy.( vii) Establishing land circulation access system to ensure unchanged land use purpose and high efficient use.

Analyzing land use characteristics of rural settlements on the urban fringe of Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing, China

The objective of this paper is to analyze land use characteristics of rural settlements in urban fringe so as to provide references for optimizing the regional distribution of rural settlements, consolidating rural settlements, and coordinating urban-rural integrated development. The methods of spatial statistical analysis, buffer analysis, Ripley's K function, kernel density analysis based on GIS(Geographic Information System) were used to analyze the characteristics of scale, spatial differentiation and spatial patterns of the rural settlements in Liangjiang New Area in Chongqing Municipality of China. The fractal dimension formula was also developed to reflect fractal feature of the rural settlements. The results show that, the scale of rural settlements in Liangjang New Area takes on distinct characteristics of spatial differentiation along with changes in elevation, gradient, location, geohazards distribution, and the like. The fractal characteristic of rural settlements has obvious regional variations subject to the 6 factors of location in the Liangjiang New Area. Overall, the worse the terrain conditions are, the larger the fractal dimension values become. The better the locationconditions, the larger the fractal dimension values are. The spatial pattern in the township scale presents three kinds of distribution as being aggregated, uniform and random. In contract, the spatial pattern in the plaque scale displays a banding distribution from a general view with several aggregation zones centering on each town center. From the results, we can see that the characteristics of rural settlements in urban fringe are more complicated. For such kind of rural settlements in special regions, in the rural land consolidation more attention should be paid to improve the rural living environments and public services, as well as to promote the harmonious relationship between the urban and rural areas.

Soil quality and sustainable land use in urban-rural marginal area: a case study of Kaifeng

By using the basic theories of physical geography, land resources and ecology, this article analyzes the soil quality of the rural-urban marginal area in Kaifeng. Computer techniques, based on soil samples analysis, are used to study soil quality changes in the Kaifeng’s rural-urban marginal area. While focusing on nutrient circle key links of input and output in soil, relying on numerous practical survey data, this article reveals clearly the impact of land use change on soil quality.

Agricultural land loss in China's urbanization process

In China, urbanization of agricultural land around city agglomerations increases rapidly. Rapid urbanization of agricultoral land affects food supply, land value and ecological balance in the society. In China, the urban built-up area had increased by 40% from 1996 to 2003. This increase came predominantly from farmland surrounding the cities. How the ongoing urbanization of China affects its agricultural land is the focus of this paper. In current studies, we have found that population density; urbanization degree and personal income are key factors that influence the urbanization process. Based on this, relation model has been established and to predict the general trends of the urban area expansion in China in 2020.In 2020, the constructed urban area of China would be increased by 1.3 times compared wtth 2003. In 2020, this study anticipates the conversion of about 32,562 sq. kin. agricultural land of China for urban use.

Measuring the past 20 years of urban-rural land growth in flood-prone areas in the developed Taihu Lake watershed, China

There is growing interest in using the urban landscape for stormwater management studies, where land patterns and processes can be important controls for the sustainability of urban development and planning. This paper proposes an original index of Major Hazard Oriented Level （MHOL） and investigates the structure distribution, driving factors, and controlling suggestions of urban-rural land growth in flood-prone areas in the Taihu Lake watershed, China. The MHOL of incremental urban-rural land increased from M 31.51 during the years 1985-1995 to M 38.37 during the years 1995-2010 （M for medium structure distribution, and the number for high-hazard value）. The index shows that urban-rnraI land was distributed uniformly in flood hazard levels and tended to move rapidly to high-hazard areas, where 72.68% of incremental urban-rural land was aggregated maximally in new urban districts along the Huning traffic line and the Yangtze River. Thus, the current accelerating growth of new urban districts could account for the ampliative exposure to high-hazard areas. New districts are driven by the powerful link between land financial benefits and political achievements for local governments and the past unsustainable process of ＂single objective＂ oriented planning. The correlation categorical analysis of the current development intensity and carrying capacity of hydrological ecosystems for sub-basins was used to determine four types of development areas and provide decision makers with indications on the future watershed- scale subdivision of Major Function Oriented Zoning implemented by the Chinese government.

