Farmers' Land Transfer-out Behavior from the Perspective of Household Livelihood Endowment Based on the Survey in Anhui,Hubei and Sichuan

Based on the household livelihood endowment theory and the survey of 367 farmer households in Anhui,Hubei,and Sichuan in 2016,and using the orderly multi-category logistic model,the behavioral decision of farmers in the land circulation was discussed to explore the key parameters influencing the land transfer-out. It found that decisions of farmers on land transfer-out behavior are affected by many factors.Specifically,household non-agricultural income and per capita land area significantly reduce farmers' willingness to transfer land,while the household head age,agricultural input-output ratio,and confirmation of land right significantly promote the farmers' decision on land transferout. Therefore,increasing the allocation efficiency of household livelihood endowment has important policy value and practical significance for eliminating unreasonable land circulation and promoting large-scale agricultural production.

Sustainable Intensification and Large-scale Operation of Cultivated Land Use at the Farmers’ Scale:A Case Study of Shandong Province,China

Sustainable intensification of cultivated land use(SICLU) and large-scale operations(LSO) are widely acknowledged strategies for enhancing agricultural performance.However,the existing literature has faced challenges in precisely defining SICLU and constructing comprehensive indicators,which has hindered the exploration of factors influencing LSO within the SICLU framework.To address this gap,we integrated self-efficacy theory into the design of an index framework for evaluating SICLU.We subsequently employed econometric models to analyze the significant factors that impact LSO.Our findings reveal that SICLU can be divided into four key dimensions:intensive management,efficient output,resource conservation,and ecological environment optimization.Furthermore,it is crucial to incorporate belief-based cognitive factors into the index system,as farmers’ understanding of fertilizer and pesticide application significantly influences their willingness to engage in LSO.Moreover,we identify grain market turnover as the most influential factor in promoting LSO,with single-factor contribution rates reaching 70.9% for cultivated land transfer willingness and 62.5% for the total planting areas.Interestingly,unlike irrigation and agricultural machinery inputs,increased labor inputs correspond to larger planting areas for farmers.This trend may be attributed to reduced labor availability because of rural labor migration,whereas the reduction in irrigation and agricultural input is contingent on innovations in production practices and the transfer of cultivated land management rights.Importantly,SICLU dynamically influences LSO,with each index related to SICLU having an optimal range that fosters LSO.These insights offer valuable guidance for policymakers,emphasizing farmers as their central focus,with the adjustment of input and output factors as a means to achieve LSO as the ultimate goal.In conclusion,we propose research avenues for further enriching the SICLU framework to ensure that it aligns with the specific characteristics of regional agricultural development.

The Major Problems and the Governmental Role in Chinese Rural Land Transfer

On the basis of clarifying and defining rural land transfer, the necessity of rural land transfer is analyzed. Land transfer is the necessity in terms of promoting agricultural scale operation and improving production efficiency; proving opportunities for narrowing urban and rural gap; realizing rural surplus labor transfer and facilitating urbanization. Major problems in the existing rural land transfer are analyzed:unclear laws and regulations and rural land transfer lacks relevant legal protection;rural social security system is imperfect and can not solve farmers' worries after land transfer; farmers and local governments are restricted by traditional ideas and it is hard to carry out the land transfer policies; rural system construction is relatively backward and the rural land transfer market is immature. Countermeasures on the governmental behaviors in rural land transfer are put forward: stipulating relevant administrative laws and regulations and perfecting the political system of rural land transfer; perfecting rural social security system and solving farmers' worries after land transfer; changing the ideas and working style of local officials and leading farmers to form the scientific land transfer outlook;and vigorously promoting the construction of system and positively cultivating rural land transfer market.

Dislocation and Regression of the Role of Collective in Land Transfer

This paper expounds the origin of "collective" in the process of collective land transfer, and analyzes the dislocation phenomenon of the role of collective in the process of collective land transfer as follows: deviation of the role under the conflict of identity; offside of the role under the limitation of democratic construction; omission of the role under the segmentation of interests. In order to protect the legitimate rights of farmers, we should make the role of collective to revert on the basis of township government, farmer and collective, so that the role of collective is restored under the management of government; the role of collective reverts under the supervision of farmers; the role of collective returns under its own strengthening of democracy.

