Study on the Impact of Collective Commercial Construction Land Entering the Market on Rural Residents’Income:Taking Deqing County,Zhejiang Province as an Example

The entry of collective construction land for business purposes is an important measure for deepening the reform of the rural land system,promoting the flow of urban and rural factors,and realizing rural revitalization.Since the production of the first batch of pilot projects in 2015,33 county-level cities have participated in the pilot policy by 2023.Deqing County,Zhejiang Province,as the first area to participate in the pilot project,aims to achieve more fruitful results.This paper first examines how promoting farmers’income through the market entry of agricultural land can be achieved,then uses the synthetic control method to quantitatively study the impact of collective operational construction land on farmers’income using panel data from 2011 to 2019,and finally proposes relevant suggestions from the perspective of system reform.

Methods and Paths for Rural Collectively Owned Profit-oriented Construction Land Entering into Trading Market

On the basis of analyzing cases of existing rural collectively owned profit-oriented construction land entering into trading market,this paper put forward several thoughts,introduced methods and paths for rural collectively owned profit-oriented construction land entering into trading market,including reforming rural collective land property right system,cultivating new rural collective economy organizations,helping them to become market entities; improving various legal systems,making clear range of construction land entering into trading market; formulating scientific benefit allocation mechanism; establishing fair and transparent decision making mechanism.

Research on the Distribution of Incremental Benefits from the Entry of Collective Construction Land into the Market

In this paper,based on the process data of evaluating the benchmark land prices of collective construction land and agricultural land,the score of influencing factors is calculated,and a regression model between value-added benefits and influencing factors is established.According to the contribution of the government and collectives to value-added benefits,the distribution proportions of different purposes and levels are calculated.The research results show that there are significant differences in the distribution proportion of value-added income among different levels.The government distribution proportion decreases with the decrease of level,while the collective distribution proportion increases with the decrease of level.For each level of decrease in commercial service industry land and industrial and mining warehousing industry land,the government distribution proportion decreases by an average of 2.66%and 2.34%,while the collective distribution proportion increases by an average of 2.66%and 2.34%,respectively.The average distribution proportion of the government in the value-added income of commercial service industry land is 31.58%,which is much higher than the average income of 23.68%in the value-added income of industrial and mining warehousing industry land.

Brief Analysis on Institution of Rural Collective Construction Land Transfer

From the viewpoint of strengthening the government management and control of rural collective construction land transfer,this paper gives relevant definitions and puts forward institution and policy of construction land for township enterprises and rural housing land. It is expected to provide institutional guarantee for standardizing the market order of rural collective construction land use right transfer.

Rural collective construction land use in China: Policy issues and options

Land policy in China has been changed dramatically in the past two decades. Though the reform of rural farm land and the urban construction land has been launched successively, little has been done about the rural construction land by now, which has made a negative impact to the land utilization. This paper fi rst reviews the policy terms about the rural construction land, then gives a brief critique on them under the background of social-economic transformation in China, and discusses the driving forces and implications of institutional changes in the end. We think the further reform on the rural collective construction land is imperative. Firstly, as a production factor, it should be endowed with property attribute, and secondly the use right of rural construction land should be separated from its ownership so that it can be transacted in a competitive market, which will benefi t the building of harmonious society.

An Analysis of the Factors that Affect Collective Construction Land Transfer Price: A Case Study of Yichang City

The transfer of the rural collective construction land is increasingly accelerating,and the factors affecting transfer price are manifold. In this paper,the research area is Yichang,and we establish hedonic price model to explore and analyze the factors which affect the collective construction land transfer price. The simulation results show that in geographical factors,the higher degree of prosperity,road accessibility and soundness of infrastructure will result in higher collective construction land transfer price; in economic factors,the higher farmers' per capita net income and added value of the village's tertiary industry will lead to higher collective construction land transfer price; in ownership factors,the integrity of usufruct,disposition and possession has increasingly significant impact on collective construction land transfer price. In the process of establishing rural collective construction land circulation market,the government should gradually improve conditions of collective construction land; strengthen the construction of the rural economy,improve the economic attribute of the collective construction land; establish and improve China's rural collective construction land-related laws and regulations,make the rural collective construction land use rights clear,and give the whole rights of occupation,use,earning and disposition.

Study on"Same Land,Same Right,Same Price"of Collective Commercial Construction Land and State-owned Land

Taking Changyuan City of Henan Province,a pilot city of collective commercial construction land reform,as the research object,this paper analyzes the scientific connotation of"same land,same right,same price"of collective commercial construction land and state-owned land in the unified urban-rural construction land market system,and how to realize"same land,same right,same price".The results show that in order to realize the fair entry of collective construction land into the market,it must base on scientific use control,unify the urban and rural construction land market and adhere to the guidance of market mechanism,and finally realize the sustainable development of the land market.