新型城镇化背景下农村土地管理制度优化

农村发展应新型城镇化要求需在相关体制上进行追本溯源的、创新性的改革,尤其是农村的土地管理制度,存在诸多与新型城镇化发展相矛盾的问题。如今,新型城镇化的任务推进能够为农村不断完成新农村建设作出指导。为此,基于新型城镇化背景,探讨了其对农村土地管理制度改革的需求,分析了农村土地管理与新型城镇化的适配度问题,指出了农村土地管理制度中的问题,并针对相关问题提出建设性的优化策略。

土地流转与劳动力转移的要素互动对城乡收入差距的影响

要素流动对于破解城乡融合发展难题,建立均衡增长和良性循环的城乡关系具有重要影响。基于2005—2020年31个省级宏观面板数据,考察土地制度综合配套改革下土地流转与劳动力转移的互动关系及对城乡收入差距的影响与作用机制。研究发现:土地流转与劳动力转移之间具有显著的正向互动效应。土地流转与劳动力转移的互动有助于缩小城乡收入差距。土地流转与劳动力转移的互动,通过促进城市化水平、提高产业高级化程度,间接缩小城乡收入差距。此外,土地流转与劳动力转移的互动对城乡收入差距的影响具有异质性,对工资性收入差距存在显著的负向影响。为进一步缩小城乡收入差距,需要推动土地和户籍制度联动改革,扩大人地要素的权利开放程度,强化城乡土地、劳动力要素的流动性,完善土地流转和劳动力市场,引导农村转移劳动力参与土地流转。

China’s urban expansion from 1990 to 2010 determined with satellite remote sensing

Based on the same data source of Landsat TM/ETM+ in 1990s,2000s and 2010s,all urban built-up areas in China are mapped mainly by human interpretation.Mapping results were checked and refined by the same analyst with the same set of criteria.The results show during the last 20 years urban areas in China have increased exponentially more than 2 times.The greatest area of urbanization changed from Northeastern provinces in 1990s to the Southeast coast of China in Jiangsu,Guangdong,Shandong,and Zhejiang in 2010s.Urban areas are mostly converted from croplands in China.Approximately 17750 km 2 croplands were converted into urban lands.Furthermore,the conversion from 2000 to 2010 doubled that from 1990 to 2000.During the 20 years,the most urbanized provinces are Jiangsu,Guangdong,Shandong and Zhejiang.We also analyzed built-up areas,gross domestic production (GDP) and population of 147 cities with a population of greater than 500000 in 2009.The result shows coastal cities and resource-based cities are with high economic efficiency per unit of built-up areas,resource-based cities have the highest population density,and the economic efficiency of most coastal provinces are lower than central provinces and Guangdong.The newly created urban expansion dataset is useful in many fields including trend analysis of urbanization in China;simulation of urban development dynamics;analysis of the relationship among urbanization,population growth and migration;studies of carbon emissions and climate change;adaptation of climate change;as well as land use and urban planning and management.

城郊融合背景下京津冀中小城镇中心城区地域范围识别及应用研究——以河北省宁晋县为例

中心城区地域范围(以下简称“城区地域范围”)识别是新时代国土空间规划体系建构的前提与基础。在以县城占据主导地位的京津冀地区,绝大多数中小城镇具有“城村交织”“城乡互嵌”的空间特征,面对推进实施以县城为主要引擎和重要载体的新型城镇化战略的发展趋势,科学界定该地区中小城镇中心城区的地域空间,成为开展市县国土空间规划编制工作的第一环节。文章分析了传统土地调查以城镇村属性为“202及202A”用地图斑识别作为城区地域范围的局限性,以河北省宁晋县为例,对比在城镇基数转换、城市体检评估等不同工作思路中确定的城区地域范围的划定情况,提出适用于京津冀地区中小城镇城区地域范围识别的方法和途径,为支撑城镇开发边界优化调整、判断城郊融合类村庄、推进城乡一体化发展提供重要依据。