Analysis of the Impact of Rural Land Transfer on Farmers' Income:A Case Study of Farmers in Zaozhuang City

Based on the survey of household data in Zaozhuang City,Shandong Province,this paper empirically demonstrates the effect of the rural land transfer system on the income and income structure of farmers. The studies have shown that the rural land transfer system reform has positive influence on income structure,wage income and property income of farmers. However,from the field survey,it is concluded that the organization effect and mortgage effect of the rural land transfer system reform are not significant.

Analysis of Patterns and Benefits of Cultivated Land Transfer in Rural Areas in the Loess Plateau——A Case Study of Yuanzhou District of Ningxia

Cultivated land transfer is one of hotspots in research on agriculture,rural areas and farmers in China. Based on research achievements related to cultivated land transfer and the field survey of Yuanzhou District in the Loess Plateau,the primary patterns of cultivated land transfer in rural areas in the Loess Plateau were summarized according to the management subjects of cultivated land. According to the analyses of family income and expenses of a peasant household,the benefit of various patterns of cultivated land transfer to increase farmers' income was analyzed,and the social and ecological benefits of cultivated land transfer were assessed. The results showed that cultivated land transfer had developed rapidly in the Loess Plateau,and 42. 5% of the investigated peasant households took part in cultivated land transfer. The benefit of cultivated land transfer to increase farmers' income was obvious after cultivated land transfer. There were significant differences between various patterns of cultivated land transfer in the increase of farmers' income. The pattern driven by agricultural cooperatives increased farmers' income most obviously,and the annual family earnings per peasant household reached 12072. 99 yuan / a. The social and ecological benefits of cultivated land transfer conducted by peasant households spontaneously were very remarkable. The pattern led by leading enterprises promoted the large-scale operation of cultivated land greatly,but its benefit to increase farmers' income was limited. The comprehensive benefit of the pattern guided by the government was the most balanced. Geographic environment had decisive influences on the choose of patterns of cultivated land transfer in the Loess Plateau.

Protection of Collective Rights of Rural Members in the Process of Land Transfer under Shareholding Cooperative Systems

According to the legal definitions of land transfer under shareholding cooperative systems,rural groups,collective rights of members,and this paper discloses the necessity of protecting the collective rights of members.In terms of qualification definition of members,rights of fetus,married daughters and sons in law cannot be guaranteed.In terms of rights protection,partial rights cannot be assured,power of personal stake inthe collective members is imperfect which results in inadequate,unbalanced,shaky and unpunctuated benefits.Based on objective and subjectivecauses,the democratic management rights of members in land transfer process have been weakened or even deprived,the protection of the basiclife is hard to realize.The paper proposes that it is necessary to build the social protection mechanisms of rural land shareholding cooperative sys-tems.The first is to treat those members that own land,attending the shareholding cooperation but having not taken part in the land transfer proces-sion as the protection objects.The second is in the procession of land transfer,making it clear the compensation standards of land transfer,estab-lishing the intermediate agencies of land transfer and performing the collective economic organizing functions.The third is that the account capital ofsocial protection is contributed together by personal member,the land users(shareholding cooperative companies) and government.The fourth isto pay more attention to the added value and safety management of capital operation.

A Study of the Factors that Affect Farmers' Willingness to Transfer Land in the Central Regions Based on a Survey of 180 Farmers in Suizhou City

Based on the questionnaire survey of land transfer in Suixian County and Zengdu District of Hubei Province,this paper analyzes the factors that affect farmers' willingness to transfer land from regional characteristics,individual characteristics of farmers,and household characteristics of farmers. The survey results show that farmers' willingness to transfer land is affected by many factors. And the level of regional economic development,farmer's age,educational level,family population and income are the important factors influencing farmers' land transfer.The key factor influencing the willingness to transfer out land is farmers' high reliance on land security function,and the main reasons for farmers' land transfer-in lie in low agricultural comparative benefits and immature land transfer market.

