Understanding the Relationship Between Shrinking Cities and Land Prices:Spatial Pattern,Effectiveness,and Policy Implications

Urban shrinkage has emerged as a widespread phenomenon globally and has a significant impact on land,particularly in terms of land use and price.This study focuses on 2851 county-level cities in China in 2005–2018(excluding Hong Kong,Macao,Taiwan,and‘no data’areas in Qinhai-Tibet Plateau)as the fundamental units of analysis.By employing nighttime light(NTL)data to identify shrinking cities,the propensity score matching(PSM)model was used to quantitatively examine the impact of shrinking cities on land prices,and evaluate the magnitude of this influence.The findings demonstrate the following:1)there were 613 shrinking cities in China,with moderate shrinkage being the most prevalent and severe shrinkage being the least.2)Regional disparities are evident in the spatial distribution of shrinking cities,especially in areas with diverse terrain.3)The spatial pattern of land price exhibits a significant correlated to the economic and administrative levels.4)Shrinking cities significantly negatively impact on the overall land price(ATT=–0.1241,P<0.05).However,the extent of the effect varies significantly among different spatial regions.This study contributes novel insights into the investigation of land prices and shrinking cities,ultimately serving as a foundation for government efforts to promote the sustainable development of urban areas.

THE BENCHMARK LAND PRICE SYSTEM AND URBANLAND USE EFFICIENCY IN CHINA

ABSTRACT: China began to introduce market principles and establish price mechanism to better manage land and improve land use efficiency in the late 1980s. Since then, land markets begin to emerge. A benchmark land price system, providing guidelines for land use rights selling and transferring, was established in order to overcome lack of market data and experiences in land transaction. The benchmark prices of land use rights are determined by land use, land use density (floor-land ratio), land grades, land improvement, and tenant resettlement costs. This paper first conducts a formal analysis based on modern urban economic theory. The formal model provides a theoretical foundation in which the benchmark land price system is assessed and evaluated in terms of land use and urban development. The paper then concludes that the benchmark price system has two theoretical problems. One is associated with the fact that floor-land ratio plays an important role in land price determination whereas the theory suggests the other way around. That is, floor-land ratio depends on land prices. The other problem is that the benchmark land price system does not provide adequate room for the substitution between land and capital inputs. The substitution is a key in achieving land use efficiency in land markets and urban development process. It is concluded that the practice of the benchmark land price system is at odd with reforms that aim to introduce market principles and mechanism to guide resource uses. Therefore, it is recommended that further land policy reform should be taken.

Study on the Influencing Factors of Land Transfer Price in the Context of Rural Land Reform

Agricultural land is the key to large-scale agricultural management,and the transfer price is the key to the success or failure of land transfer. At present,there are many problems in the pricing of rural land transfer in China,such as low price,random pricing,and large price difference,which seriously hinder the development of rural land transfer. Drawing lessons from the research results of domestic and foreign scholars,combined with the actual situation of rural land transfer in China,this paper analyzes the influencing factors of land transfer price in the context of rural land reform. Finally,according to the influence of different factors on the behavior of agricultural land transfer,this paper proposes establishing and perfecting the evaluation system of contracted land,perfecting the evaluation institution of transferred land assets and establishing a unified dynamic monitoring system of land transfer price in the whole country,and then driving the broad masses of farmers to get rich together,which is of great significance to achieving the revitalization of China’s rural areas.

Farmers' Land Transfer-out Behavior from the Perspective of Household Livelihood Endowment Based on the Survey in Anhui,Hubei and Sichuan

Based on the household livelihood endowment theory and the survey of 367 farmer households in Anhui,Hubei,and Sichuan in 2016,and using the orderly multi-category logistic model,the behavioral decision of farmers in the land circulation was discussed to explore the key parameters influencing the land transfer-out. It found that decisions of farmers on land transfer-out behavior are affected by many factors.Specifically,household non-agricultural income and per capita land area significantly reduce farmers' willingness to transfer land,while the household head age,agricultural input-output ratio,and confirmation of land right significantly promote the farmers' decision on land transferout. Therefore,increasing the allocation efficiency of household livelihood endowment has important policy value and practical significance for eliminating unreasonable land circulation and promoting large-scale agricultural production.

STUDY ON SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION OF URBAN LAND PRICE DISTRIBUTION IN CHANGZHOU CITY OF JIANGSU PROVINCE

This paper uses a spatial statistics method based on the calculation of spatial autocorrelation as a possible approach for modeling and quantifying the distribution of urban land price in Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province. GIS and spatial statistics provide a useful way for describing the distribution of urban land price both spatially and temporally, and have proved to be useful for understanding land price distribution pattern better. In this paper, we apply the statistical analysis method to 8379 urban land price samples collected from Changzhou Land Market, and it is turned out that the proposed approach can effectively identify the spatial clusters and local point patterns in dataset and forms a general method for conceptualizing the land price structure. The results show that land price structure in Changzhou City is very complex and that even where there is a high spatial autocorrelation, the land price is still relatively heterogeneous. Furthermore, lands for different uses have different degrees of spatial autocorrelation. Spatial autocorrelation of commercial lands is more intense than that of residential and industrial lands in regional central district. This means that treating land price as integration of homogeneous units can limit analysis of pattern, over-simplifying the structure of land price, but the methods, just as the autocorrelation approaches, are useful tools for quantifying the variables of land price.