广州市东风村城乡融合发展的双轮驱动路径

城乡融合发展是中国式现代化的必然要求。基于城乡融合发展背景,分别阐述城市更新与全域土地综合整治的侧重优势,创新性地提出实施“城市更新+全域土地综合整治”双轮驱动路径的必要性。该路径可细分为“城市更新+全域土地综合整治”主模式,以及“全域土地综合整治+建设用地集约化利用、设施配套、资源活化”与“全域土地综合整治+特色产业”两个子模式。并且,以广州市从化区东风村为例进行实证分析,以期为促进城乡融合发展提供新思路。

长株潭城市群生态绿心地区乡村建设用地减量策略研究

随着我国土地供需矛盾的日益突出,建设用地从“宽供给”逐渐走向“总量减量、盘活存量”发展的新阶段。基于长株潭城市群生态绿心地区乡村建设用地持续蔓延扩张,用地规模难以控制的问题,本文通过总结我国城乡建设用地政策演变与相关实践经验,以长株潭城市群生态绿心地区为例,深度剖析乡村建设用地减量发展面临的困境,并从规划编制体系、具体实施路径、政策创新三个方面提出减量化策略,即“完善规划编制,构建‘全链条’减量治理体系”、“精准识别减量区域,推进‘精细化’减量实施路径”、“创新减量政策,探索‘生态+减量’协同治理模式”,以期为我国跨区域城郊地区乡村空间治理提供参考。

乡村更新语境下村庄规划编制技术路径与实践——以江苏省溧阳市龙峰村和庆丰村为例

乡土地域人地关系的维系、巩固与再建,一直都是乡村可持续发展的关键问题。在整合乡村外生式更新和内生式更新协同发展模式的基础上,以乡村更新语境下的村庄规划作为理论基点,对其进行二元系统的重构,从夯实更新台账、树立更新目标、识别更新对象、运用更新工具和强化更新保障5个关键方面探讨乡村更新语境下村庄规划编制的技术路径,并以江苏省溧阳市龙峰村和庆丰村两个典型村庄为例进行实践验证,以此作为对宅基地改革的同步回应,为未来乡村的可持续发展提供理论支持和案例借鉴。

破解农业转移人口市民化困境新思路——与就业人口挂钩的“兑地法”探索

加快农业转移人口市民化,是推进新型城镇化战略、促进区域协调发展的重要举措。研究发现,农地私有化或同地同权仅对大城市近郊农民有利,无助于解决广大农村问题,资本下乡则未能提高农业生产效率,反而出现利用城乡建设用地增减挂钩套利、挤占农民补贴、基层组织异化、农民失地的困境。基于此,可考虑以就业人口为主的兑地法破解农业转移人口市民化困境新思路:一个城市的发展如果能够吸纳较多的就业人口,那么该人口在农村相应的农地、宅基地等,即挂钩到就业城市指标中,就业城市以此指标按比例获得工商业、住宅等建设用地指标。由于就业城市能够获得较多的土地出让收入,从中抽取少许资金即可安置相应的就业人口,安置完成后,该就业人口对应的农村农地、宅基地等实物可在原户籍地流转给留在当地居住且有集体身份的专业农户,发展50亩以下的小型家庭农场。该方法可以优化劳动力和土地的资源配置,提升生产效率和增加消费,且在社会过渡上也会较为平稳,相比农地私有化或同地同权与资本下乡,更切合国家需要。