On the Government's Responsibility in China's Rural Land Transfer

There is an urgent need for China's rural land transfer in order to develop modern agriculture,ensure food security,transfer rural population,and accelerate industrialization and urbanization.At present,there is still disordered transfer of rural land in China,making the interests of the transferors and transferees difficult to be effectively guaranteed;there is inefficient transfer,leading to decline in actual agricultural production level after transfer;there is jobless transfer,leading to difficult placement for rural surplus labor after transfer,seriously restricting rural land transfer.Therefore,the Chinese government's legal responsibility,economic responsibility and social responsibility in rural land transfer should be further strengthened.

Analysis on the Influencing Factors and Control Measures of "Non-Grain Conversion" of Cultivated Land in Agricultural Land Transfer

Through the method of literature analysis,this paper analyzes the present situation of the"non-grain conversion"of cultivated land in the transfer of agricultural land in China,summarizes the influencing factors and consequences of the phenomenon of"non-grain conversion"of cultivated land in the transfer of agricultural land,and finally puts forward some measures.The study found that costs and benefits are the fundamental factors affecting the"non-grain conversion"of cultivated land in agricultural land transfer,and other main factors include government and policy guidance,industrial and commercial capital to the countryside,labor transfer and so on.The"non-grain conversion"of cultivated land in the transfer of agricultural land is a serious threat to China s food security,leading to the decline of the quality of agricultural land and the destruction of the ecological environment,as well as the risk of breach of contract in"industrial and commercial capital to the countryside".Based on the understanding of the influencing factors of non-grain conversion,this paper puts forward the following measures:strengthening the control of the use of cultivated land in agricultural land transfer;implementing accurate subsidies for grain cultivation and ensuring the benefit of grain growers;adopting grain planting incentive mechanism to increase grain enthusiasm;strengthening media publicity and education to enhance food security awareness.The improvement of the current situation of the"non-grain conversion"of cultivated land in the transfer of agricultural land will be of great significance to the protection of agricultural land and food security in China.

Agricultural Machinery Input,Labor Resource Allocation,and Rural Household Land Transfers

This paper explores the impact of agricultural machinery input on rural households’land transfers,which is conducive to the acceleration of agricultural modernization,agricultural production at scale,and rural revitalization.By using the micro-data on rural households(2014–2018)from China Family Panel Studies(CFPS),we made an empirical analysis of the impact of agricultural machinery input on land transfers and drew three conclusions.First,agricultural machinery input has a positive impact on land transfers,which means the more rural households invest in agricultural machinery,the more willing they are to participate in land transfers.Second,the impact of agricultural machinery input on land transfers is mainly exerted by adjusting the allocation of labor resources for rural households,or rather by increasing the number of farmers engaged in agriculture and reducing the number of farmers-turned traders and workers to facilitate land transfers.Third,the impact of agricultural machinery input on land transfers concerns both the positive transfers-in and the negative transfers-out,and such an impact stays stable across income groups.Accordingly,we should further increase agricultural machinery-related subsidies,improve the agricultural machinery service outsourcing market,and help rural households to reasonably allocate their labor resource endowments and invest in agricultural machinery to increase land transfers.

Effects of PHC on Water Quality of Jiaozhou BayⅢ.Land Transfer Process

Based on investigation data of PHC content in Jiaozhou Bay,China from 1979 to 1983,the seasonal variations of PHC content and monthly changes of precipitation in Jiaozhou Bay were analyzed. The results showed that seen from the spatial and temporal distribution,the seasonal variation of PHC content in the surface water of Jiaozhou Bay was based on the flow of the rivers as well as human activity,so PHC content in the rivers depended on the flow of the rivers and human activity,and the peaks and valleys of PHC content appeared in various seasons. The seasonal variation of PHC content in the surface water of Jiaozhou Bay depended on its land transfer process. The land transfer process was composed of use of PHC by mankind,deposition of PHC in soil and on the earth＇s surface,and transportation of PHC to offshore waters of sea by rivers and surface runoff. PHC content depended on mankind during the process from being used to entering soil and on precipitation during the process of being transported from soil to ocean.