Distribution of Value-added Income of Collective Construction Land Entering the Market Based on the Subject Input Contribution and TOPSIS

In order to promote the revitalization and development of rural areas and protect the property rights of farmers,it is necessary to explore the reasonable distribution ratio of land value-added income in collective operating construction land.Under the existing land value-added income distribution model,the land value-added income obtained by the government is much greater than that of village collectives,and it is difficult for village collectives and farmers to enjoy greater benefits.This distribution model is not conducive to protecting the property rights of farmers.The results show that there was a positive correlation between land value-added income and land level,that is,the higher the land level was,the higher the value-added income and its ratio to the market transaction price were.According to calculation,the reasonable distribution ratio of the value-added income of collective operating construction land entering the market among the government,village collectives and farmers was 28.6%,51.1%,and 20.3%respectively.The actual land value-added income obtained by farmers was greatly improved compared with the current situation.In actual operation,this distribution mode has universal applicability.The reform of entering the market in the future also needs to raise the standards for entering the market,explore diversified interest protection channels,and strengthen the construction of rural collective management system.

Study on the Construction of China's Unified Urban-rural Construction Land Market

State-owned urban construction land market in China has evolved and been improved gradually, but use system of rural collective construction land has lagged far behind, so the urban-rural construction land market in China has been split with a result that use effi ciency of land resources is poor and collective land property rights of peasants are damaged. On the basis of analyzing problems of the current construction land market and also the causes, modern land property theory and institutional change of neoinstitutional economics are applied to study dynamical mechanism and development path of the construction land market, to construct the unifi ed construction land market system of China, and to propose corresponding guarantee policies, so as to achieve the effective allocation of construction land and maximization of social welfare.

Rural Collective Construction Land Transfer Based on Stakeholder Analysis

In order to establish a unified construction land market, it is necessary to choose a rational pathway for the market transfer of Rural Collective Construction Land （RCCL） in China. This paper focuses on different methods of RCCL transfer based on stakeholder analysis and three case studies including models from Guangdong, Wuhu and Chongqing. The main finding is that all three models improved resource allocation efficiency and intensive utilization of RCCL through land and capital transfer. Each model built different interest coordination mechanisms among stakeholders, suited to different regions and cases. The Guangdong model is suitable for an economically developed region. The Wuhu model is suitable for developing regions in central China while western underdeveloped regions in China can adopt the Chongqing model. The policy implication is that better policy making for the promotion of RCCL transfer in China should consider regional characteristics as well as the economic development context.

集体经营性建设用地入市的规范路径研究——以入市合同的性质与效力为切入点

集体经营性建设用地的入市流转需要衔接以《土地管理法》为代表的公法规范和以《民法典》为代表的私法规范。集体经营性建设用地入市参照适用国有建设用地流转制度的同时,仍需关注集体经营性建设用地入市交易的特殊性。集体经营性建设用地入市牵涉多方面法律关系,入市过程伴随着一系列新型且复杂的法律关系与权利义务发生,需要厘清农村集体经济组织的主体资格及权责边界,以规范农村集体经营性建设用地入市的主体范畴。同时通过规范集体经营性建设用地入市的土地用途,形成与国有建设用地相协调的统一城乡土地交易市场体系,进而对出让合同和租赁合同的性质与效力重新认定,构建符合自身特性的入市合同规范。

论集体公益性建设用地使用权的法律构造

集体公益性建设用地使用权的法律供给严重不足,学者观点又存在较大分歧。在“房地一体”登记下,集体土地所有权的代表行使主体享有独立的集体公益性建设用地使用权,并应平等、补充适用《土地管理法》与《民法典》。界分村级组织集体公益性建设用地使用权的登记主体是村民委员会还是农村集体经济组织,应尽量登记给村民委员会。集体公益性建设用地使用权的设立宜采取拨用而非划拨的方式,并经登记生效;其不能抵押,但可以在不降低公益效用的前提下,经政府机关批准和集体成员民主议定,采取转让、互换等方式处分。集体公益性建设用地使用权因集体公益收回应当符合比例原则,因经营性转化应当明确转化的条件、程序、方式和收益分配。