Balance of Datum Land Prices Among Cities Based on the City Gravitation Model and Stochastic Diffusion Equation

城市的资料陆地价格的平衡被完成加音地区性打价格并且让价格真正在城市之中反映不同经济发展层次和陆地价格。明智的线性插值平衡方法广泛地使用了的当前的片有总是在一些城市之中导致不能令人满意的平衡的二个缺点。当到包围地区的中央城市里的陆地价格的过量到达某个度时，周围的城市里的陆地价格与本地陆地等级和土地利用水平一致不仅，而且在中央城市里由陆地价格的散开影响了。因此，土地基于城市引力模型和随机的散开方程定价的资料的一个新平衡计划向前被带。最后，新方法在湖北省在资料陆地价格平衡的实践被检验，中国。

LAND SUPPLY AND HOUSING PRICE:THE CASE IN HONG KONG

In this study we examine the relationship between land supply and housing price, percentage of land premium in the total government revenue and housing price, with reference to Hong Kong from 1981 to 1994. To do this we employ the Granger causality method to test the underlying hypothesis whether Hong Kong Government adopt high land-price policy. We use the first difference of data to ensure the stationarity in time series with the help of augmented Dick-Fuller unit root test. The results of the paper suggest no strong evidence to support the view that the land control of the government has caused soaringly rising housing prices. The findings also apparently implicate that the government has the revenue-maximizing behavior which is consistent with efficient allocation of resources.

A Study on the Standard Land Price Balance of Urban Commercial Land in Henan Province

The standard land price balance is an important part of urban land price balance. This paper builds different levels of factor layer to carry out a balance study on the urban commercial land in 18 cities of Henan Province,and divides the 18 cities into five categories. Results show that the level of land price is basically consistent with the level of economic development in various cities,and affected by local policies,the land price is too low in some cities.

Analysis of the Price of Development Right of Agricultural Land in China

According to the viewpoints of predecessors, we define the signification of development right of agricultural land and connotation of the price of development right of agricultural land as follows: the development right of agricultural land is to change the former use nature of agricultural land, so as to become the right of construction use land; the price of development right of agricultural land refers to the price that is difference between the price of construction use land, and summation of the price of former agricultural land, the expense of developing agricultural land, the expense of management, and profit, after the agricultural land is transformed into non-agricultural construction use land. By using the principle of economics of land, this paper expounds the generation mechanism of the price of development right of agricultural land, namely the diversity of agricultural land use and the change of demand and supply of development right of agricultural land. The influencing factors of the development right of agricultural land are analyzed, and there are mainly the price of agricultural land, the price of construction use land, the contradiction of demand and supply of urban land, land use, and agricultural land.

An Analysis of the Factors that Affect Collective Construction Land Transfer Price: A Case Study of Yichang City

The transfer of the rural collective construction land is increasingly accelerating,and the factors affecting transfer price are manifold. In this paper,the research area is Yichang,and we establish hedonic price model to explore and analyze the factors which affect the collective construction land transfer price. The simulation results show that in geographical factors,the higher degree of prosperity,road accessibility and soundness of infrastructure will result in higher collective construction land transfer price; in economic factors,the higher farmers' per capita net income and added value of the village's tertiary industry will lead to higher collective construction land transfer price; in ownership factors,the integrity of usufruct,disposition and possession has increasingly significant impact on collective construction land transfer price. In the process of establishing rural collective construction land circulation market,the government should gradually improve conditions of collective construction land; strengthen the construction of the rural economy,improve the economic attribute of the collective construction land; establish and improve China's rural collective construction land-related laws and regulations,make the rural collective construction land use rights clear,and give the whole rights of occupation,use,earning and disposition.

Does Climatic Variability Influence Agricultural Land Prices under Differing Uses? The Texas High Plains Case

The Texas High Plains faces projections of increasing temperature and declining precipitation in the future on account of its semi-arid climate. This research evaluated the impact of climatic variability on agricultural land prices under different land uses in the Texas High Plains, employing the Ricardian approach of land climate pricing over a study period of 1991-2011. The results indicate that climatic variability had a greater impact on irrigated land prices as compared to dryland and ranchland. This study could be instrumental in predictive market analyses of rural land values in semi-arid economies which are vulnerable to future climate change.