土地转出、企业家精神与农户高质量创业

土地资源的有效利用是影响农民创业质量与创业动机的重要原因。基于第三轮中国家庭金融调查数据,采用内生转换Probit模型检验了农户土地转出与高质量创业活动选择之间的关系,并从企业家精神角度阐释了影响机制。研究结果显示:第一,农地转出显著促进了农户的机会型创业活动,推动了农村高质量创业活动发展;第二,使用熵权TOPSIS法从社会资本、风险偏好、创业知识素养层面构建企业家精神指数,检验发现土地转出通过提高企业家精神推动了农户的高质量创业;第三,土地转出对东部、市场化发展水平较好地区,以及受教育程度较高的新生代农户的创业效应更大。得出结论为进一步促进农村土地流转、农户高质量创业、农业农村现代化发展目标的实现提供了理论及实证依据。

农户农地转出意愿影响因素实证分析——基于云南省砚山县的农户调查

分析农地转出意愿的影响因素,对解决生产经营零散,实现全面小康、加快农村农业现代化建设具有十分积极的意义。依据云南省砚山县的问卷调查数据,采取统计分析和Logistic回归模型对农地转出意愿的影响因素进行分析。结果表明:(1)受教育年限、承包地块的面积、承包地块数、经济发展水平以及农户所在区位对农地转出有显著性影响。(2)年龄、职业类别、承包地距离、家庭总人口数以及务农人口数对农地转出意愿影响不显著。农地转出意愿是受到承包地块特征等多种因素制约和影响的。结合实证分析结果,为增强农户农地转出意愿,盘活农地承包流转,提高农户耕地利用效率,需要加大农村科技、教育投入,立足农村经济社会发展现状,提升农村经济管理和服务水平,制定优惠政策,减轻农民负担,提高农民收入,确保农村经济获得可持续发展。

The Plights and Solutions of the Farmers' Land Rights Protection

The current plights of farmers' land rights in China are analyzed.They cover the vain installation of the security of farmers' land rights,vain position of the dominant role played by rural collective land,incomplete functions of rural collective land and the inadequate material assistance of farmers.The solutions for ensuring the security of farmers' land rights are put forward,in the first place,perfecting the legislation of guaranteeing farmers' land rights.In the second place,scientifically installing the rural land rights,which covers the following aspects,such as,clearly defining that the collective ownership of rural land belongs to farmers in law;clearly defining the main body of rural land property and eliminating the shortage of property rights;demarcating the range of public interests and clearly stipulating the reasonable compensation of main body of land expropriation.In the third place,villagers' autonomy should be perfected.In the forth place,standardizing the system of land expropriation,which includes the two aspects of normalizing the land transference procedure and the control of collecting land tax,and establishing fair compensation standard and normalizing land compensation procedure.In the fifth place,strengthening land transference and judiciary,and enforcing supervision;in the sixth place,accelerating the development of peasants' cooperative economic organizations and cultivating peasants' rights keeping organization.Through the discussion on the plights and solutions of farmers' land rights protection,the coordination of rural and urban development will be realized and a harmonious society will be built.

Experience and Lessons from Cropland System Reform

Cropland system is the key to the problems of agriculture,rural areas and farmers,and its reform affects the process of rural revitalization to a great extent.This paper studies the measures and experiences of cropland system reform in Japan,South Korea and Chinese Taiwan.The results show that it is a common practice for the reform of cropland system in various countries(regions)to formulate strict laws and regulations,promote cropland transfer through government subsidies,guide cropland transfer in various forms,gradually relax restrictions on cropland transfer,and give full play to the role of intermediary organizations.Based on the above conclusions,this paper puts forward some suggestions for the reform of cropland system in China.