影响退耕还林农户返耕决策的因素识别与分析

可持续收入能力是西部贫困地区退耕还林农户返耕决策的关键,而可持续收入能力又可以表征为收入水平、途径和结构,以及决定其实现的各种条件。理论分析与调研结果发现,农户可持续收入能力受制于自身资本积累,当地自然条件和经济条件三方面。其中,人力和物资等资本存量不足限制了农户在可能的收入途径间的选择;自然条件影响农户依靠自然资源所获得的收入;基础设施落后、产业结构单一、就业机会缺乏等经济条件制约了退耕还林后短期内农户形成较稳定的收入途径和结构。本文提出政策调整的方向应该是消除这些限制因素的影响,为退耕还林农户可持续收入能力的提高创造条件,以确保退耕还林的长期生态效果的巩固和实现。

新型城镇化背景下昌黎县农村居民点空间重构评价与分区

改变农村居民点低效利用的现状,可以对其布局实施空间重构优化,能够促进各项要素在农村地域空间上的合理配置,并使农村和农业自觉适应并融入工业化和城镇化发展进程,促进城乡协调联动发展。该文以昌黎县为例,利用GIS手段提取评价单元并进行空间数据的采集和矢量化。充分考虑不同指标组合对评价目标和评价方向的差异影响,并规避相关案例研究中综合分值法的使用对评价指标相互作用的复杂性考虑不足,融合了分层次评价和综合分值法2种方法,构建出两步评价法,实现农村居民点的空间重构分区的评价。两步评价法:1)构建农村居民点空间重构指标体系及多逻辑条件评价标准,实施分层次评价,剔除禁建区并得到农业产业优势、居民点整治潜力及迁聚条件、居民点综合经济和区位条件分级结果。2)选择判别评价法,结合并继承第1步评价结果,建立重构判别准则,进行昌黎县农村居民点空间重构分区,并将昌黎县宜居评价结果与农村居民点空间重构分区图叠合,调整并完善昌黎县居民点空间迁聚规划方案及策略。该研究结果将昌黎县分成优农区、优城区、分流区和低保区,分区提出迁聚重构策略,并结合昌黎县社会经济发展目标构建了"昌黎县城—一级小城镇—二级小城镇—新农村社区"的空间发展格局,针对昌黎县居民点迁聚过程中需要注意的问题进行了讨论。该方案有利于加快昌黎县"十二五"和"十三五"社会发展规划的实施,可以有效地推动该县域的新型城镇化建设进程,因地制宜的推进新农村建设,为实现农村的现代化、工业化和城镇化提供思路。

劳动力析出对生态脆弱区耕地撂荒的影响

研究目的:以宁夏南部山区为例,研究农业劳动力析出对生态脆弱区耕地撂荒的影响。研究方法:二分类logistic回归模型。研究结果:撂荒耕地面积与劳动力外出数量、时间及农户所拥有的耕地总面积呈正相关;耕地中的坡耕地和旱地首先被撂荒。研究结论:劳动力析出会促使农户撂荒部分质量差的耕地;这种撂荒行为有助于生态环境的自然恢复。

城乡交错带土地利用变化及其生态效应

以泰安市岱岳区为例,运用1990年和2003年的土地利用数据,采用GIS与实地调查相结合,运用Costanza等提出的生态服务价值系数,分析了城乡交错带土地利用变化与生态服务价值的响应。结果表明:研究区1990～2003年间,建设用地、园地、水域呈增加趋势。林地、耕地、未利用土地呈减少趋势。区域生态服务总价值随土地利用类型的变化而变化,生态服务功能在气候调节、气体调节、废物处理、土壤形成与保护和食物生产等方面有所下降,而在娱乐休闲、侵蚀控制和原材料方面生态服务功能增强,说明城市的快速发展在一定程度上影响了城乡交错带的生态环境。

城乡结合部的地域识别与土地利用研究——以北京中心城地区为例

在分析城乡结合部内涵和特性的基础上,尝试从非农化建设密度、土地权属特征入手,应用门槛值法、空间叠加法进行城乡结合部地域的识别,并在北京中心城地区进行了试验。在识别出北京市中心城城乡结合部地域的基础上,进一步借助地理信息系统的手段,对其土地利用特点进行分析,同时设计了有关指标和方法,划分出不同的土地利用地域类型,并提出差别化的土地利用引导策略。