农村集体经营性建设用地入市研究的热点、演进与展望——基于CiteSpace的知识图谱分析

使用文献计量法和内容分析法对来自知网、万方、维普3大数据库的农村集体经营性建设用地入市的404篇研究文献作者、机构及热点进行分析,基于研究现状展望重点方向及前沿趋势。研究发现:研究人员和机构合作意识较弱,受学缘、地缘等因素影响未能形成较为明显的研究群体;“三块地”改革试点期呈现出百花齐放的研究态势,相关研究文献数量急剧上升,2019年至今为巩固改革成果期;现有研究聚焦于集体经营性建设用地入市的制度设计、与土地征收及宅基地制度改革的关系、地方实践、收益分配等主题。利益均衡视角下集体经营性建设用地入市收益分配机制的探索与优化、城乡融合发展视域下同地同权同价的实现条件及路径、农村三项土地制度改革的法理平衡及制度设计、集体经营性建设用地入市助推乡村振兴的地方模式及发展经验等方面仍需继续深化研究,也是未来的主要研究方向。

集体建设用地入市对县域市场活力的影响研究:基于企业进入视角

研究目的:基于企业进入视角,关注推进城乡统一建设用地市场建设的作用效果,系统考察集体建设用地入市改革对县域市场活力的影响。研究方法:将工商企业注册和土地出让微观数据集与县域经济数据结合,基于因果推断的反事实框架,使用多期双重差分方法进行政策效果检验并进行机制分析。研究结果:(1)集体建设用地入市显著提升了县域市场活力,该结论通过了一系列的稳健性检验;(2)改革通过作用于供地规模与供地价格,对政府规制产生了弱化效应,推动了土地要素市场化配置,对工业与商住用地价格偏移具有矫正效应;(3)政策在一定程度上提升了土地的产出效率,形成效能提升,增强市场活力。研究结论:深化土地要素的市场化配置,进一步扩大集体经营性建设用地入市改革范围,完善集体土地入市流程和市场化交易机制,增强土地要素市场提振县域市场活力的支撑作用。

生产要素下乡的障碍性因素及破解之策——基于S县J农业项目的调查研究

城乡要素的双向有序流动是在我国实施乡村振兴的战略背景之下,实现城乡融合发展的关键支撑,而城乡融合则是建立在生产要素双向自由流动的基础之上的,但是当前我国的城乡要素却只呈现出由乡村向城市的单向流动,从城市向乡村的流动还存在着障碍。为了深入研究生产要素下乡的障碍性因素,本文采取案例分析法,通过对S县J农业项目落地过程的考察和分析,研究发现阻碍生产要素下乡的主要障碍性因素为:由于在我国现行的农村土地制度、政策、运行机制之中均存在着与现代农业及乡村旅游业发展不相适应的成分,因而由此引发的农用地供地障碍和农村集体经营性建设用地供地障碍。为了破解生产要素下乡的障碍性因素,本文提出如下建议:1)我国应以土地确权为基础,积极开展对农用地经营权的股份化改革,从而可以将农用地经营权“化零为整”集中管理,最终以达到解决农用地规模化流转困难的目的。2)我国应通过重新研究制定乡镇的行政区划标准,来进行相应的调整改革,从而以打破土地流转的行政壁垒。3)我国应对农村集体经营性建设用地的空间置换机制进行深入改革,并完善相应的土地入市机制,从而可以将农村分散、闲置的集体经营性建设用地整合利用,并可以为生产要素下乡提供足够的空间载体。4)我国应优化农村集体建设用地的空间布局,促使其可以充分发挥出集聚产业要素、保障社会服务、促进文化发展等诸多功能,进而以形成主城区与区域中心镇相结合的空间格局,并可以为生产要素下乡提供畅通的渠道。

基于用途与级别的集体建设用地入市增值收益分配研究

将影响集体建设用地入市增值收益的因素分为外部因素和内在因素,其中外部影响因素分为政府影响因素和集体影响因素,政府影响因素反映政府对增值收益的贡献,集体影响因素和内在因素共同反映集体对增值收益的贡献。以集体建设用地、农用地基准地价评估的过程数据为基础,计算影响因素分值,建立增值收益与影响因素的回归模型,依据政府、集体对增值收益的贡献,测算分用途、分级别的分配比例。结果表明,不同级别增值收益分配比例有较大差异,政府分配比例随级别的降低而减少,集体分配比例则随级别的降低而增加,每降低一个级别商业服务业用地、工矿仓储业用地,政府分配比例平均分别减少2.66%、2.34%,集体分配比例则平均分别增加2.66%、2.34%;政府在商业服务业用地增值收益中的平均分配比例为31.58%,远高于在工矿仓储业用地增值收益中23.68%的平均分配比例。