Analysis of Land Cover and Landscape Pattern Change in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region Based on Globeland30 Data

With the rapid economic development and urbanization process in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, land use and landscape pattern have been changed. In order to reveal the temporal and spatial changes and provide scientific basis for the local land use planning and landscape pattern optimization made by government, based on the classification results of Globeland 30 land cover data in 2000 and 2010, this paper quantitatively analyzed the land use transfer status and the dynamic change of landscape pattern in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei by adopting the method of land use transfer matrix and landscape index. The results show that the land use and landscape patterns in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei have been changed significantly from 2000 to 2010. Overall, land use in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has been changed greatly, which shows that the cultivated land area has been decreased by 3721.67 km2, while the artificial surface area and grassland area have increased by 2721.29 km2 and 657.09 km2, respectively. From the six partitions of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, it can be seen that the subareas with significant changes are Sand Control Farmland Protection Zone in Yellow River Flood Plain, Water Conservation Area for Sand Control in Mountain and Hilly Areas of Northwest Taihang Mountains, and Human Settlement Environment Maintenance and Farmland Protection Zone of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration. The arable land area of these three zones has decreased 572.77 km2, 1553.94 km2 and 1359.53 km2, respectively. From the perspective of landscape pattern change, patch density and fragmentation degree in the southeast and northwest of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region increase;and the dominant patches in the southeast of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region have formed a good connectivity;the whole Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region shows irregular shape and discontinuous enhancement of landscape types, the landscape patch types increase and enrich, and the dominance shows a downward trend.

Temporal and spatial pattern of land use change in Ji’nan since the late 1980s

Taking Ji’nan as a case study area,this paper aims to analyze the land use changes from late 1980s to 2010 by using remote sensing data.The geographic information systems(GIS)method and land use transfer matrix methods were used to calculate the temporal and spatial differences of land use change.From the analysis of the land use transfer matrix,the most significant change is the cultivated land being transferred to construction land.From late 1980s to 2010,a total of 20615 hectares of cultivated land had been converted to construction land,accounting for 11.04%of the cultivated land in all.Through the analysis of the factors of land use transition,the human dimensions that had influenced the land use changes were population factor and economy factor.

耕地“进出平衡”总体方案编制技术方法研究

耕地“进出平衡”总体方案编制是落实耕地“进出平衡”制度的关键。目前,全国层面缺少耕地“进出平衡”总体方案编制的指导文件,地方出台的工作指引或实施细则对总体方案编制的指导性不够。鉴于此,文章在阐述耕地“进出平衡”政策背景及意义的基础上,系统梳理和探讨了国家、地方出台的相关政策,并从总体要求、主要内容、转出范围、转进潜力、平衡分析等方面探析了耕地“进出平衡”总体方案编制的技术方法,提出提升实地踏勘和基础资料收集的质量,重视“转进”潜力分析与“转出”需求预测等提升总体方案编制科学性、有效性的建议。

扶养负担、禀赋效应对农户土地转出的影响——基于有调节中介效应模型的检验

基于山东、河南782份农户的微观调研数据,运用有调节的中介效应模型,探究扶养负担对农户土地转出的直接影响,并分析禀赋效应的中介效应及非农就业的调节作用,以此系统探析扶养负担对土地转出影响的作用机制和边界条件。研究结果表明,扶养负担对土地转出产生显著的负向影响;禀赋效应在扶养负担与土地转出之间存在中介作用;非农就业能够削弱扶养负担对禀赋效应的正向影响,从而有利于促进土地转出;从扶养负担结构看,老龄化负担对土地转出的抑制作用强于抚幼负担,禀赋效应的中介作用在抚幼负担与土地转出之间更明显,非农就业能显著缓解抚幼负担对禀赋效应的影响。据此,应进一步推进农村社会保障体系的改革和完善,并加大对农户本地非农就业的扶持力度,以帮助农户实现非农就业与照顾家庭的兼顾,从而更有效地降低土地劳动承载功能及就业保障不可替代性,缓解农户的土地禀赋效应并促使农户转出土地。