Theoretical Study on the Regional Comprehensive Price of Expropriated Agricultural Land Based on the Benchmark Land Price

So far,the work of calculating the regional comprehensive price of expropriated agricultural land has been carried out for more than ten years,but in the specific calculation process,the concept and calculation method of the regional comprehensive price of expropriated land are still lack of unified standards.In this paper,from the point of view of the benchmark land price,the regional comprehensive price of expropriated agricultural land is calculated by using the relatively mature benchmark land price.

Study on"Same Land,Same Right,Same Price"of Collective Commercial Construction Land and State-owned Land

Taking Changyuan City of Henan Province,a pilot city of collective commercial construction land reform,as the research object,this paper analyzes the scientific connotation of"same land,same right,same price"of collective commercial construction land and state-owned land in the unified urban-rural construction land market system,and how to realize"same land,same right,same price".The results show that in order to realize the fair entry of collective construction land into the market,it must base on scientific use control,unify the urban and rural construction land market and adhere to the guidance of market mechanism,and finally realize the sustainable development of the land market.

Research on the Balance of Urban Benchmark Land Price in Henan Province : A Case Study of Commercial Land

The balance of benchmark land price is an important part of the work of urban benchmark land price.By constructing different levels of factor layers,the balance of benchmark land price of urban commercial land in the urban areas of 18 provincial cities in Henan Province was studied.The urban areas were divided into 5 classes.It is found that the land price level in each urban area is basically consistent with the level of economic development,and the land price in some urban areas is low under the influnece of local policy.

Balance of Urban Benchmark Land Price in Henan Province:A Case Study of Residential Land

Benchmark land price balance is an important content of urban benchmark land price work.In this paper,by building different levels of factor layers,the balance of urban residential land in 18 cities of Henan Province is studied,and the 18 cities can be divided into five categories.It is found that the urban land price level is basically consistent with the level of economic development,and some urban land price is lower due to local policy.

Effects of Labor Price Hike and Population Ageing on Rural Land Lease in China

In answering the questions as whether China's rising labor price and ageing workforce have affected rural land leasing and whether these factors have any joint effect,we have employed RCRE data of the Ministry of Agriculture to carry out an empirical analysis and the result indicates that labor price hike has significant positive effects on both the land lease-in and lease-out of rural households,i.e.labor price hike will help increase the land leasing of rural households.At the level of ageing workforce,our empirical results indicate that ageing workforce does not create any significant impact on rural land leasing market no matter for land lease-in or lease-out in overall samples,plain regions and mountainous regions.In our empirical analysis on whether ageing workforce will intensify or weaken the effects of labor price hike on rural land leasing market,the regression result also indicates that there is no significant effect from a statistical perspective.

H&M “Finally” Lands in Beijing Fashion and quality at the best price

Yes,the trend boys and girls can buy the latest collection of H&M in Beijing directly,finally.On April 23rd,H&M,Hennes&Mauritz AB,opened its

An exploration of the arrangement of the land price grade in Chongqing municipality

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基于改进互补品序贯拍卖模型的建设用地指标定价机制

在引入用地指标与土地间相互依存特征前提下,本文改进了传统的互补品序贯拍卖模型,以期提出具有针对性的用地指标定价方法。研究表明,建设用地指标的成交价格受竞标人数和土地闲置费用的影响。竞标人指标报价随竞标人数递增而降低,但随土地闲置费递增而递增。进一步分析表明,适当提高土地闲置费用及资质审核要求可最大程度显化指标核心价值,激发农民退出闲置宅基地的积极性,提高农村用地的使用效率。研究为盘活农村闲置土地资产,实现可持续化发展给予了一定的理论参考。

严控“溢价率”条件下住宅用地定价影响因素研究

土地市场是全国统一大市场的有机组成部分,地价管理是土地市场建设的核心工作之一。文章从土地的商品属性和特征价格出发,阐述了不完全竞争状态下的地价波动现象,强调了建立要素市场价格异常波动调节机制的必要性。基于评估方法交叉混淆、评估参数偏差不当、权重选取主观随意、土地评估对未来房价走势及库存和销售情况不敏感等问题,分析了土地评估的局限性。结合严控“溢价率”政策对住宅用地定价的更高要求,指出政府在确定土地出让价格时需一并考虑土地出让底价与15%“溢价率”之间的上下限关系。研究认为:确定住宅用地出让价格是一项复杂而庞大的系统工程,并非由单一因素决定,除参考土地评估价格以外,还应重视土地储备成本、土地出让计提、土地隐性成本、出让年度计划、土地使用强度、地价房价关系、房屋去化周期等7种因素对土地出让价格的影响。在此基础上,将土地出让成本的硬性约束作用、土地供应的政策导向作用、房地联动的产业关联作用纳入住宅用地价格形成机制之中。