集体经营性建设用地入市农户满意度影响因素研究——基于Logistic-ISM模型的分析

农户满意程度可以反映政策改革成效,探究农户集体经营性建设用地入市满意度影响因素,有助于评价政策实施效果,同时对提升农村发展和农民幸福感也有一定的现实意义.采用问卷调查和访谈的方式,选取重庆市大足区作为研究区域,基于Logistic模型确定农户满意度的影响因素,结合ISM模型分析各影响因素之间的层次关系,对农民的政策实施满意度影响因素进行实证分析.研究结果显示:(1)针对入市实施效果,绝大部分农户持满意态度,不满意的地方集中在收益分配不及时和环境污染方面;(2)家中是否有村干部、生态环境变化情况、是否参与表决、分配公平性、入市实际收益、程序透明性、入市风险存在情况、对入市土地所有者的认知对入市农户满意度有显著影响.其中对入市土地所有者的认知、入市风险存在情况、入市实际收益为表层直接因素,中层间接因素有生态环境变化情况、是否参与表决、分配公平性以及程序透明性,家中是否有村干部为深层根源因素.应进一步完善土地产权制度,明晰入市到期后土地权属问题;健全监督管理机制,建立集体经营性建设用地入市单位的产业目录和准入标准制度;完善收益分配机制,制定集体土地入市指导性分配意见;将村集体负责人纳入政府基层领导队伍体系,提高程序透明性.

汲取与包容性治理视角下的土地发展权转移与乡村发展

土地发展权转移是通过土地增值收益的再分配来推动乡村发展的重要政策。然而,地方政府对该政策的实施呈现出不同的结果。从汲取与包容性治理视角出发,采用案例比较法,分别以德州与成都为典型案例,分析不同地方治理路径下发展权转移对乡村发展的差异化影响。在汲取性管制路径下,地方政府以土地财政为导向,主导发展权转移并垄断了土地交易,指标进城却并未引入资本下乡,最终造成农民权益受损。而在包容性治理路径下,地方政府以统筹城乡发展为导向,发挥村民的自主性,明晰产权、搭建交易平台并维护市场运行,乡村凭借土地资源撬动城市资本下乡,并通过市场机制推动土地增值收益的多主体共享。以土地发展权转移助推乡村发展,更应注重治理路径选择,推进集体建设用地全面确权,并建立市场化交易机制显化土地发展权。

基于随机森林回归模型的集体经营性建设用地土地级别质量影响因素实证分析

利用南昌市本级集体建设用地定级与基准地价评估的项目,获取南昌市本级辖区258个行政村的调研数据,并运用随机森林回归模型分析农村集体经营性建设用地土地级别质量的影响因素及各类因素的重要性程度,同时验证模型的准确率。结果表明:模型的准确率和决定系数(R^(2))均大于80%,且五折交叉验证结果的准确率也大于80%。因子层重要性全域范围内是宏观区位影响度、繁华程度、产业集聚效应、交通条件和区域规划因子比基础设施条件和环境条件因子更大;其中,城区受产业集聚效应因子影响最大,而城郊受交通规划条件因子影响最大,且两者受繁华程度和交通条件因子影响也较大。因素层重要性全域范围内是宏观区位影响度最大,其次是繁华程度、交通条件、产业集聚效应和区域规划,而其余因素影响相对较小;其中,城区受产业集聚效应影响最大,而城郊受区域规划条件影响最大,其次繁华程度和交通条件也对土地级别质量有较大影响,而宏观区位影响度的影响相对减小。

基于贡献分配的集体经营性建设用地入市收益分配研究——以贵州省湄潭县调整入市为例

集体经营性建设用地入市是中国“三块地”改革的重要组成部分,农村集体作为产权交易主体将本村集体建设用地进行入市交易,不仅能充分享受土地增值收益,对构建城乡统一建设用地市场也具有重要意义。入市收益分配机制关系到参与主体利益,对改革推进的重要性不言自明。本研究基于贡献分配理论,以贵州省湄潭县调整入市为例,综合考虑各主体的贡献度以及入市土地用途,测算各类用地能带来的增值收益以及调整入市过程中各主体应享有的收益分配比例。从土地增值收益来看,基于收益分配比例,相比当前入市收益分配比例,各主体基于贡献分配理论所得的收益分配比例均发生变化;以贡献分配理论测算出的收益分配比例能够因地和因模式制宜,集体在收益分配中获益较多,政府收益有所提高,符合建立兼顾各方利益的土地增值收益分配机制改革方向。基于此,集体经营性建设用地入市收益分配未来改革推行过程,可根据贡献分配理论来设计分配比例,不断完善收益分配机制。